📚 Year 7 SQA English: Vocabulary Terminology Quick Reference | SQA英语七年级：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your Year 7 SQA English vocabulary and terminology quick reference. This guide breaks down essential word classes, literary devices, and reading skills into bite-sized explanations with memory tricks. Use it to build confidence for class discussions, writing tasks, and assessments.
欢迎使用SQA英语七年级词汇术语速记指南。本指南将必备词类、文学手法和阅读技巧拆解为简明解释，并附上记忆窍门，帮助你在课堂讨论、写作练习和评估中更有把握。
1. Word Classes (Parts of Speech) | 词类（词性）
Noun: A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea. Quick memory trick: if you can put 'the' in front of it, it is likely a noun. Examples: 'teacher', 'library', 'happiness'.
名词：名词是表示人、地点、事物或概念的词。速记窍门：如果能用“the”放在前面，它大概率是名词。例如：“teacher”、“图书馆”、“幸福”。
Verb: A verb shows an action, occurrence, or state of being. Remember it as a 'doing' or 'being' word. Action verbs like 'run', 'write', and linking verbs like 'is', 'seem' all count.
动词：动词表示动作、事件或状态。记住它是“做”或“是”的词。行为动词如“跑”、“写”，连系动词如“是”、“似乎”都属于动词。
Adjective: An adjective describes a noun. Ask 'What kind?' or 'Which one?' Memory trick: it adds colour to your sentence. Example: 'gloomy sky', 'three apples'.
形容词：形容词用来描述名词。可以问“什么样的？”或“哪一个？”。速记：它为句子添色彩。例如：“阴沉的天”、“三个苹果”。
Adverb: An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. It often tells how, when, where, or to what extent. Many end in '-ly'. Trick: it adds detail to the action. Example: 'she sang softly'.
副词：副词修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，通常说明方式、时间、地点或程度。很多以“-ly”结尾。窍门：它为动作增加细节。例如：“她轻柔地唱”。
Pronoun: A pronoun takes the place of a noun to avoid repetition. Examples: 'he', 'she', 'it', 'they'. Memory aid: 'pro' means 'for', so pronoun acts 'for a noun'.
代词：代词用来代替名词以避免重复。例如：“他”、“她”、“它”、“他们”。助记法：“pro-”表示“代替”，代词即“代替名词”。
Preposition: A preposition shows the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and other words. It often indicates location, time, or direction. Think of a 'bridge' word: 'on', 'under', 'before', 'between'.
介词：介词表示名词（或代词）与其他词的关系，常指示位置、时间或方向。可把它看作“桥梁”词：如“在…上”、“在…下”、“在…之前”、“在…之间”。
Conjunction: A conjunction joins words, phrases, or clauses. Coordinating conjunctions can be remembered with FANBOYS: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So. Subordinating conjunctions like 'because', 'although' introduce dependent clauses.
连词：连词连接词、短语或从句。并列连词可用 FANBOYS 速记：For、And、Nor、But、Or、Yet、So。从属连词如“because”、“although”引导从属从句。
Interjection: An interjection is a short exclamation showing emotion. It stands alone or is inserted into a sentence. Examples: 'Wow!', 'Oh no!'. Think of it as an emotional outburst word.
感叹词：感叹词是表达情感的一个短促呼喊，可单独使用或插入句中。例如：“哇！”、“哦不！”。可把它看作情绪爆发词。
2. Sentence Types and Clauses | 句子类型与从句
Simple sentence: Contains one independent clause (a subject and a verb that expresses a complete thought). Example: 'The rain stopped.' Memory clue: one complete idea.
简单句：包含一个独立从句（一个主语和一个动词，表达完整的意思）。例如：“雨停了。”记忆线索：一个完整的意思。
Compound sentence: Joins two or more independent clauses with a coordinating conjunction or a semicolon. Example: 'The rain stopped, and the sun appeared.' Use FANBOYS to link.
