📚 Year 7 Cambridge Biology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 7 Cambridge 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your Year 7 Cambridge Biology journey. Mastering new vocabulary is the first step towards understanding living organisms. This guide pairs each essential term with a simple bilingual definition, helping you memorise them quickly and confidently.
欢迎来到 Year 7 Cambridge 生物学习之旅。掌握新词汇是理解生物的第一步。本指南将每个重要术语都配上了简单的双语定义，帮助你快速而自信地记住它们。
1. Basic Cell Structure | 基本细胞结构
Cells are the building blocks of life. Every living organism is made of cells. Let's explore the key parts found inside typical animal and plant cells.
细胞是生命的基石。所有生物体都由细胞构成。我们来探索典型动物细胞和植物细胞内部的关键结构。
Cell – the smallest unit that can carry out all life processes independently.
细胞 – 能够独立进行所有生命过程的最小单位。
Cell membrane – a thin layer around the cell that acts like a gatekeeper, controlling the movement of substances in and out.
细胞膜 – 细胞周围的一层薄膜，像守门员一样控制物质的进出。
Cytoplasm – a jelly-like substance where most chemical reactions happen and organelles are suspended.
细胞质 – 一种果冻状的物质，大多数化学反应在此发生，细胞器悬浮其中。
Nucleus – the control centre of the cell; it contains genetic material (DNA) and directs all cellular activities.
细胞核 – 细胞的控制中心；含有遗传物质（DNA），指导所有细胞活动。
Mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion) – tiny rod-shaped structures where aerobic respiration takes place to release energy.
线粒体 – 微小的杆状结构，是有氧呼吸发生并释放能量的场所。
Chloroplast – found only in plant cells and some algae; contains chlorophyll, the green pigment that absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis.
叶绿体 – 仅存在于植物细胞和一些藻类中；含有叶绿素，这种绿色色素能吸收阳光进行光合作用。
Cell wall – a rigid outer layer made of cellulose that supports and protects plant cells. Animal cells do not have a cell wall.
细胞壁 – 由纤维素构成的坚硬外层，支撑并保护植物细胞。动物细胞没有细胞壁。
Vacuole – a fluid-filled sac; plant cells usually have a large central vacuole that stores water and helps maintain firmness.
液泡 – 充满液体的囊；植物细胞通常有一个大的中央液泡，储存水分并帮助保持坚挺。
Use this table to quickly compare animal and plant cells:
使用下表快速比较动物细胞和植物细胞：
| Feature | Animal Cell | Plant Cell |
|---|---|---|
| Nucleus | Present | Present |
| Cytoplasm | Present | Present |
| Cell membrane | Present | Present |
| Mitochondria | Present | Present |
| Cell wall | Absent | Present (made of cellulose) |
| Chloroplasts | Absent | Present |
| Vacuole | Small and temporary | Large and permanent |
2. Life Processes – MRS GREN | 生命过程 – MRS GREN
All living organisms carry out seven life processes. The acronym MRS GREN helps you recall them easily.
所有生物体都进行七种生命过程。首字母缩写 MRS GREN 帮助你轻松记忆。
Movement – an action by an organism causing a change of position or place. Plants move parts, e.g. roots grow towards water.
运动 – 生物体引起位置或地点变化的行为。植物可以运动其部分，例如根向水生长。
Respiration – a chemical reaction that breaks down glucose to release energy for cellular activities.
呼吸作用 – 分解葡萄糖以释放能量供细胞活动使用的化学反应。
Sensitivity – the ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment (stimuli).
应激性 – 察觉并响应环境变化（刺激）的能力。
Growth – a permanent increase in size and dry mass, often involving cell division and enlargement.
生长 – 大小和干重的永久性增加，通常涉及细胞分裂和增大。
Reproduction – the production of offspring by sexual or asexual means to ensure the survival of the species.
繁殖 – 通过有性或无性方式产生后代，以确保物种的延续。
Excretion – removal of toxic waste products of metabolism from the organism, e.g. carbon dioxide and urea.
排泄 – 从生物体内清除代谢产生的有毒废物，如二氧化碳和尿素。
Nutrition – the intake of materials needed for energy, growth and repair. Plants make their own food by photosynthesis; animals eat other organisms.
营养 – 摄取能量、生长和修复所需的物质。植物通过光合作用自制食物；动物取食其他生物。
3. Classification of Living Organisms | 生物分类
Scientists group living things based on shared characteristics. Learning the main groups makes it easier to study biodiversity.
科学家根据共同特征对生物进行分组。学习主要类群使研究生物多样性变得更容易。
Species – a group of similar organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.
物种 – 一群相似、能互相交配并产生可育后代的生物。
Kingdom – the broadest level of classification. The five kingdoms are Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists and Prokaryotes (bacteria).
