📚 Core Knowledge Points for Year 7 SQA German | Year 7 SQA 德语核心知识点梳理
Welcome to your Year 7 SQA German revision guide. This article brings together all the essential vocabulary, grammar, and communication topics you will meet in your first year of learning German. You will learn how to talk about yourself, your family, school, hobbies, and daily life while building a solid foundation in the German language. We have carefully organised the material into twelve key sections, each with clear examples, tables, and explanations to help you revise efficiently and feel confident in your assessments.
欢迎阅读这份 Year 7 SQA 德语复习指南。本文汇集了你在德语学习第一年将接触到的所有核心词汇、语法和交际话题。你将学会如何介绍自己、谈论家人、学校、爱好和日常生活,同时打下扎实的德语基础。我们精心将内容整理为十二个关键章节,每章都包含清晰的例子、表格和解释,帮助你高效复习,在评估中充满信心。
1. Greetings and Polite Phrases | 问候与礼貌用语
Being able to greet people and use polite expressions is the very first step in German. You should know how to say 'hello' and 'goodbye' at different times of the day, as well as how to say 'please', 'thank you', 'sorry', and 'excuse me'. These phrases are used constantly in the classroom and in everyday conversation, so it is important to learn them well and to say them with confident pronunciation.
学会问候和使用礼貌用语是学习德语的第一步。你应掌握不同时段的‘你好’和‘再见’,以及如何表达‘请’、‘谢谢’、‘对不起’和‘打扰一下’。这些表达在课堂和日常交流中频繁使用,因此务必学好并自信地发音。
| German | English | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| Hallo | Hello | 你好 |
| Guten Morgen | Good morning | 早上好 |
| Guten Tag | Good day / Hello | 你好(白天) |
| Guten Abend | Good evening | 晚上好 |
| Tschuess | Bye | 再见 |
| Auf Wiedersehen | Goodbye (formal) | 再见(正式) |
| Bitte | Please / You're welcome | 请 / 不客气 |
| Danke | Thank you | 谢谢 |
| Entschuldigung | Sorry / Excuse me | 对不起 / 打扰一下 |
When you meet someone for the first time, you can say 'Guten Tag, wie geht es Ihnen?' (formal) or 'Hallo, wie geht's?' (informal). Remember to reply, for example: 'Mir geht es gut, danke. Und Ihnen?' or 'Gut, danke. Und dir?'.
当第一次与人见面时,你可以说 ‘Guten Tag, wie geht es Ihnen?’(正式)或 ‘Hallo, wie geht's?’(非正式)。记得要回应,例如:‘Mir geht es gut, danke. Und Ihnen?’ 或 ‘Gut, danke. Und dir?’。
2. Introducing Yourself and Personal Information | 自我介绍与个人信息
In Year 7, you learn to say who you are, how old you are, where you live, and what your nationality is. This is the foundation for all future conversations. You need to memorise a few key verbs: 'sein' (to be), 'heissen' (to be called), 'wohnen' (to live), and 'kommen aus' (to come from).
在七年级,你要学会说出你是谁、多大年纪、住在哪里以及你的国籍。这是未来所有对话的基础。你需要记住几个关键动词:'sein'(是)、'heissen'(名叫)、'wohnen'(居住)和 'kommen aus'(来自)。
| German | English | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| Ich heisse Maria. | My name is Maria. | 我叫玛丽亚。 |
| Ich bin elf Jahre alt. | I am eleven years old. | 我十一岁。 |
| Ich wohne in Edinburgh. | I live in Edinburgh. | 我住在爱丁堡。 |
| Ich komme aus Schottland. | I come from Scotland. | 我来自苏格兰。 |
| Ich bin Schotte / Schottin. | I am Scottish (m/f). | 我是苏格兰人(男/女)。 |
Always remember that 'Ich' (I) is the subject of the sentence and the verb is in the second position, for example 'Ich heisse Paul'. When asking someone else, you simply start with the question word: 'Wie heisst du?', 'Wie alt bist du?', 'Wo wohnst du?'. Practice these out loud until they feel natural.
