📚 Year 7 SQA Computing: Quick Vocabulary & Terminology Guide | Year 7 SQA 计算机：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering computing starts with understanding its language. This guide breaks down the essential terms every Year 7 student needs for the SQA curriculum, with clear explanations and memory tricks to make them stick. By linking each concept to real-world examples and using consistent bilingual notes, you will build a solid foundation for all future topics in computing.
掌握计算机科学，始于理解它的语言。本指南分解了 Year 7 学生在 SQA 课程中必须掌握的基本术语，附有清晰的解释和记忆技巧，让它们根深蒂固。通过将每个概念与现实世界的例子联系起来，并使用一致的双语注释，你将为你将来的所有计算机主题奠定坚实的基础。
1. Hardware Basics | 硬件基础
Hardware is any physical part of a computer system you can touch. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is often called the ‘brain’ of the computer because it carries out all the instructions from programs. It has a clock speed measured in gigahertz (GHz), which tells you how many billions of cycles it can do per second.
硬件是你可以触摸到的计算机系统的任何物理部件。中央处理器 (CPU) 通常被称为计算机的“大脑”，因为它执行来自程序的所有指令。它有一个时钟速度，以千兆赫 (GHz) 为单位，告诉你它每秒可以执行多少个十亿次周期。
Memory comes in two main forms: RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read-Only Memory). RAM is volatile, meaning it loses all data when the power is off; it acts like a workbench the CPU uses to store currently running programs and data. ROM is non-volatile and holds the essential startup instructions, such as the BIOS that boots up the machine.
内存主要有两种形式：RAM (随机存取存储器) 和 ROM (只读存储器)。RAM 是易失性的，意味着断电后会丢失所有数据；它就像 CPU 用来存储当前运行的程序和数据的工作台。ROM 是非易失性的，保存着基本的启动指令，例如启动机器的 BIOS。
Input devices let us send information to the computer. Common examples are the keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, microphone, and webcam. Output devices show or play the results; a monitor, printer, and speakers are all output devices.
输入设备让我们向计算机发送信息。常见的例子有键盘、鼠标、触摸屏、麦克风和网络摄像头。输出设备则显示或播放结果；显示器、打印机和扬声器都是输出设备。
2. Software Types | 软件类型
Software is the set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do. There are two main categories: system software and application software. The operating system (OS) is the most important system software, managing hardware resources, providing a user interface, and allowing other programs to run.
软件是指挥硬件做什么的指令集合。有两大类：系统软件和应用软件。操作系统 (OS) 是最重要的系统软件，它管理硬件资源，提供用户界面，并允许其他程序运行。
Application software helps you perform specific tasks. Word processors like Microsoft Word are used for creating documents; spreadsheets such as Excel handle numbers and charts; web browsers like Chrome let you explore the internet. A useful way to remember the difference: system software runs the machine, while application software helps the user.
应用软件帮助你执行特定的任务。文字处理软件如 Microsoft Word 用于创建文档；电子表格如 Excel 处理数字和图表；网络浏览器如 Chrome 让你探索互联网。记住区别的一个有用方法是：系统软件运行机器，而应用软件帮助用户。
Utility software is a special type of system software that keeps the computer secure and efficient. Antivirus programs, disk cleanup tools, and backup utilities fall into this group. They often run in the background without the user directly opening them.
工具软件是一种特殊的系统软件，用于保持计算机的安全和高效。防病毒程序、磁盘清理工具和备份工具都属于这一类。它们通常在后台运行，而用户不直接打开它们。
3. Data Representation | 数据表示
Inside a computer, all data is stored and processed as binary digits – bits. A bit is either a 0 or a 1. A group of 8 bits makes a byte, which can represent 256 different values (2⁸). Text characters are encoded using standards like ASCII or Unicode, where each letter or symbol is given a unique binary number.
在计算机内部，所有数据都以二进制数字——比特 (bit) 的形式存储和处理。一个比特要么是 0 要么是 1。一组 8 个比特构成一个字节 (byte)，可以表示 256 个不同的值 (2⁸)。文本字符使用像 ASCII 或 Unicode 这样的标准进行编码，每个字母或符号都被赋予一个唯一的二进制数。
Larger units are built from the byte. A kilobyte (KB) is about 1000 bytes, a megabyte (MB) is about a million bytes, a gigabyte (GB) is about a billion bytes, and a terabyte (TB) is about a trillion bytes. Storing a photo might take a few megabytes, while a film can require several gigabytes.
