📚 Year 7 SQA English: Grammar & Writing Formula Quick Reference | SQA 七年级英语：语法与写作公式速查手册
In SQA Year 7 English, success depends on understanding the hidden 'formulas' behind effective communication. Just like in maths, certain structures and rules consistently produce strong results—whether you are building a sentence, crafting a paragraph, or analysing a poem. This quick reference handbook gathers those essential formulas, theorems, and cheat sheets into one clear document. Use it to revise for reading, writing, and talking assessments, and to meet the benchmarks set out in the Scottish Curriculum for Excellence.
在 SQA 七年级英语中，成功取决于理解有效沟通背后隐藏的“公式”。就像数学一样，某些结构和规则能够稳定地产生优质结果——无论是构建句子、写段落，还是分析诗歌。这份速查手册将这些关键公式、定理和速查表汇聚成一份清晰的文档。用它来复习阅读、写作和演讲评估，并达到苏格兰卓越课程所设定的基准。
1. The Sentence Formula | 句子公式
A complete simple sentence follows this core pattern: S → V + (O/C) + (A). S stands for Subject, V for Verb, O for Object, C for Complement, and A for Adjunct/Adverbial. Without at least a subject and a finite verb, you have a fragment, not a sentence.
一个完整的简单句遵循以下核心模式：S → V + (O/C) + (A)。S 代表主语，V 代表动词，O 代表宾语，C 代表补语，A 代表状语。如果没有至少一个主语和一个限定动词，你得到的是一个句子碎片，而不是完整的句子。
Example: 'The boy (S) kicked (V) the ball (O).'
示例：“男孩 (S) 踢 (V) 球 (O)。”
Complex sentences combine two or more clauses. The joining formula uses coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) or subordinating conjunctions (because, although, if, when, while).
复合句组合两个或更多分句。组合公式使用并列连词 (FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) 或从属连词 (because, although, if, when, while)。
Formula for a compound sentence: IC1 + ,FANBOYS + IC2, where IC = Independent Clause.
并列句的公式：IC1 + ,FANBOYS + IC2，其中 IC 代表独立分句。
2. Parts of Speech Identifier Formulas | 词性识别公式
Every word belongs to a word class. Use these quick tests as formulas to identify the eight parts of speech in a sentence.
每个词都属于一个词类。使用这些快速测试作为公式来识别句子中的八种词性。
Noun: Can you put 'the' or 'a/an' in front of it? Does it name a person, place, thing, or idea? dog, freedom.
名词：你能在前面加“the”或“a/an”吗？它是否命名一个人、地点、事物或概念？例如 dog, freedom。
Verb: Can you change the tense? Does it show action or a state of being? run, is, became.
动词：你能改变时态吗？它是否表示动作或状态？例如 run, is, became。
Adjective: Does it answer 'What kind?', 'Which one?', or 'How many?'? It modifies a noun. blue, tall, several.
形容词：它是否回答“什么样？”、“哪一个？”或“多少”？它修饰名词。例如 blue, tall, several。
Adverb: Does it answer 'How?', 'When?', 'Where?', or 'To what extent?'? Often ends in -ly, modifying a verb, adjective, or other adverb. quickly, very, yesterday.
副词：它是否回答“如何？”、“何时？”、“何地？”或“到什么程度”？常以 -ly 结尾，修饰动词、形容词或其他副词。例如 quickly, very, yesterday。
| Part of Speech | Key Question Formula | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Noun | Who/What? | dog |
| Verb | Action/State? | ran |
| Adjective | Describes noun? | happy |
| Adverb | How/When/Where? | slowly |
3. Punctuation Formulas | 标点公式
Punctuation acts like traffic signals for your writing. Each mark follows a specific rule formula that can be checked mechanically.
标点符号就像写作的交通信号。每种符号都遵循特定的规则公式，可以机械化地检查。
Full stop (.) rule: Use at the end of a declarative statement. I like reading.
句号 (.) 规则：在陈述句末尾使用。 I like reading.
Comma (,) formula: Separate items in a list: A, B, and C. Separate clauses when using FANBOYS: IC, and IC. After introductory phrases: When it rains, I stay inside.
逗号 (,) 公式：分隔列表项： A, B, and C。使用 FANBOYS 时分隔分句： IC, and IC. 在引导短语后： When it rains, I stay inside.
Apostrophe (') formulas: Possession (singular noun + 's, plural noun ending in s + '), contraction (missing letters). Never use an apostrophe to form a plain plural.
撇号 (') 公式：所有格 (单数名词 + 's，以 s 结尾的复数名词 + ')，缩写 (缺失字母)。切勿用撇号构成普通复数。
4. The PEEL Paragraph Formula | PEEL 段落公式
For analytical and persuasive paragraphs, SQA rewards structured answers. The PEEL formula is the default theorem for building a strong paragraph body.
