📚 Year 7 SQA English Literature: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas and Theorems | Year 7 SQA 英语文学：公式定理速查手册
In English Literature, just like in maths, we have our own set of 'formulas' and 'theorems'. These are the key terms, techniques and structures that help us understand stories, poems and plays. This quick reference handbook explains them clearly, so you can apply them confidently in your SQA Year 7 work. Keep it handy when you read, write or discuss literature.
在英语文学中，就像数学一样，我们也有自己的一套“公式”和“定理”。这些就是帮助我们理解故事、诗歌和戏剧的关键术语、技巧和结构。这本快速参考手册清晰地解释了它们，让你在SQA七年级的学习中充满信心地运用。请在阅读、写作或讨论文学时随时查阅。
1. The Formula for Character Analysis | 人物分析公式
A character is a person, animal or figure in a story. To analyse a character, remember this formula: Appearance + Actions + Speech + Thoughts = Character. Examine what the character looks like, what they do, how they speak and what they think. Also consider how other characters react to them. This gives you a complete picture of their personality, motivations and role in the story.
人物是故事中的人、动物或形象。要分析一个人物，请记住这个公式：外貌 + 行动 + 言语 + 思想 = 人物。研究人物长得什么样、他们做什么、如何说话以及他们想什么。还要考虑其他人物对他们的反应。这会让你全面了解他们的个性、动机和在故事中的角色。
2. The Theorem of Setting | 设置的定理
Setting is where and when a story takes place. The theorem of setting states: Setting influences mood, character and plot. If the setting is a dark, stormy night, it often creates a mood of fear or mystery. A desert island forces characters to survive and change. Historical settings can shape characters' beliefs. Always ask yourself: Why has the writer chosen this particular time and place? How does it affect the story?
设置是故事发生的地点和时间。设置的定理指出：设置影响氛围、人物和情节。如果设置在一个暗黑、暴风雨的夜晚，往往会营造恐惧或神秘的氛围。一个荒岛会迫使人物求生和改变。历史背景能塑造人物的信仰。永远要问自己：作者为什么选择这个特定的时间和地点？它如何影响故事？
3. Plot Structure: The Narrative Arc | 情节结构：叙事弧
Most stories follow a narrative arc, which is like a formula for building tension. The steps are: Exposition → Rising Action → Climax → Falling Action → Resolution. Exposition introduces characters and setting. Rising action builds the problem or conflict. The climax is the turning point or most exciting moment. Falling action shows the aftermath, and resolution ties up loose ends. In poetry, this could be an emotional or thematic shift rather than a literal plot.
大多数故事都遵循叙事弧，这就像构建紧张感的公式。步骤是：开端 → 发展 → 高潮 → 回落 → 结局。开端介绍人物和设置。发展阶段构建问题或冲突。高潮是转折点或最激动人心的时刻。回落展示后果，结局则把所有线索收拢。在诗歌中，这可能是情感或主题的转折，而不是字面意义上的情节。
4. Figurative Language Formulas: Simile, Metaphor, Personification | 修辞语言公式：明喻、暗喻、拟人
Figurative language is the poet's or author's way of making comparisons. The core formulas are:
- Simile: X is like Y (using 'like' or 'as'). Example: 'Her smile was like sunshine.'
- Metaphor: X is Y (direct comparison without 'like' or 'as'). Example: 'He is a lion in battle.'
- Personification: Giving human qualities to non-human things. Example: 'The wind whispered through the trees.'
These devices make descriptions vivid and deepen meaning. Always ask: What two things are being compared, and what effect does this create?
修辞语言是诗人或作者进行比较的方式。核心公式包括：
- 明喻：X像Y一样（使用“像”或“如”）。示例：“她的笑容像阳光一样。”
- 暗喻：X是Y（不借助“像”“如”的直接比较）。示例：“他是战场上的雄狮。”
- 拟人：赋予非人类事物人的品质。示例：“风在树间低声细语。”
这些装置让描述生动并深化意义。永远要问：哪两样东西被比较了，这产生了什么效果？
5. Sound Devices: Alliteration, Assonance, Onomatopoeia | 声音装置：头韵、腹韵、拟声
Sound devices add musicality to poetry and prose. The formulas to remember:
- Alliteration: Repetition of initial consonant sounds (e.g., 'Peter Piper picked a peck').
- Assonance: Repetition of vowel sounds inside words (e.g., 'The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain' – long 'a' sound).
- Onomatopoeia: Words that imitate sounds (e.g., 'buzz', 'crash', 'whisper').
Recognising these helps you explain how a writer creates rhythm, emphasis or atmosphere.
声音装置为诗歌和散文增添了音乐性。要记住的公式：
- 头韵：重复词首的辅音（例如，“Peter Piper picked a peck”）。
- 腹韵：单词内部元音的重复（例如，“The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain”中的长“a”音）。
- 拟声：模仿声音的词（例如，“嗡嗡”、“哗啦”、“沙沙”）。
认识这些能帮助你解释作者如何创造节奏、强调或氛围。
6. Imagery and Sensory Details | 意象与感官细节
Imagery is language that appeals to the five senses. The imagery theorem is: Show, don't just tell. Instead of saying 'the room was messy', a writer might describe 'crumpled papers, a half-eaten apple, and a dusty bookshelf'. This creates a mental picture and makes the reader experience the scene. Look for words related to sight, sound, smell, taste and touch.