更大的单位由字节构建而来。一千字节 (KB) 约为 1000 字节，一兆字节 (MB) 约为一百万字节，一吉字节 (GB) 约为十亿字节，一太字节 (TB) 约为一万亿字节。存储一张照片可能需要几兆字节，而一部电影可能需要几千兆字节。
igh. A simple black-and-white image uses just 1 bit per pixel (0 = black, 1 = white), while a full-colour image can use 24 bits per pixel.
图像通常以像素网格的形式存储。在位图图像中，每个像素的颜色都被编码，如果分辨率高，这会导致文件很大。一幅简单的黑白图像每个像素只用 1 位 (0 = 黑, 1 = 白)，而全彩图像每个像素可能使用 24 位。
4. Networks | 网络
A network is two or more computers connected together to share resources and information. A LAN (Local Area Network) covers a small area like a school or home, using cables or Wi-Fi. A WAN (Wide Area Network) connects LANs over large geographical distances; the internet is the largest WAN.
网络是两台或多台计算机连接在一起以共享资源和信息。局域网 (LAN) 覆盖小范围区域，如学校或家庭，使用电缆或 Wi-Fi。广域网 (WAN) 将许多局域网在广阔的地理距离上连接起来；互联网是最大的广域网。
Network hardware includes a router, which directs data packets between different networks, and a switch, which connects devices within a LAN. A network interface card (NIC) allows a computer to join a network, whether through an Ethernet port or a wireless adapter.
网络硬件包括路由器，它在不同网络之间引导数据包，以及交换机，它连接局域网内的设备。网络接口卡 (NIC) 让计算机能够加入网络，无论是通过以太网端口还是无线适配器。
Data travels over networks in small chunks called packets. Each packet contains the address of the sender and receiver, a sequence number, and part of the overall message. This method of cutting data into packets is called packet switching, and it makes the network reliable even if one path is busy or broken.
数据在网络中以称为数据包的小块传输。每个数据包包含发送者和接收者的地址、一个序列号以及整个消息的一部分。这种将数据切割成数据包的方法称为包交换，它使网络即使在某条路径繁忙或中断时也能保持可靠。
5. Internet & Web | 互联网与万维网
Many people confuse the internet with the World Wide Web. The internet is the global network of cables, routers, and computers that physically connects everything. The web (WWW) is a service that runs on top of the internet, made up of web pages accessed through a browser.
许多人将互联网与万维网混淆。互联网是由电缆、路由器和计算机组成的全球网络，它在物理上连接了一切。而万维网 (WWW) 是运行在互联网之上的一项服务，由通过浏览器访问的网页组成。
A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is the unique address of a web page. It often starts with 'http://' or 'https://' (where the 's' stands for secure). A domain name like 'aleveler.com' is a human-friendly way to find a website; a DNS (Domain Name System) server translates this name into the numerical IP address computers use.
统一资源定位符 (URL) 是网页的唯一地址。它通常以 'http://' 或 'https://' 开头 (其中的 's' 代表安全)。像 'aleveler.com' 这样的域名是一种对人类友好的查找网站的方式；DNS (域名系统) 服务器将这个名称翻译成计算机使用的数字 IP 地址。
A search engine like Google is not the web itself, but a tool that indexes web pages and lets you find information by typing keywords. The browser sends your request to the search engine’s server, which returns a list of matching results displayed on your screen.
像 Google 这样的搜索引擎并不是网络本身，而是一种索引网页并让你通过输入关键词来查找信息的工具。浏览器将你的请求发送到搜索引擎的服务器，服务器返回一个匹配结果的列表并显示在你的屏幕上。
6. Programming Concepts | 编程概念
Programming is giving a computer a set of instructions to follow, written in a language it can understand. An algorithm is a step-by-step plan to solve a problem, independent of any programming language. You can write an algorithm in plain English or as a flowchart before coding.
编程是给计算机一系列指令去执行，用它能理解的语言编写。算法是解决问题的逐步计划，独立于任何编程语言。你可以在编写代码之前，先用简单的英语或流程图来写一个算法。
A variable is like a named box in memory that holds a value which can change while the program runs. For example, in a game, 'score' might start at 0 and go up by 10 each time a player collects a coin. The value inside the box is updated.
变量就像内存中一个有名字的盒子，它保存一个在程序运行时可以改变的值。例如，在一个游戏中，'score' 可能从 0 开始，每次玩家收集一枚硬币就增加 10。盒子里的值会被更新。
Programs often make decisions using selection statements like 'if', 'else if', and 'else'. A condition is tested, and if it is true, one block of code runs; otherwise, another block runs. Repetition (loops) such as 'for' and 'while' lets a block of code run multiple times, which saves writing the same instruction again.