对于分析和说服性段落，SQA 奖励结构化的答案。PEEL 公式是构建有力段落主体的默认定理。
P → E → E → L
P = Point: State the main idea of the paragraph in one clear sentence.
P = 观点：用一句清晰的话陈述段落的主要思想。
E = Evidence: Provide a quotation, example, or reference from the text.
E = 证据：提供来自文本的引文、例子或引用。
E = Explain: Analyse how the evidence supports your point. This is where you use the 'because' formula: 'This suggests that... because..'
E = 解释：分析证据如何支持你的观点。这里使用“因为”公式：“这表明……因为……”
L = Link: Connect the paragraph back to the overall question or forward to the next idea.
L = 连接：将段落连接回总体问题或引向下一个观点。
5. Subject-Verb Agreement Theorem | 主谓一致定理
The verb must agree with its subject in number. This is non-negotiable in standard English. Apply the formula: Singular subject → verb + s/es; Plural subject → base verb (no s).
动词必须与主语在数上保持一致。这在标准英语中是不可商量的。应用公式：单数主语 → 动词加 s/es；复数主语 → 动词原形 (不加 s)。
Beware of prepositional phrases between subject and verb: 'The box of chocolates is on the table.' Ignore 'of chocolates'; the real subject is 'box'.
警惕主语和动词之间的介词短语：“那盒巧克力 在 桌子上。”忽略“of chocolates”；真正的主语是“box”。
Indefinite pronouns like everyone, nobody, each are always singular: Everyone is ready.
不定代词如 everyone, nobody, each 总是单数：Everyone is ready.
Compound subjects joined by 'and' are plural: Tom and Jerry are friends. But if joined by 'or/nor', the verb agrees with the nearer subject: Neither the teacher nor the students were late.
由“and”连接的复合主语是复数：Tom and Jerry are friends. 但如果由“or/nor”连接，动词与靠近的主语一致：Neither the teacher nor the students were late.
6. Tense Timeline Formulas | 时态时间线公式
English tenses map onto a timeline. Understanding the formula for each tense helps you write accurately in narrative and report texts.
英语时态映射到时间线上。理解每种时态的公式有助于你在叙述和报告文本中准确写作。
Present Simple: Base verb (+ s for he/she/it). Used for habits and facts.
一般现在时：动词原形 (he/she/it 加 s)。用于习惯和事实。
Past Simple: Verb + ed (irregular forms). Used for completed actions at a known time.
一般过去时：动词加 ed (不规则形式)。用于已知时间发生的已完成动作。
Present Progressive: am/is/are + verb-ing. Action happening now or around now.
现在进行时：am/is/are + 动词 ing。正在发生的动作。
Future with 'will': will + base verb. Predictions and spontaneous decisions.
一般将来时 (will)：will + 动词原形。预测和临时决定。
Perfect tenses link time periods: Present Perfect = has/have + past participle (experience, result now). I have finished my homework.
完成时态连接时间段：现在完成时 = has/have + 过去分词 (经历，现在的结果)。I have finished my homework.
Stick to one governing tense for a writing task unless there is a logical shift in time. Maintain consistency.
除非时间上有合乎逻辑的变化，写作时请坚持一种主导时态。保持一致性。
7. Literary Devices Quick-Reference Formulas | 文学修辞速查表
When tackling close reading (Understanding, Analysis, Evaluation), you need to name the technique and explain its effect. Use these patterns.
处理精读 (理解、分析、评估) 时，你需要说出技巧名称并解释其效果。使用以下模式。
| Device | Formula Pattern | Effect Key Words |
|---|---|---|
| Simile | A is like B / as A as B | vivid image, comparison |
| Metaphor | A is B (direct) | stronger, imaginative |
| Personification | non-human + human action/feeling | brings to life, relatable |
| Alliteration | repeated initial consonant sounds | emphasis, rhythm |
| Onomatopoeia | word sounds like its meaning | realism, auditory effect |
Analysis sentence starter: 'The writer uses [device] in the phrase “...” to create a sense of [effect].'
分析句子起头：“作者在‘……’这一短语中使用了[技巧]，以营造一种[效果]的感觉。”
8. Reading Comprehension Formula (RUAE) | 阅读理解公式 (RUAE)
SQA reading papers ask questions using the RUAE framework: Reading for Understanding, Analysis, and Evaluation. Each type has a answering formula.
SQA 阅读试卷使用 RUAE 框架提问：理解、分析和评估性阅读。每种类型都有其作答公式。
Understanding (U): ula: Locate key sentence in text → paraphrase it → check it answers the question directly.
理解 (U)：找到信息并用自己的话重述。公式：在文本中定位关键句 → 释义它 → 检查它是否直接回答问题。
Analysis (A): echnique, quote it, explain its effect. Formula: Name + Quote + Explain = 1 mark per step.
