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Year 7 SQA Geography: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas and Theorems | Year 7 SQA 地理:公式定理速查手册

2026-07-17 01:13 · 本文部分内容由AI辅助创作

📚 Year 7 SQA Geography: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas and Theorems | Year 7 SQA 地理:公式定理速查手册

This quick reference guide brings together all the essential formulas, calculations and key geographical relationships you need for Year 7 SQA Geography. From map scales and grid references to population and climate statistics, each entry is explained clearly with a worked example to help you master every skill tested in the course.

这本速查手册汇总了 Year 7 SQA 地理课程中所有必备的公式、计算方法和关键地理关系。从地图比例尺、网格坐标到人口与气候统计,每一条都有清晰说明和实例,帮助你掌握课程考查的每一项技能。

1. Map Scale: Converting Distances | 地图比例尺:距离换算

ing distance on the ground. The formula is: Actual distance = Map distance × Scale factor.

地图比例尺表示图上距离与实地距离的对应关系。公式为:实地距离 = 图上距离 × 比例尺因子。

nd, which is 0.5 km or 500 m. Always convert units carefully: 100 cm = 1 m, 1000 m = 1 km.

在 1:50 000 比例尺下,图上 1 厘米等于实地 50 000 厘米,即 0.5 公里或 500 米。务必小心换算单位:100 厘米 = 1 米,1000 米 = 1 千米。


2. Measuring Area on a Map | 地图面积测算

nto real-world units, then apply the area formula: Area = Length × Width (for rectangles).

估算地图上田地或森林的面积时,先利用比例尺把量出的长度和宽度换算成实地单位,然后套用面积公式:面积 = 长 × 宽(矩形)。

full squares and estimate partial squares. Convert the total map square area into real ground area using the scale.

对于不规则图形,可叠加方格网(如 1 厘米 × 1 厘米)。数出完整方格,并估算部分方格。利用比例尺把图上总面积换算成实地面积。

Example: eal width = 2 × 10 000 = 20 000 cm = 200 m. Area = 300 m × 200 m = 60 000 m² = 6 hectares.

例子:在 1:10 000 地图上,一个矩形公园量得 3 厘米 × 2 厘米。实地长 = 3 × 10 000 = 30 000 厘米 = 300 米。实地宽 = 2 × 10 000 = 20 000 厘米 = 200 米。面积 = 300 米 × 200 米 = 60 000 平方米 = 6 公顷。


3. 4‑Figure and 6‑Figure Grid References | 四位与六位网格坐标

A 4‑figure grid reference locates a grid square. Read the eastings first (numbers along the bottom), then the northings (numbers up the side). Remember: “along the corridor and up the stairs”.

四位网格坐标定位一个网格方格。先读东向坐标(底部数字),再读北向坐标(侧面数字)。记住:“先沿着走廊走,再上楼”。

A 6‑figure grid reference pinpoints an exact spot within the square. Divide the grid square into tenths (0–9) eastwards and northwards; add the extra digit to each coordinate. For example, from 46 (eastings) and 23 (northings), if the point lies 4 tenths across and 7 tenths up, the reference is 464 237.

六位网格坐标可精确定位方格内的一个点。将网格方格向东和向北各分成十等份(0–9),把额外的一位数字加到每个坐标上。例如,从 46(东向)和 23(北向)出发,若该点位于向东 0.4、向北 0.7 处,则坐标为 464 237。


4. Direction and Bearings | 方向与方位角

Direction can be given as a compass point (N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW). A bearing is measured clockwise from north in degrees, always with three digits (000° to 360°).

方向可用罗盘点表示(北、东北、东、东南、南、西南、西、西北)。方位角从正北起顺时针测量,用度数表示,总是写成三位数(000° 到 360°)。

Formula: Bearing of B from A is the angle measured at A between the north line and the line joining A to B. Use a protractor aligned with the north line. If the measured angle is 045°, write it as 045°.

公式:从 A 点看 B 点的方位角,是在 A 点测量北方向线与 AB 连线之间的夹角。用量角器对准北线。若测得角度为 045°,就记为 045°。


5. Gradient and Slope | 坡度与坡比

e. The formula is: Gradient = Vertical interval ÷ Horizontal distance (in the same units).

坡度表示斜坡的陡峭程度,是垂直高差与水平距离的比值。公式为:坡度 = 垂直高差 ÷ 水平距离(单位统一)。

40 m over a horizontal distance of 800 m gives 40 / 800 = 1 / 20, so the gradient is 1:20.

通常以比例形式给出:1 : 某数。将垂直高差和水平距离都除以垂直高差。例如,爬升 40 米,水平距离 800 米,得 40 / 800 = 1/20,因此坡比为 1:20。


6. Contour Lines and Height | 等高线与高度

Contour lines join points of equal height above sea level. The vertical interval (contour interval) is the difference in height between two consecutive contours. Closely spaced contours mean a steep slope; widely spaced ones mean a gentle slope.