意象是诉诸五种感官的语言。意象的定理是：展示，而不仅仅是告知。不说“房间很乱”，作家可能会描述“揉皱的纸张、一个吃了一半的苹果和落满灰尘的书架”。这构建了一幅心理画面，让读者体验场景。留意与视觉、听觉、嗅觉、味觉和触觉相关的词语。
7. The Debate Theorem: Persuasive Techniques in Speeches | 辩论定理：演讲中的说服技巧
When analysing speeches or persuasive writing, use the Ethos, Pathos, Logos theorem. Ethos is the speaker's credibility or character (e.g., 'As a doctor, I know this is safe'). Pathos appeals to emotion (e.g., 'Think of the children who will suffer'). Logos uses logic and evidence (e.g., 'Studies show a 30% increase'). Rhetorical questions, repetition and rule of three are also powerful devices.
在分析演讲或说服性写作时，使用人品诉诸、情感诉诸、理性诉诸定理。人品诉诸是说话者的可信度或品格（例如，“作为一名医生，我知道这是安全的”）。情感诉诸诉诸情感（例如，“想想那些会受苦的孩子”）。理性诉诸运用逻辑和证据（例如，“研究表明有30%的增长”）。修辞问句、重复和三法则也是有力量的装置。
8. Poetry Analysis Toolkit | 诗歌分析工具包
When you first read a poem, apply the SMILER formula: Subject – what is the poem about? Mood – what feelings does it create? Imagery – what pictures or senses are used? Language – what figurative or sound devices do you notice? Effect – what is the overall impact on the reader? Rhythm and Rhyme – what is the pattern? This systematic approach will help you write detailed responses.
当你第一次读一首诗时，运用SMILER公式：S主题——诗歌是关于什么的？M情绪——它营造了什么样的感觉？I意象——使用了哪些画面或感官？L语言——你注意到哪些修辞或声音装置？E效果——对读者的整体影响是什么？R节奏与押韵——模式是什么？这个系统性的方法将帮助你写出详细的回答。
9. Drama Formulas: Stage Directions and Dialogue | 戏剧公式：舞台指示与对话
Plays are meant to be performed, so analysis must include performance elements. The key formula: Dialogue + Stage Directions = Meaning. Dialogue reveals character and advances plot. Stage directions (often in italics or brackets) tell actors how to move, speak or show emotion. Ask: How does a particular stage direction change the way a line is interpreted? Look for dramatic irony, where the audience knows something the characters do not.
戏剧是用来表演的，因此分析必须包含表演元素。关键公式：对话 + 舞台指示 = 意义。对话揭示人物性格并推动情节。舞台指示（通常以斜体或括号标示）告诉演员如何移动、说话或表现情感。要问：某个特定的舞台指示如何改变了一句台词的诠释方式？还要寻找戏剧性反讽，即观众知道而人物不知道的情况。
10. Theme: The Grand Theorem | 主题：伟大定理
A theme is a big idea or message the writer wants to explore. The theorem is: Theme is not the same as topic. 'Love' is a topic; 'Love can overcome prejudice' is a theme. Themes often connect to universal human experiences. To identify a theme, ask: What does the main character learn? How does the setting or conflict reflect a larger idea? Themes in Year 7 texts might include friendship, courage, identity, fairness and growing up.
主题是作家想要探讨的一个宏大思想或信息。定理是：主题不等于话题。“爱”是一个话题；“爱能克服偏见”是一个主题。主题通常与普遍的人类经验相关联。要识别主题，请问：主角学到了什么？环境或冲突如何反映一个更大的思想？七年级文本中的主题可能包括友谊、勇气、身份、公平和成长。
11. The Evidence Equation: PEE Paragraphs | 证据等式：PEE段落
In literary essays, use the PEE formula for every point: Point → Evidence → Explain. First, state your point clearly (e.g., 'The writer creates a tense atmosphere'). Then, provide a quotation or specific example from the text as evidence. Finally, explain what the evidence shows and how it proves your point. This structure keeps your arguments focused and well-supported.
在文学论文中，每个论点都使用PEE公式：论点 → 证据 → 解释。首先，清晰地陈述你的论点（例如，“作者营造了紧张的氛围”）。然后，从文本中提供引文或具体例子作为证据。最后，解释证据说明了什么，以及它如何证明你的论点。这一结构使你的论证集中且有充分支撑。
12. Comparison Formula: Similarities and Differences | 比较公式：相似与差异
When asked to compare two poems or passages, use the formula: Identify a common point, then contrast the treatment. Start with something they share (both use nature imagery, for instance). Then, explore how each writer uses that element differently. Words like 'however', 'similarly', 'in contrast' and 'on the other hand' will help you write a balanced comparison. Always refer closely to the texts.
当被要求比较两首诗或两个段落时，使用这个公式：找出共同点，然后对比处理方式。从它们共有的东西开始（例如，两者都使用自然意象）。然后，探究每位作者如何使用该元素的不同之处。像“然而”、“相似地”、“与此相对”和“另一方面”等词语将帮助你写出平衡的比较。始终紧密引用文本。
Published by TutorHao | English Literature Revision Series | aleveler.com
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