分析 (A)：识别一个技巧，引用它，解释其效果。公式：命名 + 引用 + 解释 = 每步得 1 分。
Evaluation (E): inked to the text. Formula: I think... because the writer says/does... → connect to theme.
评估 (E)：给出你的意见，并附上与文本相连的理由。公式：我认为……因为作者说/做了…… → 连接到主题。
9. Spelling Rule Formulas | 拼写规则公式
English spelling can be tamed by a set of reliable formulas. Master these to reduce errors in your written tasks.
英语拼写可以通过一系列可靠的公式来驾驭。掌握这些以减少写作任务中的错误。
i before e except after c: (when sounded as EE) Example: believe, receive. Exceptions: weird, science (break the 'ee' sound rule).
i 前 e 后，除非前面有 c：（当发 EE 音时）例：believe, receive。例外：weird, science（不符合“ee”音规则）。
Drop the silent e: When adding a suffix starting with a vowel, drop the final silent e. make + ing → making. Keep before a consonant suffix: care + ful → careful.
去掉不发音的 e：当加一个以元音开头的后缀时，去掉末尾不发音的 e。make + ing → making. 在以辅音开头的后缀前保留：care + ful → careful.
Doubling consonants: In a one-syllable word with a single vowel followed by a single consonant, double the final consonant before -ing, -ed, -er, -est. run → running, big → biggest.
双写辅音：在一个单音节词中，如果只有一个元音后跟一个辅音，则在加 -ing, -ed, -er, -est 前双写末尾辅音。run → running, big → biggest.
10. Speech Writing Formula: GOSS | 演讲稿写作公式: GOSS
For the Talking assessment or persuasive writing, structure a speech using the GOSS formula to engage your audience.
对于说话评估或说服性写作，使用 GOSS 公式构建演讲稿以吸引听众。
G = Greeting: 'Good morning, fellow pupils and teachers.'
G = 问候：“各位同学和老师，早上好。”
O = Opening argument: State your case with a rhetorical question or powerful statement. Have you ever wondered...
O = 开场论点：用反问句或强有力的陈述提出你的观点。你有没有想过……
S = Supporting points (3-5): Each point backed by a statistic, example, or personal story. Use the PEEL mini-formula for each.
S = 支撑论点 (3-5 个)：每个论点由统计数据、例子或个人经历支撑。每个论点使用小型的 PEEL 公式。
S = Strong closing: Summarize and call to action. Let's work together to... End with a thank you.
S = 强有力结尾：总结并呼吁行动。让我们一起努力…… 以感谢结束结尾。
11. Comparison Writing Formula | 比较写作公式
Many SQA tasks require you to compare two texts, characters, or poems. Use the block or alternating formula to organise your points.
许多 SQA 任务要求你比较两个文本、人物或诗歌。使用块状或交替公式来组织你的观点。
Block method: : Discuss all features of Text A → then all features of Text B. Best for short, general comparisons.
块状方法：讨论文本 A 的所有特征 → 然后讨论文本 B 的所有特征。最适合简短、概括性的比较。
Alternating method: Formula: Point (similarity/difference) → Evidence A → Evidence B → Explain both together.
交替方法：展开一系列比较主题。对于每个主题，一起讨论文本 A 和文本 B。公式：观点 (相似/差异) → 证据 A → 证据 B → 一起解释两者。
Use comparative connectives: similarly, in contrast, whereas, on the other hand, both, unlike.
使用比较连接词：similarly, in contrast, whereas, on the other hand, both, unlike.
12. Editing Checklist: Error-Detection Formulas | 编辑核对清单：错误检测公式
Before submitting any piece, run through this final formula to polish your work: CAPS + PROOF.
在提交任何作品前，运行这个最终公式来润色你的作品：CAPS + PROOF。
C = Capitals: First letter of sentences, proper nouns, the pronoun 'I'.
C = 大写：句首字母，专有名词，代词“I”。
A = Apostrophes: Check every apostrophe—is it a contraction or possession? No random apostrophes in plurals.
A = 撇号：检查每一个撇号——它是缩写还是所有格？复数中没有随意的撇号。
P = Punctuation: Every sentence ends with a full stop, question mark, or exclamation mark. Commas are correctly placed.
P = 标点：每个句子以句号、问号或感叹号结束。逗号位置正确。
S = Spelling: Use the spelling formulas. Read backwards word by word to spot errors.
S = 拼写：使用拼写公式。逐词倒读以发现错误。
PROOF: Read your work aloud. If you stumble, the sentence may need repair. Check subject-verb agreement again.
PROOF：大声朗读你的作品。如果你卡壳了，句子可能需要修正。再次检查主谓一致。
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