复合句（并列句）：用并列连词或分号连接两个或以上的独立从句。例如：“雨停了，太阳出来了。”用 FANBOYS 来连接。
Complex sentence: Combines an independent clause with one or more dependent clauses using subordinating conjunctions like 'when', 'if', 'because'. Example: 'When the rain stopped, we went outside.' The dependent clause cannot stand alone.
复杂句：用从属连词（如“当”、“如果”、“因为”）连接一个独立从句和一个或多个从属从句。例如：“当雨停了，我们出去了。”从属从句不能单独成句。
Phrase: A group of words without both a subject and a verb. It cannot be a sentence on its own. Example: 'in the morning'. Trick: a phrase is a fragment.
短语：一组不含主语和动词的词，不能单独成句。例如：“在早上”。窍门：短语是一个片段。
Clause: A group of words containing a subject and a verb. An independent clause makes sense alone; a dependent clause depends on the rest of the sentence. Memory: every clause has a 'boss' verb.
从句：一组包含主语和动词的词。独立从句可独立成句；从属从句依赖其他部分。记忆：每个从句都有一个“老大”动词。
3. Figurative Language (Literary Devices) | 修辞手法（文学手法）
Simile: A comparison between two things using 'like' or 'as'. Example: 'She is as brave as a lion.' Quick memory: Simile = Similar, using 'as' or 'like'.
明喻：用“像”或“如”把两个事物作比较。例如：“她像狮子一样勇敢。”速记：明喻（Simile）像似（Similar），用“as/like”。
Metaphor: A direct comparison stating that one thing is another, without using 'like' or 'as'. Example: 'Time is a thief.' Trick: Metaphor says it IS the other thing.
暗喻：不通过“像”或“如”直接说一物是另一物。例如：“时间是小偷。”窍门：暗喻直接说它就是另一个东西。
Personification: Giving human qualities or actions to non-human things. Example: 'The wind whispered.' Memory: Personification makes things act like a person.
拟人：赋予非人类事物以人类特征或行为。例如：“风在低语。”记忆：拟人让事物像人一样行动。
Hyperbole: Extreme exaggeration used for emphasis or effect. Example: 'I have told you a million times.' Trick: hyper = excessive, so hyperbole is over-the-top exaggeration.
夸张：为了强调或效果而进行的极度夸大。例如：“我已经告诉你一百万次了。”窍门：hyper-表示“过度”，夸张就是过度渲染。
Oxymoron: Two opposite words placed together to create a new meaning. Example: 'bittersweet', 'deafening silence'. Memory: oxymoron = opposing terms morphed together.
矛盾修饰法：把两个相反的词放在一起产生新意。例如：“苦乐参半”、“震耳欲聋的寂静”。记忆：矛盾词强行组合。
Allusion: An indirect reference to a well-known person, event, or piece of literature. Example: 'He has the Midas touch.' Trick: allusion hints at something famous without explaining it.
典故：间接提及众所周知的人物、事件或文学作品。例如：“他拥有点石成金的能力。”窍门：典故暗示而不明说。
4. Sound Devices and Word Play | 语音手法与文字游戏
Alliteration: The repetition of the same initial consonant sound in nearby words. Example: 'Peter Piper picked a peck.' Memory: alliteration aligns the first letters.
头韵：在相邻的词中重复相同的词首辅音。例如：“Peter Piper picked a peck.”记忆：头韵对齐首字母。
Onomatopoeia: A word that imitates the sound it describes. Example: 'buzz', 'sizzle', 'bang'. Trick: the word itself sounds like the noise; 'onomatopoeia' sounds noisy!
拟声词：模仿所描述声音的词。例如：“嗡嗡”、“嘶嘶”、“砰”。窍门：这个词本身就像那种声音；“拟声”这个词也显得嘈杂。
Rhyme: The repetition of similar sounds, usually at the ends of lines in poetry. Example: 'cat' and 'hat'. Perfect rhyme shares the same ending sound.
押韵：重复相近的声音，通常在诗行末尾。例如：“cat”和“hat”。完全押韵拥有相同的尾音。
Rhythm: The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in speech or poetry. It creates a beat. Think of it as the 'heartbeat' of a poem.
