📚 Year 7 SQA English: Quick Reference Handbook of Key Formulas and Theorems | 七年级SQA英语：核心公式定理速查手册
This handbook distils the essential 'formulas' and 'theorems' of the Year 7 SQA English curriculum into a clear, fast-access reference. Whether you are mastering grammar, constructing essays, or analysing texts, these structured rules act like mathematical proofs – once you learn the pattern, you can apply it confidently to any question or writing task. Use this guide to sharpen your skills in reading, writing, talking, and listening.
本手册将七年级SQA英语课程中的核心“公式”和“定理”浓缩成清晰、快捷的参考指南。无论你是在掌握语法、构建文章还是在分析文本，这些结构化的规则就像数学证明一样——一旦你掌握了模式，就能自信地应用到任何题目或写作任务中。用这本指南来提升你的读、写、说、听技能。
1. The Part-of-Speech Equation | 词性识别公式
Every word in a sentence belongs to one of eight categories, each with a specific job. Think of this as the periodic table of English.
句子中的每个单词都属于八大词性之一，每个词性都有特定的作用。可以把这看作是英语的元素周期表。
Noun = naming word (person, place, thing, idea).
名词 = 命名词（人、地点、事物、概念）。
Verb = action or state (run, is, seem).
动词 = 动作或状态（跑、是、似乎）。
Adjective = describes a noun (blue, tall, mysterious).
形容词 = 修饰名词（蓝色的、高的、神秘的）。
Adverb = describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb (quickly, very, quite).
副词 = 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词（迅速地、非常、相当）。
Pronoun = replaces a noun (he, she, it, they).
代词 = 代替名词（他、她、它、他们）。
Preposition = shows relationship (time, place, direction) (in, on, under, before).
介词 = 表示关系（时间、地点、方向）（在…里、在…上、在…下、在…之前）。
Conjunction = joins words or clauses (and, but, because).
连词 = 连接词语或分句（和、但是、因为）。
Interjection = expresses emotion (Wow! Oh no! Oops!).
感叹词 = 表达情感（哇！哦不！哎哟！）。
The quick-test formula: article + adjective + noun + verb + adverb – e.g. 'The fluffy cat purred softly.'
快速检测公式：冠词 + 形容词 + 名词 + 动词 + 副词——例如“柔软的猫轻轻地打着呼噜”。
2. Sentence Type Construction Formula | 句子类型构建公式
Sentences are built using a combination of clauses. Mastering the three main types gives your writing rhythm and precision.
句子是由分句组合构成的。掌握三种主要句型能让你的写作富有节奏且精准。
Simple sentence = 1 independent clause (Subject + Verb + Object if needed).
Example: The rain stopped.
简单句 = 1个独立分句（主语 + 谓语 + 必要的宾语）。示例：雨停了。
Compound sentence = 2 independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so – remember FANBOYS).
Formula: Independent clause + , + FANBOYS + independent clause.
Example: The rain stopped, and the sun appeared.
并列句 = 两个独立分句用并列连词连接（for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so——记住FANBOYS）。公式：独立分句 + ， + FANBOYS + 独立分句。示例：雨停了，太阳出来了。
Complex sentence = 1 independent clause + 1 or more dependent clauses (using subordinating conjunctions like because, although, when, if).
Formula: Dependent clause + , + independent clause OR Independent clause + dependent clause (no comma needed if dependent clause comes second).
Example: When the rain stopped, we went outside. / We went outside when the rain stopped.
复合句 = 1个独立分句 + 1个或多个从属分句（使用从属连词如因为、尽管、当…时、如果）。公式：从属分句 + ， + 独立分句 或者 独立分句 + 从属分句（如果从属分句在后则不用逗号）。示例：当雨停了，我们去了外面。/ 我们去了外面当雨停了。
3. Punctuation Function Map | 标点符号功能图
Punctuation marks are the traffic signals of writing. Each follows a strict function rule, much like a theorem.
标点符号是写作中的交通信号。每个标点都有严格的功能规则，就像定理一样。
Punctuation (符号) |
Theorem / Rule (定理/规则) |
Example (示例) |
|---|---|---|
Full stop (.) |
Ends a statement or command. 结束陈述句或祈使句。 |
Close the door. |
Comma (,) |
Separates items in a list, clauses, or adds a pause for clarity. 分隔列表项、分句或为了清晰而添加停顿。 |
We packed sandwiches, fruit, and juice. |
Apostrophe (') |
Shows possession (add 's) or marks missing letters in contractions. 表示所有格（加's）或缩写中省略的字母。 |
Sarah's book; don't (do not). |
Speech marks (" ") |
Enclose direct speech; punctuation goes inside the closing mark. 括住直接引语；标点放在后引号内。 |
"I'm ready," she said. |
Colon (:) |
Introduces a list or an explanation that follows from a complete sentence. 引出一个列表或对一个完整句子的解释。 |
One rule matters most: be kind. |
Semicolon (;) |
Joins two closely related independent clauses without a conjunction. 连接两个密切相关且没有连词的独立分句。 |
The storm raged; we stayed inside. |
4. Figurative Language Formulae | 修辞手法公式
Figurative language works because it follows predictable patterns. Learn these 'equations' to both spot them in texts and use them powerfully in your own writing.