程序通常使用像 'if'、'else if' 和 'else' 这样的选择语句来做决定。一个条件被测试，如果为真，运行一段代码块；否则运行另一段代码块。循环 (如 'for' 和 'while') 让一段代码块运行多次，这节省了重复编写相同指令的工作。
7. Computational Thinking | 计算思维
Computational thinking is a problem-solving approach that uses techniques from computer science. It has three main pillars: decomposition, pattern recognition, and abstraction. Decomposition means breaking a complex problem into smaller, more manageable parts.
计算思维是一种使用计算机科学技术的问题解决方法。它有三大支柱：分解、模式识别和抽象。分解意味着将一个复杂的问题分解成更小、更易于管理的部分。
Pattern recognition is spotting similarities and differences between problems. If you have solved a similar problem before, you can reuse the same solution. Abstraction is about focusing on the important details while ignoring irrelevant ones. When drawing a treasure map, you might not need every tree—just the key landmarks.
模式识别是发现问题之间的相似性和差异性。如果你以前解决过类似的问题，你可以重复使用相同的解决方案。抽象是关于关注重要的细节，而忽略无关的细节。在画藏宝图时，你可能不需要每一棵树——只需要关键的标志物。
Algorithm design is the final step: creating a clear, logical sequence of steps. Whether you write it as pseudocode or a numbered list, the goal is to have a plan that is easy to follow and free of ambiguity, ready to be coded.
算法设计是最后一步：创建一个清晰、合乎逻辑的步骤序列。无论你是把它写成伪代码还是编号列表，目标是有一个易于遵循且没有歧义的计划，准备好被编码。
8. Security & Safety | 安全与防护
Malware is malicious software designed to damage or gain unauthorised access to a computer. A virus attaches itself to programs and spreads when those programs run. A worm can self-replicate without needing a host file. Ransomware locks your files and demands payment to unlock them.
恶意软件是旨在破坏或未经授权访问计算机的恶意软件。病毒将自己附加到程序上，并在这些程序运行时传播。蠕虫无需宿主文件就可以自我复制。勒索软件会锁定你的文件，并要求付款才能解锁。
A firewall is a security system that monitors incoming and outgoing network traffic and blocks suspicious activity based on predefined rules. Think of it as a bouncer at a club, checking who is allowed in and who is turned away. Encryption scrambles data so that only someone with the correct key can read it.
防火墙是一种安全系统，它监视进出网络流量，并根据预定义的规则阻止可疑的活动。把它想象成俱乐部的门卫，检查谁可以进入，谁被拒之门外。加密打乱了数据，因此只有拥有正确密钥的人才能读取。
Phishing is a social engineering attack where criminals send fake emails or messages pretending to be a trustworthy source to steal your passwords or personal details. Always check the sender’s address and never click on suspicious links. Keeping software up to date patches security holes that hackers could exploit.
网络钓鱼是一种社会工程攻击，犯罪分子发送假冒可信来源的虚假电子邮件或消息，以窃取你的密码或个人详细信息。一定要检查发件人的地址，永远不要点击可疑的链接。保持软件更新可以修补黑客可能利用的安全漏洞。
9. Digital Citizenship & Ethics | 数字公民与道德
Digital citizenship means using technology responsibly and respectfully. It covers online behaviour, privacy, and understanding your digital footprint—the trail of data you leave behind when using the internet. Posts, photos, and comments can remain online forever, so think before you share.
数字公民意味着负责任地和尊重地使用技术。它涵盖了在线行为、隐私和理解你的数字足迹——你在使用互联网时留下的数据痕迹。帖子、照片和评论可能会永远留存在网上，因此在分享之前请三思。
Copyright law protects the creators of original works like music, images, and software. Using someone else’s work without permission is an infringement unless it falls under fair dealing exceptions for education or review. Plagiarism is copying someone’s words or ideas and presenting them as your own, which is a serious academic offence.
版权法保护音乐、图像和软件等原创作品的创作者。未经许可使用他人的作品是侵权行为，除非它属于用于教育或评论的公平交易例外情况。抄袭是复制他人的文字或思想并作为自己的来呈现，这是一种严重的学术违规行为。
Cyberbullying is using digital tools to harass or intimidate someone. It can happen through texts, social media, or gaming platforms. Always report abusive content, keep evidence, and talk to a trusted adult. Being kind online is just as important as being kind in person.
