📚 Year 7 Cambridge Physics: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Study Guide | 7年级剑桥物理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering physics starts with a solid vocabulary. This quick‑study guide presents all the essential Year 7 Cambridge Physics terms in clear, bilingual pairs – English explanation immediately followed by its Chinese equivalent. Each section covers a key topic, helping you build confidence for tests and practical work.
学好物理从扎实的词汇开始。这份速记指南将所有7年级剑桥物理核心术语以清晰的中英配对呈现——每个英文解释后紧跟着对应的中文解释。每一节覆盖一个关键主题，帮助你建立信心，从容应对考试和实验。
1. Measurement and Units | 测量与单位
Physical quantity: A property that can be measured, such as length, mass or time.
物理量：可以测量的属性，例如长度、质量或时间。
Length: The distance between two points. The SI base unit is the metre (m). Smaller lengths are measured in centimetres (cm) or millimetres (mm).
长度：两点之间的距离。国际单位制基本单位是米（m）。更短的长度用厘米（cm）或毫米（mm）测量。
Mass: The amount of matter in an object, measured with a balance. The SI unit is the kilogram (kg); smaller masses use grams (g).
质量：物体所含物质的多少，用天平测量。国际单位是千克（kg）；较小质量用克（g）。
Time: The interval between two events. The SI unit is the second (s). A stopwatch or clock is used to measure time.
时间：两个事件之间的间隔。国际单位是秒（s）。用秒表或时钟测量时间。
Temperature: A measure of how hot or cold something is. We usually measure it in degrees Celsius (°C) with a thermometer.
温度：物体冷热程度的度量。通常用温度计以摄氏度（°C）为单位测量。
Volume: The amount of space an object occupies. The SI unit is the cubic metre (m³), but in the lab we often use litres (L) or millilitres (mL). For irregular solids, we measure volume by displacement of water in a measuring cylinder.
体积：物体占据的空间大小。国际单位是立方米（m³），但在实验室常使用升（L）或毫升（mL）。对于不规则固体，我们用排水法在量筒中测量体积。
2. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Force: A push or a pull. Force can change the speed, direction or shape of an object. The unit is the newton (N).
力：推或拉。力可以改变物体的速度、方向或形状。单位是牛顿（N）。
Gravity: The force of attraction between any two masses. On Earth, gravity pulls objects towards the centre of the planet.
重力：任何两个物体之间都存在的吸引力。在地球上，重力将物体拉向地心。
Weight ject. Weight (N) = mass (kg) × gravitational field strength (N/kg). On Earth, g ≈ 10 N/kg.
重量：作用在物体上的重力。重量（N）= 质量（kg）× 重力场强度（N/kg）。在地球上，g ≈ 10 N/kg。
Mass vs Weight: Mass is the amount of matter and stays the same everywhere; weight depends on gravity. You weigh less on the Moon but your mass is unchanged.
质量与重量：质量是物质的多少，在任何地方都保持不变；重量取决于重力。你在月球上重量更轻，但质量不变。
Friction: A force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact. It can be useful (e.g., walking) or unwanted (e.g., causing wear). Air resistance is a type of friction.
摩擦力：阻碍两个接触表面相对运动的力。它可以是有益的（如走路），也可以是不需要的（如导致磨损）。空气阻力是一种摩擦力。
Balanced forces: When forces on an object are equal in size and opposite in direction, they cancel out. A body under balanced forces stays at rest or moves with constant speed.
平衡力：当一个物体上的力大小相等、方向相反时，它们相互抵消。处于平衡力下的物体保持静止或匀速运动。
Speed it time. Average speed = total distance ÷ total time. The unit is metres per second (m/s).
速率：单位时间内通过的路程。平均速率 = 总路程 ÷ 总时间。单位是米每秒 (m/s)。
3. Energy | 能量
Energy: The ability to do work. Energy is measured in joules (J) and can be stored or transferred.
能量：做功的能力。能量以焦耳（J）为单位，可以被储存或传递。
Kinetic energy: The energy an object has because of its motion. A faster or heavier object has more kinetic energy.
动能：物体由于运动而具有的能量。速度更快或质量更大的物体动能更大。
Gravitational potential energy (GPE) Energy stored in an object because of its height above the ground. GPE = weight × height.
重力势能：物体因离地高度而储存的能量。重力势能 = 重量 × 高度。
Thermal energy: The energy a substance stores due to the movement of its particles. The hotter an object, the greater its thermal energy.
热能：物质因粒子运动而储存的能量。物体越热，热能越大。
Energy transfer: Energy can move from one store to another, e.g., from chemical energy in a battery to light and thermal energy in a bulb.
能量转移：能量可以从一个储存库转移到另一个，例如电池中的化学能转移为灯泡中的光能和热能。
Conservation of energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed. The total energy in a closed system stays constant.
能量守恒：能量不能被创造或消灭，只能被转移或转化。封闭系统中的总能量保持不变。
4. States of Matter and Particle Model | 物质状态与粒子模型
Solid: Has a fixed shape and volume. Particles are tightly packed in a regular pattern and vibrate in place.