修辞手法之所以奏效，是因为它们遵循可预测的模式。学会这些“方程式”，既能识别文本中的修辞也能在自己的写作中运用自如。
Simile: A is like / as B. Compares two different things using 'like' or 'as'.
Example: The moon shone like a silver coin.
明喻：A像B。用“像”或“如同”将两个不同事物进行比较。示例：月亮像一枚银币般闪耀。
Metaphor: A is B. States one thing is another, not meant literally.
Example: The classroom was a zoo.
暗喻：A是B。宣称一件事物是另一事物，不是字面意思。示例：教室是个动物园。
Personification: object + human action/emotion. Gives human qualities to non-human things.
Example: The wind whispered through the trees.
拟人：物体 + 人类动作/情感。赋予非人类事物以人类特质。示例：风在树间低语。
Alliteration: repetition of initial consonant sounds in a phrase.
Formula: consonant sound repeated ≥ 2 times across close words. Example: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
头韵：短语中词首辅音重复。公式：辅音重复 ≥ 2次，在相邻词上。示例：Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
Onomatopoeia: word imitates the sound it represents.
Example: buzz, hiss, click, bang.
拟声词：词语模仿其所代表的声音。示例：嗡嗡、嘶嘶、咔嗒、砰。
5. Tense Timeline and Formation Theorem | 时态时间线与构成定理
Every verb tense locates an action in time. The timeline theorem helps you choose the right form and auxiliary verbs.
每个动词时态都能将动作定位在时间中。时间线定理帮助你选择正确的形式和助动词。
Past simple: verb + ed / irregular form. Action completed in the past. Signal words: yesterday, last week, ago.
Example: She walked home. / They ate dinner.
一般过去时：动词+ed / 不规则形式。动作在过去完成。标志词：昨天、上周、以前。示例：她走路回家。/ 他们吃了晚饭。
Present simple: base verb (+s for he/she/it). Habit, fact, or general truth. Signal words: always, usually, every day.
Example: The sun rises in the east.
一般现在时：动词原形（he/she/it加s）。习惯、事实或普遍真理。标志词：总是、通常、每天。示例：太阳从东方升起。
Future simple: will + base verb. Prediction, spontaneous decision, or future fact.
Example: It will rain tomorrow.
一般将来时：will + 动词原形。预测、即时决定或未来事实。示例：明天会下雨。
Present continuous: am/is/are + verb + ing. Action happening now or temporary situation.
Example: I am reading a book.
现在进行时：am/is/are + 动词ing。正在发生的动作或暂时的情况。示例：我正在读一本书。
Past continuous: was/were + verb + ing. Action in progress at a specific past time.
Example: At 8 pm, I was doing homework.
过去进行时：was/were + 动词ing。过去特定时间正在进行的动作。示例：晚上八点我正在做作业。
Present perfect: has/have + past participle. Past action with present relevance, or experience. Signal words: already, yet, since, for.
Example: She has finished her project.
现在完成时：has/have + 过去分词。过去动作与现在有关联，或表示经历。标志词：已经、还未、自从、持续。示例：她已经完成了项目。
6. The Five-Paragraph Essay Blueprint | 五段式论文蓝图
This is the most tested writing structure in early secondary school. It works like a theorem in argumentative and informative writing.
这是初中早期最常考的写作结构，它像定理一样适用于议论文和说明文。
Paragraph 1: Introduction – Hook sentence + background information + thesis statement (your main argument in one clear sentence).
第1段：引言——开头吸引句 + 背景信息 + 论点陈述（用一句清晰的话表达你的主要观点）。
Paragraphs 2–4: Body – Each starts with a topic sentence (reason 1, 2, 3), followed by evidence and explanation, ending with a linking sentence back to the thesis.
第2–4段：正文——每段以主题句开头（理由1、2、3），随后给出证据和解释，最后用一句连接回论点的句子结尾。
Paragraph 5: Conclusion – Restate thesis in fresh words, summarise main points, and end with a final thought or call to action.