要记住‘Ich’(我)是句子的主语,动词位于第二位,例如‘Ich heisse Paul’。询问别人时,你只需以疑问词开头:‘Wie heisst du?’、‘Wie alt bist du?’、‘Wo wohnst du?’。大声练习,直到感觉自然为止。
3. Numbers and Counting | 数字与计数
Numbers are essential for saying your age, giving the time, talking about prices, and much more. In Year 7, you should feel confident with numbers from 0 to 100. The German counting system is quite regular once you know the base numbers from 1 to 20 and the tens. Pay special attention to the 'and' (und) connection in numbers like 21 (einundzwanzig).
数字对于表达年龄、报时、谈论价格等至关重要。在七年级,你应该熟练掌握 0 到 100 的数字。一旦掌握 1 到 20 的基本数字和整十数,德语的计数系统就非常有规律。特别注意像 21(einundzwanzig)中个位数在前、十位数在后的结构。
| Number | German | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | null | 零 |
| 1-10 | eins, zwei, drei, vier, fuenf, sechs, sieben, acht, neun, zehn | 一至十 |
| 11-20 | elf, zwoelf, dreizehn, vierzehn, fuenfzehn, sechzehn, siebzehn, achtzehn, neunzehn, zwanzig | 十一至二十 |
| 21 | einundzwanzig | 二十一 |
| 30, 40, 50... | dreissig, vierzig, fuenfzig, sechzig, siebzig, achtzig, neunzig | 三十、四十、五十... |
| 100 | (ein)hundert | 一百 |
A useful trick: from 13 to 19, the pattern is 'unit + zehn' (except small spelling changes for 16 and 17: sechzehn, siebzehn). From 21 upwards, you say the unit first, then 'und', then the ten: e.g. 34 is 'vierunddreissig', literally 'four-and-thirty'. Practice writing down random numbers and saying them aloud.
实用技巧:从 13 到 19,模式是‘个位数 + zehn’(16 和 17 有微小拼写变化:sechzehn, siebzehn)。21 以上先说个位数,再加‘und’,再是十位数:比如 34 是 ‘vierunddreissig’,字面意思是‘四和三十’。多写随机数字并大声朗读练习。
4. Colours and Describing Objects | 颜色与物品描述
Colours appear everywhere in early German learning: describing your school bag, your pet, or your favourite clothes. Knowing the basic colours helps you add detail to your speaking and writing. In German, colour words are adjectives, and when they come before a noun, they usually add an ending depending on the gender and case. However, in Year 7 you often use them after the verb 'sein' without any ending, e.g. 'Das Buch ist rot'.
颜色在早期德语学习中无处不在:描述你的书包、宠物或最喜欢的衣服。掌握基本颜色能帮助你在口语和写作中增加细节。在德语中,颜色词是形容词,当位于名词前时通常要根据名词的性和格添加词尾。但在七年级阶段,你经常把它们用在动词‘sein’之后,不加任何词尾,例如‘Das Buch ist rot’。
| Colour | German | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| red | rot | 红色 |
| blue | blau | 蓝色 |
| green | gruen | 绿色 |
| yellow | gelb | 黄色 |
| black | schwarz | 黑色 |
| white | weiss | 白色 |
| brown | braun | 棕色 |
| pink | rosa / pink | 粉红色 |
Try to combine colours with classroom objects: 'Der Bleistift ist gelb.' (The pencil is yellow.), 'Das Heft ist blau.' (The exercise book is blue.), 'Die Tasche ist schwarz.' (The bag is black.). Notice the different articles 'der', 'die', 'das', which we will discuss later.