节奏：言语或诗歌中重读与非重读音节的模式，形成节拍。可把它想象成诗歌的“心跳”。
Pun: A play on words that have multiple meanings or similar sounds, usually for humour. Example: 'I was struggling to figure out how lightning works, then it struck me.' Quick memory: a pun is a funny double-meaning.
双关语：利用词语的多义性或发音相近来制造幽默的文字游戏。例如：“我正琢磨闪电如何形成，突然被它击中/灵光一现。”速记：双关就是有趣的双重含义。
Assonance: The repetition of vowel sounds within words. Example: 'Hear the mellow wedding bells.' Trick: assonance revolves around vowel echoes.
半韵（元音韵）：重复单词内部的元音音素。例如：“Hear the mellow wedding bells.”窍门：元音韵在元音上形成共鸣。
5. Poetry Terminology | 诗歌术语
Stanza: A group of lines in a poem, similar to a paragraph in prose. Often separated by a blank line. Memory: a stanza is a 'room' in the poem's house.
诗节：诗歌中一群诗行，类似于散文的段落，通常用空行分隔。记忆：诗节是诗歌房子里的“房间”。
Line: A single row of words in a poem. A line break can add emphasis or rhythm. Think of it as one musical measure.
诗行：诗歌中单独的一行字。断行可以增添强调或节奏。可看作一个小节拍。
Rhyme scheme: The pattern of rhymes at the end of lines, labelled with letters. Example: ABAB means the first and third lines rhyme, and the second and fourth rhyme. Memory: it is the poem's 'rhyme skeleton'.
押韵格式：行末押韵的模式，用字母标注。如 ABAB 表示第一、三行押韵，第二、四行押韵。记忆：它是诗歌的“韵律骨架”。
Imagery: Language that appeals to the five senses, creating pictures in the reader's mind. Example: 'The cinnamon-scented breeze rustled the golden leaves.' Trick: imagery = image + sensory details.
意象：诉诸五种感官的语言，在读者脑海中构建画面。例如：“肉桂香的风拂动金黄的树叶。”窍门：意象 = 图像 + 感官细节。
Free verse: Poetry that does not follow a fixed meter or rhyme scheme. It relies on natural speech rhythms. Memory: free verse is free from strict rules.
自由诗：不遵循固定格律或押韵格式的诗歌，依赖自然的语言节奏。记忆：自由诗不受严格规则约束。
Couplet: Two consecutive lines that rhyme. Example: 'The sun is bright, / A lovely sight.' Quick memory: a rhyming pair.
对句：连续押韵的两行诗。例如："阳光明媚，/ 景色真美。"速记：押韵双行。
6. Reading Skills and Text Analysis | 阅读技巧与文本分析
Main idea: The central point or message the author wants to communicate. Often found at the beginning or end of a paragraph. Ask yourself, 'What is the text mostly about?'
主旨：作者想要传达的核心观点或信息，常在段落开头或结尾找到。可以问自己：“这篇文章主要在讲什么？”
Inference: A logical guess based on evidence from the text and your own background knowledge. It is 'reading between the lines'. Memory: inference = inside evidence + your brain.
推断：基于文中证据和自身背景知识作出的合理猜测。也就是“读出言外之意”。记忆：推断 = 内部证据 + 你的大脑。
Theme: The deeper message or universal truth about life the author explores, such as friendship or courage. It is not the plot but the bigger idea.
主题：作者探讨的关于人生的深层寓意或普遍真理，如友谊、勇气。它不是情节，而是更宏大的思想。
Prediction: An educated guess about what will happen next, using clues in the text. Update your prediction as you read. Tip: good readers predict constantly.
预测：根据文中线索对接下来发生的事情作出的有根据的猜测，并在阅读中不断调整。提示：优秀读者会不断预测。
Summary: A brief statement of the main points in your own words. A summary retells key events or ideas without minor details. Trick: shrink it to the essence.