第5段：结论——用新词重述论点，总结要点，最后以思考或行动号召结尾。
Formula to remember: Introduction = HOOK + BACKGROUND + THESIS | Body = TOPIC SENTENCE + EVIDENCE + EXPLANATION + LINK | Conclusion = RESTATE + SUMMARISE + FINAL THOUGHT.
记忆公式：引言 = 引子 + 背景 + 论点 | 正文 = 主题句 + 证据 + 解释 + 连接句 | 结论 = 重述 + 总结 + 最终思考。
7. The Story Mountain Plot Theorem | 故事山情节定理
Narrative texts follow a universal shape. Understanding this plot theorem helps you analyse stories and craft your own with strong structure.
叙事文本遵循一个通用的形状。理解这个情节定理有助于你分析故事并用稳固的结构创作自己的故事。
1. Exposition (Beginning) – Introduces characters, setting, and the normal world.
1. 开端（开头）——介绍人物、背景和常态世界。
2. Rising Action (Build-up) – A problem or conflict develops, creating tension. Events lead toward the climax.
2. 发展（铺垫）——问题或冲突产生，制造紧张。事件逐渐推向高潮。
3. Climax (Peak) – The most exciting or dramatic moment; the turning point where the conflict reaches its peak.
3. 高潮（顶点）——最激动人心或最戏剧化的时刻；冲突到达顶点的转折点。
4. Falling Action (Resolution begins) – The consequences of the climax unfold; tension decreases.
4. 回落（开始解决）——高潮带来的后果展开；紧张感下降。
5. Resolution (Ending) – The conflict is resolved, and the story concludes, showing how the characters or world have changed.
5. 结局（结尾）——冲突解决，故事收尾，展现人物或世界有何变化。
Visual formula: Exposition → Rising Action ↗ Climax ↗ Falling Action ↘ Resolution →. Every well-structured story can be plotted on this mountain.
视觉公式：开端 → 发展 ↗ 高潮 ↗ 回落 ↘ 结局 →。每个结构完好的故事都可以画在这座山上。
8. The PEEL Paragraph Proof | PEEL段落证明法
PEEL is the go-to 'formula' for analytical or persuasive paragraphs. It guarantees a fully developed, evidence-backed point every time.
PEEL是分析性或劝说性段落最常用的“公式”。它每次都能保证你写出一个展开充分、证据支持的观点。
P – Point: Start with a clear topic sentence stating the main idea of the paragraph.
P – 观点：以一个清晰的主题句开头，陈述本段的主要观点。
E – Evidence: Provide a quotation, statistic, or specific example to back up your point.
E – 证据：提供一个引文、数据或具体例子来支持你的观点。
E – Explain: Analyse how the evidence supports your point. This is the most important step – don't just leave the evidence hanging; discuss what it shows, why it matters.
E – 解释：分析证据如何支持你的观点。这是最关键的一步——不要把证据孤零零地丢在那里；讨论它说明了什么、为什么重要。
L – Link: Either link back to the main argument of the essay or use a linking sentence to flow into the next paragraph.
L – 连接：要么回到文章的主要论点，要么用一句连接句顺畅过渡到下一段。
PEEL structure in action:
Point: Plastic pollution harms marine life.
Evidence: A 2023 BBC report found that 90% of seabirds have plastic in their stomachs.
Explain: This statistic reveals the scale of the crisis because it shows that the problem reaches even the most remote species, disrupting food chains.
Link: Therefore, reducing single-use plastics is an urgent environmental priority.
PEEL结构示例：
观点：塑料污染危害海洋生物。
证据：2023年BBC报道称90%的海鸟胃中含有塑料。
解释：这一数据揭示了危机的规模，因为它表明这一问题甚至波及最偏远物种，扰乱了食物链。
连接：因此，减少一次性塑料制品是亟待解决的环境优先事项。
9. Reading Comprehension Question-Theory Match | 阅读理解题型定理匹配
Every reading question type tests a distinct skill. Use this matching formula to know exactly what the examiner wants and how many marks are on offer.