网络欺凌是使用数字工具骚扰或恐吓他人。它可能通过短信、社交媒体或游戏平台发生。始终举报滥用内容，保留证据，并与可信任的成年人交谈。在网上保持友善就像在现实生活中一样重要。
10. File Management & Storage | 文件管理与存储
Files are stored on drives, and a file path shows exactly where a file lives. For example, C:\Documents\School\computing.docx means the file is on the C drive, inside the Documents folder, in the School subfolder. Folders (directories) keep related files organised so you can find them quickly.
文件存储在驱动器上，文件路径准确地显示了文件的位置。例如，C:\Documents\School\computing.docx 表示文件位于 C 盘中，在 Documents 文件夹内的 School 子文件夹中。文件夹 (目录) 把相关文件组织在一起，以便你能快速找到它们。
File extensions tell the operating system which application to open. '.docx' is for Word, '.xlsx' for Excel, '.pdf' for Portable Document Format, and '.mp3' for audio. Cloud storage services like OneDrive or Google Drive let you save files on remote servers, which you can access from any device with internet.
文件扩展名告诉操作系统该使用哪个应用程序打开。'.docx' 用于 Word，'.xlsx' 用于 Excel，'.pdf' 用于便携文档格式，'.mp3' 用于音频。像 OneDrive 或 Google Drive 这样的云存储服务让你把文件保存在远程服务器上，这样你就可以通过任何联网设备访问它们。
Backing up means making a copy of important data so you can restore it if the original is lost or damaged. A common rule is the 3-2-1 backup strategy: keep at least three copies, on two different types of media, with one copy stored offsite. This protects against hardware failure, theft, or accidents.
备份是指制作重要数据的副本，以便在原始数据丢失或损坏时恢复。一个常见的法则是 3-2-1 备份策略：至少保留三份副本，分别存储在两种不同类型的媒体上，并将一份副本存储在异处。这可以防范硬件故障、盗窃或事故。
11. Key Terminology Memory Aids | 关键术语记忆辅助
Use mnemonics to lock in tricky terms. For ‘Hardware vs Software’: Hardware is Hard – you can touch it. Software is Soft – it’s flexible and can be changed easily. For the order of data sizes, remember ‘Kittens Make Great Tigers’ for Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte.
使用助记法来锁定棘手的术语。对于‘硬件与软件’：硬件是硬的——你可以触摸它。软件是软的——它灵活且易于更改。对于数据大小的顺序，记住‘Kittens Make Great Tigers’ 来对应 Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte。
For a quick check of input/output devices: If it sends information INTO the computer, it’s an Input device (microphone, keyboard). If the computer OUTPUTS something to you, it’s an Output device (screen, printer). The rhyme ‘If you put it IN, it’s an INput; if you get it OUT, it’s an OUTput’ helps.
对于输入/输出设备的快速检查：如果它向计算机发送信息，就是输入设备 (麦克风、键盘)。如果计算机向你输出东西，就是输出设备 (屏幕、打印机)。押韵句‘If you put it IN, it’s an INput; if you get it OUT, it’s an OUTput’ 对你会有帮助。
When studying programming, create a tiny project for each new term. Use a variable to store a name, write a loop to print numbers 1 to 10, and add an 'if' statement to check a password. Hands-on practice is the fastest way to turn vocabulary into real understanding.
在学习编程时，为每个新术语创建一个小项目。使用一个变量来存储一个名字，写一个循环来打印数字 1 到 10，并添加一个 'if' 语句来检查密码。动手实践是将词汇转化为真正理解的最快方法。
12. Revision Checklist & Final Tips | 复习清单与最终提示
Make a set of flashcards with the term on one side and a simple definition and example on the other. Test yourself repeatedly, mixing up the order. Ask a friend or family member to quiz you. Writing out the terms by hand helps reinforce them in your memory far more than just reading.
制作一套抽认卡，一面写术语，另一面写一个简单的定义和例子。反复自测，打乱顺序。请朋友或家人向你提问。手写术语比仅仅阅读更能加强你对它们的记忆。
| Term | Quick Definition |
|---|---|
| CPU | Brain of the computer; carries out instructions |
| RAM | Volatile memory for running programs |
| URL | Unique address of a web page |
| Variable | Named memory box that stores changeable data |
| Encryption | Scrambling data so only key holders can read it |
Finally, remember that vocabulary is the toolkit for every computing lesson. When you encounter a new word, break it into parts, find a real-life analogy, and immediately use it in a sentence. This active engagement will transform a list of foreign terms into words you truly own.
最后，请记住词汇是每堂计算机课的工具箱。当你遇到一个新词时，把它分解成部分，找一个现实生活中的类比，并立即在一个句子中使用它。这种积极的参与将把一连串陌生的术语转化为你真正掌握的词汇。
Published by TutorHao | Computing Revision Series | aleveler.com
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