总结：用自己的话简述主要观点。总结复述关键事件或思想，略去次要细节。窍门：压缩至精华。
Author's purpose: The reason the writer created the text – to persuade, inform, entertain, or describe (often remembered as P.I.E.D.). Always link evidence to purpose.
作者目的：作者创作文本的原因——说服、告知、娱乐或描述（常记为 P.I.E.D.）。始终将证据与目的相关联。
7. Writing Purposes and Tone | 写作目的与语气
Persuade for rhetorical questions, emotive language, and strong opinions. Memory: persuade = push.
说服：作者试图让读者接受某种观点或采取行动。注意修辞疑问句、感性语言和强烈看法。记忆：说服 = 推动。
Inform: The text provides facts and information in a clear, neutral manner. Features: statistics, definitions, and logical structure. Think of a news article.
告知：文本以清晰、中立的方式提供事实和信息。特征：统计数据、定义和逻辑结构。可联想新闻文章。
Entertain s, : The main goal is to amuse or engage the reader through stories, humour, or suspense. Often found in novels and comic strips. Memory: entertain = enjoy.
娱乐：主要目的是通过故事、幽默或悬念来吸引或逗乐读者。常见于小说和漫画。记忆：娱乐 = 享受。
Describe: The writer paints a detailed picture using sensory language, focusing on people, places, or experiences. It often supports other purposes. Trick: make the reader see, hear, feel.
描述：作者运用感官语言细致刻画人物、地点或经历，常为其他目的服务。窍门：让读者仿佛亲见、亲闻、亲感。
Tone: The writer's attitude towards the subject, conveyed through word choice. A tone can be formal, informal, sarcastic, optimistic, etc. Ask, 'How does the writer sound?'
语气：作者通过选词表现出来的对主题的态度。语气可以是正式、非正式、讽刺、乐观的等。问一问：“作者听起来怎样？”
Register: The level of formality in language, chosen to suit the audience and context. Ranges from very formal (academic) to colloquial (like talking to a friend). Quick check: who is reading?
语域：语言的形式程度，取决于读者和语境，从高度正式（学术）到口语化（与朋友聊天）。速检：谁在读？
8. Quick Memory Tricks for Vocabulary | 词汇速记小窍门
Building a wide vocabulary makes reading and writing easier. Use these tricks: associate a new word with an image, create a silly sentence, or learn common prefixes and suffixes. Below is a table of handy prefixes to unlock many words.
积累丰富词汇让阅读和写作更轻松。试试这些窍门：把生词与图像关联、造一个搞笑的句子，或掌握常见前缀和后缀。下面是一张实用前缀表，助你解锁大量单词。
| Prefix | Meaning (English) | Example | 中文含义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| un- | not, opposite | unhappy, unlock | 不、相反 |
| re- | again | rewrite, return | 再次、重新 |
| pre- | before | preview, prehistoric | 在…之前 |
| mis- | wrongly | misunderstand, misplace | 错误地 |
| sub- | under | submarine, subway | 在…之下 |
| super- | above, beyond | superhero, superstar | 上、超 |
| dis- | not, opposite of | disagree, disconnect | 不、相反 |
| anti- | against | antifreeze, antiwar | 反对、防止 |
Another powerful trick is the 'memory palace' – picture a familiar place and link new terms to objects in it. For example, place a 'simile' on your sofa because it 'smiles' with 'like' or 'as'.
另外一个强大的技巧是“记忆宫殿”——想象一个熟悉的地点，把新术语与其中的物体关联。比如，把“明喻”放在沙发上，因为它像微笑一样用“like/as”。
Use acronyms to group related terms: FANBOYS for coordinating conjunctions, P.I.E.D. for author's purpose, and 'SHAMPOO' for figurative language (Simile, Hyperbole, Alliteration, Metaphor, Personification, Onomatopoeia, Oxymoron). Such shortcuts help you retrieve terms under pressure.
使用首字母缩写法归类术语：FANBOYS 表示并列连词，P.I.E.D. 表示作者目的，“SHAMPOO”囊括修辞手法
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