每道阅读理解题都在测试一项独特的技能。用这个匹配公式准确了解考官的要求以及题目分值所对应的答案量。
Question Command Word 题干指令词 |
Skill Required 所需技能 |
Answer Strategy 答题策略 |
|---|---|---|
Identify / Find / Give 识别 / 找出 / 给出 |
Literal retrieval; locate a fact or detail directly in the text. 字面提取；直接从文中定位事实或细节。 |
Quote a short phrase or single word. No explanation needed. 引用一个短语或单个词。无需解释。 |
Explain / Why / How 解释 / 为什么 / 如何 |
Inferential; requires you to read between the lines and show understanding of reasons or processes. 推理；需要你读出言外之意并展示对原因或过程的理解。 |
Use your own words to explain what the text implies, and support with evidence. 用自己的话解释文本暗含的意思，并用证据支持。 |
Analyse / How does the writer… 分析 / 作者如何…… |
Language and structure analysis; identify techniques and explain their effect. 语言和结构分析；识别技巧并解释其效果。 |
Name the technique, quote it, then explain what it suggests to the reader and why the writer used it. 指出技巧名称，引用，然后解释它让读者感受到什么以及作者为何使用它。 |
Compare / Both… and… / Whereas 比较 / 两者都… / 然而 |
Comparison; identify similarities and/or differences between two texts or characters. 比较；识别两个文本或人物之间的相似和/或差异。 |
Use connectives: 'Similarly, both texts…' or 'In contrast, Text A… whereas Text B…' Always back up with quotes from both sides. 使用连接词：“相似地，两篇文本都……”或“相比之下，文本A……而文本B……”。始终用双方的引文支持。 |
Evaluate / To what extent 评价 / 在何种程度上 |
Judgement; consider evidence for and against, then give a personal response with reasoning. 判断；考虑正反证据，然后给出有理有据的个人反应。 |
Weigh up both sides before concluding. Your final sentence should clearly state your judgement. 在得出结论前权衡双方。最后一句应清楚地陈述你的判断。 |
10. Spelling Rule Algorithms | 拼写规则算法
English spelling can seem chaotic, but many patterns follow logical rules. Apply these algorithms to reduce common errors.
英语拼写看似混乱，但许多模式都遵循逻辑规则。运用这些算法可以减少常见错误。
The i before e rule (and its exception):
'i' before 'e' except after 'c' when the sound is /ee/. (e.g. believe, receive) BUT exceptions: weird, science, ancient – so always check.
i在e前规则（及其例外）：当发音为/ee/时，i在e前，除非前面有c。（如believe, receive）但例外：weird, science, ancient——所以总要核查。
Doubling consonants before adding -ing/-ed:
ing because of the silent e). For two-syllable words, double if stress is on the last syllable (begin → beginning, but open → opening).
加-ing/-ed前双写辅音：单音节词中含一个元音和一个末尾辅音：加元音后缀前双写末尾辅音。（如 hop → hopping，但 hope → hoping，因其有不发音的e）。双音节词若重音在最后一个音节则双写（begin → beginning，但 open → opening）。
Dropping the silent e:
the e before a consonant suffix (-ment, -ful, -ly). (excite → excitement, hope → hopeful).
去掉不发音的e：加元音后缀（-ing, -ed, -able）时，去掉不发音的e。（make → making, love → loving）。加辅音后缀（-ment, -ful, -ly）前保留e。（excite → excitement, hope → hopeful）。
Plural rule for words ending in -y:
to -i and add -es. (baby → babies). If a vowel comes before -y, just add -s. (boy → boys).
以-y结尾的单词复数规则：如-y前为辅音，则把-y变为-i再加-es。（baby → babies）。如-y前为元音，则直接加-s。（boy → boys）。
11. Commonly Confused Words – The Distinction Theorem | 易混淆词——区分定理
These word pairs trap many students because they sound alike but carry different meanings. Learn them as precise theorems.
这些词对让很多学生掉进陷阱，因为它们发音相似但含义不同。将它们作为精确的定理来学习。
Word Pair (词对) |
Meaning Distinction (意义区分) |
Example Check (示例检验) |
|---|---|---|
their / there / they're |
their = belonging to them | there = place | they're = they are their = 他们的 | there = 那里 | they're = 他们是 |
Their car is over there. They're driving it. |
your / you're |
your = belonging to you | you're = you are your = 你的 | you're = 你是 |
Your book is where you're sitting. |
its / it's |
its = belonging to it | it's = it is or it has its = 它的 | it's = 它是 / 它有 |
The dog wagged its tail. It's very happy. |
effect / affect |
effect (noun) = result | affect (verb) = to influence effect (名词) = 结果 | affect (动词) = 影响 |
The storm had a devastating effect. It affected the whole town. |
than / then |
than = used in comparisons | then = at that time, next than = 用于比较 | then = 那时、接下来 |
She is taller than her brother. Then she left. |
to / too / two |
to = direction or infinitive | too = also or excessively | two = number 2 to = 方向或不定式 | too = 也、太 | two = 数字2 |
I went to the shop. I bought two apples, too. |
12. Active Listening and Talking Formula | 积极聆听与口语表达公式
SQA English also assesses speaking and listening through group discussions and individual talks. Use this structural formula to excel.
SQA英语也通过小组讨论和个人演讲来考核说和听。使用这个结构公式来脱颖而出。
Group Discussion Formula:
- Start with a clear opinion statement: 'I believe that… because…'
- Build on
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