等高线连接海拔高度相同的点。等高距是相邻两条等高线之间的高度差。等高线密集表示陡坡,稀疏表示缓坡。

To find the height difference between two points, count the number of contour lines between them and multiply by the contour interval. Add spot heights or triangulation pillars for accuracy.

计算两点间的高度差时,数出它们之间的等高线条数,再乘以等高距。可结合高程点和三角点提高精度。


7. Population Density | 人口密度

owded an area is. The formula is: Population density = Total population ÷ Land area (km²).

人口密度衡量一个地区的拥挤程度。公式为:人口密度 = 总人口 ÷ 土地面积(平方千米)。

3 000 people per km². Compare this with a rural area to understand distribution patterns.

例如,某城市有 12 万人口,面积 40 平方千米,其密度为 120 000 ÷ 40 = 3 000 人/平方千米。通过比较城市与乡村的人口密度,可理解分布规律。


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8. Crude Birth Rate and Crude Death Rate | 出生率与死亡率

ive births per 1 000 people per year. CBR = (Number of births ÷ Total population) × 1 000.

出生率(CBR)指每年每千人的活产婴儿数:出生率 =(出生人数 ÷ 总人口)× 1 000。

of deaths per 1 000 people per year. CDR = (Number of deaths ÷ Total population) × 1 000.

死亡率(CDR)指每年每千人的死亡人数:死亡率 =(死亡人数 ÷ 总人口)× 1 000。

CBR = (960 ÷ 80 000) × 1 000 = 12 per 1 000. CDR = (680 ÷ 80 000) × 1 000 = 8.5 per 1 000.

某镇有 8 万人,一年内记录 960 例出生和 680 例死亡。出生率 =(960 ÷ 80 000)× 1 000 = 12‰。死亡率 =(680 ÷ 80 000)× 1 000 = 8.5‰。


9. Natural Increase and Population Growth Rate | 自然增长率与人口增长率

rate is: (CBR − CDR) ÷ 10, expressed as a percentage. Or directly: Natural increase rate (%) = (Births − Deaths) ÷ Total population × 100.

自然增长指出生数与死亡数的差额。自然增长率(%)=(出生率 − 死亡率)÷ 10。或直接用公式:自然增长率 (%) =(出生人数 − 死亡人数)÷ 总人口 × 100。

a country has a CBR of 30 and a CDR of 8, the natural increase rate is (30 − 8) ÷ 10 = 2.2%. This is a key indicator of population change, excluding migration.

若某国出生率为 30‰,死亡率为 8‰,自然增长率为(30 − 8)÷ 10 = 2.2%。这是衡量人口变化的关键指标,不包括移民。


10. Mean, Median and Range in Geography | 地理数据中的平均数、中位数和极差

gures, three statistical measures are useful. Mean = Sum of all values ÷ Number of values.

分析野外数据(如卵石大小或降雨量)时,三个统计量很有用。平均数 = 所有数值之和 ÷ 数值个数。

e − Lowest value. These help describe the central tendency and spread of geographical data.

中位数 = 数据排序后处于中间位置的值。极差 = 最大值 − 最小值。这些有助于描述地理数据的集中趋势和离散程度。

Measure 指标Example (pebble sizes in cm) 例子(卵石尺寸 厘米)
Data 数据4, 6, 7, 8, 10
Mean 平均数(4+6+7+8+10) ÷ 5 = 7 cm
Median 中位数7 cm (third value in order) 7 厘米(排序后第三个值)
Range 极差10 − 4 = 6 cm

11. Climate Graphs and Temperature Range | 气候图表与气温年较差

A climate graph shows average monthly temperature (as a line) and precipitation (as bars) for a location. Temperature range is the difference between the hottest and coldest month averages.

气候图表用折线表示月平均气温,用柱状图表示降水量。气温年较差即最热月与最冷月平均气温的差值。

Formula: ature range = Average temperature of warmest month − Average temperature of coldest month.

公式:气温年较差 = 最热月平均气温 − 最冷月平均气温。

For example, if July average is 22 °C and January average is 4 °C, the annual range is 18 °C. Total annual precipitation is the sum of all 12 monthly totals.

例如,若 7 月平均气温为 22°C,1 月平均气温为 4°C,则年较差为 18°C。年降水总量为 12 个月降水量的总和。


12. River Discharge | 河流流量

given time. It is measured in cubic metres per second (cumecs). Formula: Discharge = Cross‑sectional area × Average velocity.

河流流量指单位时间内通过某一断面的水体体积,单位为立方米/秒。公式为:流量 = 横截面积 × 平均流速。

Cross‑ h 2 m, average depth 0.3 m → area = 0.6 m². If velocity is 0.5 m/s, discharge = 0.6 × 0.5 = 0.3 cumecs.

横截面积(平方米)= 河宽(米)× 平均水深(米)。流速(米/秒)可用流速仪或浮标法测量。对于一条小河,宽 2 米,平均水深 0.3 米,面积 = 0.6 平方米。若流速为 0.5 米/秒,流量 = 0.6 × 0.5 = 0.3 立方米/秒。

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