尝试将颜色与教室物品结合:‘Der Bleistift ist gelb.’(铅笔是黄色的。)‘Das Heft ist blau.’(练习本是蓝色的。)‘Die Tasche ist schwarz.’(包是黑色的。)注意不同的冠词‘der’、‘die’、‘das’,我们稍后会讨论。
5. Family and Friends | 家庭与朋友
Talking about your family is a key topic in Year 7. You need to know the words for immediate family members, and a few describing sentences, such as how many brothers and sisters you have, and their names and ages. The verb 'haben' (to have) is central here, and you will also use possessive pronouns like 'mein', 'meine'.
谈论家庭是七年级的一个关键话题。你需要掌握直系亲属的词汇,以及一些描述性的句子,比如你有几个兄弟姐妹、他们的名字和年龄。动词‘haben’(有)在这里很重要,同时你还会用到物主代词如‘mein’、‘meine’。
| Family Member | German | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| mother | die Mutter | 母亲 |
| father | der Vater | 父亲 |
| brother | der Bruder | 兄弟 |
| sister | die Schwester | 姐妹 |
| grandparents | die Grosseltern | 祖父母 |
| friend (m/f) | der Freund / die Freundin | 朋友(男/女) |
Example sentences: 'Ich habe einen Bruder und zwei Schwestern.' (I have one brother and two sisters.), 'Meine Mutter heisst Anna.' (My mother is called Anna.), 'Mein Vater ist vierzig Jahre alt.' (My father is forty years old.). Note that 'haben' changes: ich habe, du hast, er/sie/es hat.
例句:‘Ich habe einen Bruder und zwei Schwestern.’(我有一个兄弟和两个姐妹。)‘Meine Mutter heisst Anna.’(我妈妈叫安娜。)‘Mein Vater ist vierzig Jahre alt.’(我父亲四十岁。)注意‘haben’的变化:ich habe, du hast, er/sie/es hat。
6. School Subjects and Classroom Language | 学校科目与课堂用语
School life is a huge part of Year 7. You will learn to name school subjects, express what you like and dislike, and describe your timetable and teachers. You also need to understand basic classroom instructions so you can follow the lesson in German. The phrase 'Ich habe + subject' or 'Ich mag + subject' will be used frequently.
学校生活是七年级的重要组成部分。你将学会说出学科名称,表达自己的喜好,描述课程表和老师。你还需要理解基本的课堂指令,以便用德语跟上课程。‘Ich habe + 学科’或‘Ich mag + 学科’这样的表达会频繁使用。
| Subject | German | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| English | Englisch | 英语 |
| Maths | Mathe | 数学 |
| Science | Naturwissenschaften | 科学 |
| Art | Kunst | 美术 |
| Music | Musik | 音乐 |
| PE | Sport | 体育 |
| German | Deutsch | 德语 |
Classroom phrases: 'Hoert zu!' (Listen!), 'Schreibt auf!' (Write down!), 'Oeffnet das Buch auf Seite zehn.' (Open the book on page ten.), 'Darf ich auf die Toilette gehen?' (May I go to the toilet?). Expressing likes: 'Ich mag Deutsch, weil es interessant ist.' (I like German because it is interesting.). Dislikes: 'Ich mag Mathe nicht, denn es ist schwer.' (I don't like maths because it is difficult.), using 'weil' and 'denn' both meaning 'because'.
课堂用语:‘Hoert zu!’(听!)‘Schreibt auf!’(写下来!)‘Oeffnet das Buch auf Seite zehn.’(翻开书到第十页。)‘Darf ich auf die Toilette gehen?’(我可以用一下厕所吗?)表达喜好:‘Ich mag Deutsch, weil es interessant ist.’(我喜欢德语,因为它有趣。)不喜欢:‘Ich mag Mathe nicht, denn es ist schwer.’(我不喜欢数学,因为它难。)这里‘weil’和‘denn’都表示‘因为’。
7. Hobbies and Free Time | 爱好与休闲时间
This topic lets you talk about what you do in your free time, including sports, music, gaming, and other activities. You will practice using 'gern' (like to) and 'nicht gern' (don't like to) with verbs to express what you enjoy doing. The sentence structure usually places 'gern' right after the verb, e.g. 'Ich spiele gern Fussball.'