固体：具有固定的形状和体积。粒子紧密排列成规则的图案并在原位振动。
Liquid: Has a fixed volume but takes the shape of its container. Particles are close together but can slide past each other.
液体：有固定体积但取容器的形状。粒子彼此靠近但可以互相滑动。
Gas: Has no fixed shape or volume; it spreads out to fill its container. Particles move rapidly in all directions and are far apart.
气体：没有固定的形状或体积；它会扩散充满整个容器。粒子快速向各个方向运动且彼此远离。
Melting: The change of state from solid to liquid. It occurs at the melting point when particles gain enough energy to break free from fixed positions.
熔化：从固体变为液体的状态变化。在熔点发生时，粒子获得了足够的能量挣脱固定位置。
Boiling and evaporation: Both are changes from liquid to gas. Boiling happens throughout the liquid at the boiling point; evaporation occurs at the surface at any temperature.
沸腾与蒸发：两者都是从液体到气体的变化。沸腾在沸点时整个液体内部发生；蒸发可在任何温度下在液体表面发生。
Diffusion: The spreading of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. It happens fastest in gases and slowest in solids.
扩散：粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的散播。在气体中最快，在固体中最慢。
5. Density and Pressure | 密度与压强
Density: The mass per unit volume of a substance. It tells us how tightly matter is packed. The formula is:
密度：物质单位体积的质量。它告诉我们物质排列得有多紧密。计算公式为：
density = mass ÷ volume
密度 = 质量 ÷ 体积
Units of density: Common units are g/cm³ for solids and liquids, and kg/m³ for gases. Water has a density of 1 g/cm³.
密度的单位：固体和液体常用 g/cm³，气体常用 kg/m³。水的密度为 1 g/cm³。
Floating and sinking: An object floats if its density is less than the density of the fluid it is placed in. It sinks if its density is greater.
浮与沉：当物体的密度小于它所处流体的密度时，物体上浮；密度较大时则下沉。
Pressure : The force acting per unit area. Pressure = force ÷ area. The unit is the pascal (Pa), where 1 Pa = 1 N/m².
压强：单位面积上作用的力。压强 = 力 ÷ 面积。单位是帕斯卡（Pa），1 Pa = 1 N/m²。
Pressure in liquids: In a liquid, pressure increases with depth and acts in all directions. Dams are built thicker at the bottom to withstand greater pressure.
液体中的压强：在液体中，压强随深度增加，并向各个方向作用。水坝底部修建得更厚以承受更大的压强。
6. Sound | 声音
Sound wave: A disturbance that travels through a medium by causing particles to vibrate. Sound waves are longitudinal waves.
声波：通过使介质粒子振动而传播的扰动。声波是纵波。
Vibration: A rapid back‑and‑forth motion. Sound is produced by vibrating objects, such as vocal cords or a loudspeaker cone.
振动：快速的来回运动。声音由振动着的物体产生，如声带或扬声器音盆。
Frequency: The number of complete vibrations per second. Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz). A higher frequency gives a higher pitch.
频率：每秒钟完成振动的次数。频率以赫兹（Hz）为单位。频率越高，音调越高。
Amplitude: The maximum displacement of a vibration from its rest position. A larger amplitude produces a louder sound.
振幅：振动从平衡位置的最大位移。振幅越大，声音越响。
Echo: A reflected sound wave that is heard after the original sound. Echoes are used by bats and in sonar to navigate.
回声：原声之后听到的反射声波。蝙蝠和声纳利用回声进行导航。
Medium: Sound needs a substance to travel through — a solid, liquid or gas. Sound cannot travel through a vacuum.
介质：声音传播需要物质——固体、液体或气体。声音不能在真空中传播。
7. Light | 光
Light: A form of energy that travels in straight lines. We represent light with rays (straight arrows) showing direction.
光：一种沿直线传播的能量形式。我们用光线（带箭头的直线）表示传播方向。
Reflection ht : The bouncing back of light from a surface. The law of reflection states: angle of incidence = angle of reflection.
反射：光从表面弹回的现象。反射定律指出：入射角等于反射角。
Plane mirror: A flat, smooth mirror that produces a virtual, upright and laterally inverted image.
平面镜：平整光滑的镜子，产生正立、虚像且左右颠倒的像。
Refraction: The bending of light as it passes from one transparent medium to another, e.g., from air into water. This happens because light changes speed.
折射：光从一种透明介质进入另一种介质时发生的弯曲，例如从空气进入水中。这是因为光速发生了改变。
Shadow: A dark area formed when an opaque object blocks light. The size of a shadow depends on the distance between the object and the light source.
影子：当不透明物体挡住光线时形成的暗区。影子的大小取决于物体与光源之间的距离。
Dispersion: The splitting of white light into the colours of the visible spectrum (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet) using a prism. This shows that white light is a mixture of colours.
