📚 Year 7 Cambridge Biology: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas & Theorems | Year 7 剑桥生物：公式定理速查手册
This quick reference handbook provides all the essential formulas, equations, and key principles you need to master Year 7 Cambridge Biology. Use it to revise magnification calculations, important life process equations, cell theory, rate formulas, enzyme models, and much more.
本速查手册为你整理了Year 7剑桥生物课程中所有必备公式、方程式和关键原理，涵盖放大倍数计算、重要生命过程方程式、细胞学说、速率公式、酶模型等内容，助你高效复习。
1. Magnification Formula | 放大倍数公式
Magnification tells you how many times larger an image is compared to the real object. The formula is:
放大倍数表示图像比实物放大了多少倍。公式如下：
Magnification = Image size ÷ Actual size
or M = I ÷ A, where both sizes must be in the same unit.
或 M = I ÷ A，计算时两个尺寸单位必须一致。
cell measures 2 cm and its actual size is 0.02 cm, then Magnification = 2 ÷ 0.02 = 100 ×.
例如：一个细胞的图像长为2 cm，实际长度为0.02 cm，则放大倍数 = 2 ÷ 0.02 = 100 倍。
2. Total Magnification of a Microscope | 显微镜的总放大倍数
The total magnification of a light microscope is found by multiplying the powers of the eyepiece and objective lenses.
光学显微镜的总放大倍数由目镜倍数乘以物镜倍数得出。
Total magnification = Eyepiece lens magnification × Objective lens magnification
or For example, with a 10× eyepiece and a 40× objective, total magnification = 10 × 40 = 400×.
例如，使用10×目镜和40×物镜时，总放大倍数 = 10 × 40 = 400×。
3. Cell Theory | 细胞学说
The cell theory is a fundamental principle in biology. It states three key ideas:
细胞学说是生物学的基本原理，包含三个核心观点：
All living organisms are made up of one or more cells.
所有生物体都由一个或多个细胞组成。
The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms.
细胞是生物体结构和功能的基本单位。
All cells arise from pre-existing cells by cell division.
所有细胞都通过细胞分裂来自已有的细胞。
4. Diffusion and Osmosis | 扩散与渗透
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient. It is a passive process that does not require energy.
扩散是指粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动，沿浓度梯度进行，属于不消耗能量的被动过程。
Osmosis is the special case of diffusion involving water molecules. It is the movement of water from a dilute solution (more water molecules) to a more concentrated solution (fewer water molecules) through a partially permeable membrane.
渗透是扩散的一种特殊情况，指水分子通过部分透性膜从稀溶液（水分子多）向浓溶液（水分子少）移动的过程。
5. Photosynthesis Equation | 光合作用方程式
Photosynthesis is the process plants use to make their own food using light energy. The word equation is:
光合作用是植物利用光能制造自身养分的过程，文字方程式为：
Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen
This takes place in the presence of light energy and chlorophyll.
该反应需要光能和叶绿素参与。
The balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis is:
光合作用的配平符号方程式为：
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
6. Aerobic Respiration Equation |
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