这个话题让你谈论空闲时间做的事情,包括运动、音乐、游戏和其他活动。你将练习用‘gern’(喜欢做)和‘nicht gern’(不喜欢做)与动词搭配来表达你乐于做什么。句子结构通常把‘gern’直接放在动词之后,例如‘Ich spiele gern Fussball’。
| Hobby / Activity | German | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| play football | Fussball spielen | 踢足球 |
| listen to music | Musik hoeren | 听音乐 |
| read | lesen | 阅读 |
| dance | tanzen | 跳舞 |
| play computer games | Computerspiele spielen | 玩电脑游戏 |
| go swimming | schwimmen gehen | 去游泳 |
Complete sentences: 'In meiner Freizeit spiele ich gern Klavier.' (In my free time I like playing the piano.), 'Ich hoere gern Musik, aber ich tanze nicht gern.' (I like listening to music but I don't like dancing.). Notice that the comma before 'aber' (but) is important in German writing. Also, 'gern' and 'nicht gern' follow the verb.
完整句子:‘In meiner Freizeit spiele ich gern Klavier.’(我空闲时喜欢弹钢琴。)‘Ich hoere gern Musik, aber ich tanze nicht gern.’(我喜欢听音乐,但不喜欢跳舞。)注意德语书写中‘aber’前的逗号很重要。另外,‘gern’和‘nicht gern’跟在动词后。
8. Telling the Time, Days and Months | 表达时间、星期与月份
Being able to tell the time and talk about the days of the week and months is essential for describing your school timetable, arranging meetings, and talking about birthdays. German uses the 24-hour clock in official contexts, but in Year 7 you usually learn the informal way first, e.g. 'Es ist drei Uhr' or 'Es ist halb vier' (half past three).
能够报时、谈论星期和月份,对于描述课程表、安排见面和谈论生日至关重要。德语在正式场合使用 24 小时制,但在七年级通常先学习非正式说法,例如‘Es ist drei Uhr’或‘Es ist halb vier’(三点半)。
| Time | German | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 2:00 | Es ist zwei Uhr. | 两点。 |
| 2:15 | Es ist Viertel nach zwei. / Es ist viertel drei. (regional) | 两点一刻。 |
| 2:30 | Es ist halb drei. | 两点半(字面:一半到三点)。 |
| 2:45 | Es ist Viertel vor drei. | 两点四十五(一刻到三点)。 |
Days: Montag, Dienstag, Mittwoch, Donnerstag, Freitag, Samstag/Sonnabend, Sonntag. Months: Januar, Februar, Maerz, April, Mai, Juni, Juli, August, September, Oktober, November, Dezember. Use 'am' with days: 'am Montag', and 'im' with months: 'im Januar'. 'Mein Geburtstag ist am dritten Mai.' (My birthday is on the third of May.)
星期:Montag, Dienstag, Mittwoch, Donnerstag, Freitag, Samstag/Sonnabend, Sonntag。月份:Januar, Februar, Maerz, April, Mai, Juni, Juli, August, September, Oktober, November, Dezember。星期前用‘am’:‘am Montag’,月份前用‘im’:‘im Januar’。‘Mein Geburtstag ist am dritten Mai.’(我的生日是五月三日。)
9. Essential Verbs: 'sein', 'haben' and Regular Verb Conjugation | 基本动词:‘sein’、‘haben’与规则动词变位
Verbs are the engine of the sentence. In German, the verb ending changes depending on the subject (I, you, he etc.). The two most important irregular verbs are 'sein' (to be) and 'haben' (to have). You must memorise these by heart because they are used in almost every conversation. Regular verbs follow a predictable pattern, adding endings to the stem.
动词是句子的引擎。在德语中,动词词尾根据主语(我、你、他等)而变化。两个最重要的不规则动词是‘sein’(是)和‘haben’(有)。你必须背熟它们,因为几乎每个对话都会用到。规则动词遵循可预测的模式,在词干上加词尾。
sein (to be)
| Pronoun |
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