色散：利用棱镜将白光分解成可见光谱的颜色（红、橙、黄、绿、蓝、靛、紫）。这表明白光是由多种颜色混合而成。
8. Electricity | 电
Electric circuit: A complete, unbroken path through which electric current can flow. It must include a source of energy, conducting wires and a load.
电路：电流可以通过的完整、不间断的路径。它必须包含能源、导线和用电器。
Current: The flow of electric charge. Current is measured in amperes (A) using an ammeter connected in series.
电流：电荷的流动。电流以安培（A）为单位，用串联在电路中的电流表测量。
Voltage: The ‘push’ that drives current around a circuit. Voltage (potential difference) is measured in volts (V) with a voltmeter connected in parallel.
电压：推动电流在电路中流动的“推力”。电压（电势差）以伏特（V）为单位，用并联的电压表测量。
Resistance: A measure of how much a component resists the flow of current. Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω). A thin, long wire has higher resistance than a thick, short one.
电阻：衡量元件阻碍电流流动程的物理量。电阻以欧姆（Ω）为单位。细长的导线比粗短的导线电阻更大。
Conductor and insulator: A conductor (e.g., copper) allows current to flow easily. An insulator (e.g., plastic) does not allow current to flow and is used for safety.
导体与绝缘体：导体（如铜）容易让电流通过。绝缘体（如塑料）不让电流通过，用于安全保护。
Series circuit: Components are connected end‑to‑end in a single loop. If one component breaks, the circuit is open and all components stop working. The current is the same everywhere.
串联电路：元件首尾相连成单一回路。如果一个元件断开，电路成为断路，所有元件停止工作。各处电流相同。
Parallel circuit: Components are connected on separate branches. If one branch opens, the others can still work. The voltage across each branch is the same.
并联电路：元件连接在不同的支路中。如果一条支路断开，其余支路仍可工作。各支路两端电压相同。
9. Magnetism | 磁
Magnet: An object that produces a magnetic field and can attract iron, nickel or cobalt. Every magnet has two poles: north (N) and south (S).
磁体：能产生磁场并吸引铁、镍或钴的物体。每个磁体都有两个磁极：北极（N）和南极（S）。
Magnetic poles: Like poles repel each other (N‑N, S‑S); unlike poles attract (N‑S). The force between poles gets weaker with distance.
磁极：同极相斥（N‑N, S‑S）；异极相吸（N‑S）。磁极间的作用力随距离增大而减弱。
Magnetic field: The region around a magnet where magnetic materials experience a force. Field lines run from north to south outside the magnet and are closest at the poles.
磁场：磁体周围能使磁性材料受力的区域。磁感线在磁体外部从北极指向南极，并且两极处最密集。
Electromagnet: A temporary magnet created by passing an electric current through a coil of wire (solenoid) wrapped around an iron core. The magnetism can be switched on and off, and its strength can be changed by varying the current or the number of coils.
电磁铁：通过给绕在铁芯上的线圈（螺线管）通电而产生的临时磁体。其磁性可以通断，且可通过改变电流或线圈匝数来改变强度。
Compass: A small bar magnet that aligns itself with Earth’s magnetic field. The north‑seeking pole of the compass points towards Earth’s magnetic north.
指南针：一个与地球磁场对齐的小磁棒。指南针的指北极指向地球的磁北极。
10. Earth and Space | 地球与太空
Solar System: The collection of the Sun, eight planets, their moons and other objects (asteroids, comets) held together by the Sun’s gravity.
太阳系：由太阳、八大行星、它们的卫星以及其他天体（小行星、彗星）组成，在太阳引力作用下聚集在一起的系统。
Orbit: The curved path of one object around another due to gravity. Planets orbit the Sun; moons orbit planets.
轨道：一个天体在引力作用下围绕另一个天体运行的弯曲路径。行星绕太阳运行；卫星绕行星运行。
Gravity in space: The Sun’s immense gravity keeps all planets in orbit. The Earth’s gravity keeps the Moon in orbit and keeps us on the ground.
太空中的重力：太阳的巨大引力使所有行星保持在轨道上。地球的引力使月球绕其运转，并将我们束缚在地面。
Day and night: Earth rotates (spins) on its axis once every 24 hours. The side facing the Sun experiences day; the opposite side experiences night.
昼夜：地球绕地轴自转一周约24小时。面向太阳的一面经历白昼，背向太阳的一面经历黑夜。
Seasons: Caused by the tilt of Earth’s axis (about 23.5°) as it revolves around the Sun. When the Northern Hemisphere tilts towards the Sun, it is summer there and winter in the Southern Hemisphere.
季节：由地球绕太阳公转时地轴的倾斜（约23.5°）引起。当北半球倾向太阳时，北半球为夏季，南半球为冬季。
Eclipse: When one celestial body moves into the shadow of another. A solar eclipse happens when the Moon passes between the Sun and Earth; a lunar eclipse when Earth lies between the Sun and the Moon.
食：一个天体进入另一个天体的影子中。日食发生在月球位于太阳和地球之间时；月食发生在地球位于太阳和月球之间时。
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