界 – 最广泛的分类等级。五界分别为动物界、植物界、真菌界、原生生物界和原核生物界（细菌）。
Vertebrate – an animal with a backbone (vertebral column).
脊椎动物 – 有脊椎骨（脊柱）的动物。
Invertebrate – an animal without a backbone, such as insects, worms and jellyfish.
无脊椎动物 – 没有脊椎骨的动物，如昆虫、蠕虫和水母。
Mammals – warm-blooded vertebrates with hair or fur, which produce milk to feed their young.
哺乳动物 – 温血脊椎动物，有毛发或毛皮，并分泌乳汁喂养幼崽。
Birds – warm-blooded vertebrates with feathers, beaks and wings; they lay hard-shelled eggs.
鸟类 – 温血脊椎动物，有羽毛、喙和翅膀；产硬壳蛋。
Reptiles – cold-blooded vertebrates with dry, scaly skin; most lay soft-shelled eggs on land.
爬行动物 – 冷血脊椎动物，皮肤干燥、覆有鳞片；多数在陆地产软壳蛋。
Amphibians – cold-blooded vertebrates that live both in water and on land; they have moist skin and lay jelly-like eggs in water.
两栖动物 – 冷血脊椎动物，水陆两栖；皮肤湿润，在水中产凝胶状卵。
Fish – cold-blooded vertebrates with gills, fins and scales; they live in water and lay eggs there.
鱼类 – 冷血脊椎动物，有鳃、鳍和鳞片；生活在水中并在水中产卵。
4. Photosynthesis and Plant Nutrition | 光合作用与植物营养
Plants make their own food using light energy. This process is called photosynthesis and requires a few key ingredients.
植物利用光能制造自己的食物。这个过程叫做光合作用，它需要几个关键要素。
Photosynthesis – the chemical process in which green plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
光合作用 – 绿色植物利用光能将二氧化碳和水转化为葡萄糖和氧气的化学过程。
Chlorophyll – the green pigment found inside chloroplasts that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
叶绿素 – 叶绿体中的绿色色素，能吸收光能进行光合作用。
Stomata (singular: stoma) – tiny pores on the underside of leaves that allow gas exchange (carbon dioxide in, oxygen out) and water vapour to escape.
气孔 – 叶片下表皮上的微小孔隙，允许气体交换（二氧化碳进入、氧气排出）和水蒸气逸出。
Photosynthesis word equation:
光合作用文字方程：
Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen
二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气
The balanced chemical equation, with light and chlorophyll over the arrow, is:
平衡化学方程式，箭头上方标注光照和叶绿素：
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
5. Human Digestive System | 人体消化系统
We need food for energy, growth and repair. The digestive system breaks down large food molecules into smaller, soluble ones that the body can absorb.
我们需要食物来获取能量、生长和修复。消化系统将大分子食物分解成可吸收的小分子可溶物质。
Mouth – where ingestion and mechanical digestion (chewing) begin; saliva contains the enzyme amylase to start breaking down starch.
口腔 – 摄食和机械消化（咀嚼）开始的地方；唾液中含有淀粉酶，开始分解淀粉。
Oesophagus – the muscular tube that moves food from the mouth to the stomach by peristalsis (wave-like muscle contractions).
食道 – 通过蠕动（波浪式肌肉收缩）将食物从口腔运送到胃部的肌肉管道。
Stomach – a muscular bag that churns food and mixes it with gastric juices containing protease enzymes and hydrochloric acid.
胃 – 一个肌肉囊，搅拌食物并将其与含有蛋白酶和盐酸的胃液混合。
Small intestine – a long, narrow tube where most digestion is completed and nutrients are absorbed into the blood.
小肠 – 细长的管道，大部分消化在此完成，营养物质被吸收进入血液。
Large intestine – the wider tube where water and minerals are reabsorbed, forming faeces.
大肠 – 较宽的管道，水分和矿物质在此被重吸收，形成粪便。
Enzymes – biological catalysts that speed up the breakdown of food. Amylase breaks down starch, protease breaks down proteins, and lipase breaks down fats.
酶 – 加速食物分解的生物催化剂。淀粉酶分解淀粉，蛋白酶分解蛋白质，脂肪酶分解脂肪。
6. Respiratory and Circulatory Systems | 呼吸与循环系统
The respiratory system brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide. The circulatory system transports these gases, nutrients and waste around the body.
呼吸系统将氧气带入体内并排出二氧化碳。循环系统将这些气体、营养物质和废物运送到全身各处。
Trachea – the windpipe that carries air to and from the lungs; it is reinforced with rings of cartilage.
气管 – 输送空气进出肺部的管道；由软骨环加固。
Bronchi (singular: bronchus) – the two branches of the trachea that lead into the left and right lungs.
支气管 – 气管分成的两个分支，分别通向左肺和右肺。
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