📚 Year 7 SQA History: Quick Vocabulary & Terminology Guide | SQA Year 7 历史：词汇术语速记指南
Building a strong vocabulary is the foundation of doing well in SQA Year 7 History. Whether you are analysing a source, writing about causes and consequences, or discussing the significance of an event, the right words will help you express your ideas clearly and accurately. This guide gives you a set of essential historical terms explained in pairs – first in English, then in Chinese – to help you learn faster and remember longer.
建立扎实的词汇基础是 SQA 七年级历史取得好成绩的根本。无论你是在分析资料、论述事件的原因与结果，还是探讨某个事件的重大意义，恰当的用词都能帮你把想法表达得清晰又准确。本指南为你整理了一套必备历史术语，每个术语以先英文后中文的配对方式呈现，帮助你学得更快、记得更牢。
1. Chronology & Time Periods | 时间顺序与历史分期
Chronology is the arrangement of events in the order they happened. Understanding time labels helps you place events in the correct sequence.
年代顺序是按事件发生的先后顺序排列。理解时间标签有助于你把事件放在正确的时间轴上。
BC (Before Christ) and AD (Anno Domini) divide history at the traditional birthdate of Jesus Christ. Many historians now use BCE (Before Common Era) and CE (Common Era) as a more inclusive alternative.
公元前（BC）和公元（AD）以传统上认定的耶稣诞辰为分界点。很多历史学家现在改用公元前（BCE）和公元（CE），以更包容的方式标记年代。
A century is a period of 100 years. A decade is 10 years, and a millennium is 1,000 years. When we talk about the 15th century, for example, we mean the years 1401–1500.
世纪指 100 年的时期，十年是 10 年，千年是 1000 年。比如我们说 15 世纪，指的是 1401 年至 1500 年这段年份。
An era is a long and distinct period of history with particular characteristics, such as the Medieval Era or the Victorian Era. A period is a shorter block of time studied by historians.
时代（era）是一段具有鲜明特征的漫长历史时期，如中世纪时代或维多利亚时代。时期（period）是历史学家研究的较短时间内段。
2. Primary & Secondary Sources | 一手资料与二手资料
A primary source is a first-hand account or object created during the time you are studying. Examples include letters, diaries, artefacts, photographs, and official records.
一手资料是你所研究时期的亲历者记录或当时留下的实物。例子包括信件、日记、人工制品、照片和官方档案。
A secondary source is an account created after the time, usually by someone who was not an eyewitness. History textbooks, articles, and documentaries are all secondary sources.
二手资料是在事件发生后产生的叙述，通常由非目击者制作。历史课本、论文和纪录片都是二手资料。
An artefact is a human-made object from the past, such as a tool, a coin, or a piece of pottery. Archaeologists use artefacts as evidence of how people lived.
人工制品（artefact）是过去人类制作的物品，如工具、钱币或陶器。考古学家利用人工制品作为证据来还原当时人们的生活。
Oral history refers to stories, memories, and traditions that are spoken and passed down, often through interviews. It is a valuable primary source for periods where few written records survive.
口述历史指通过口头讲述并传承下来的故事、记忆和传统，往往通过访谈获得。对于几乎没有留下文字记录的时期，这是一种宝贵的一手资料。
3. Evidence & Interpretation | 证据与解读
Evidence is information that supports a conclusion or argument. In history, evidence comes from sources that need to be questioned, not just accepted.
证据（evidence）是支撑某一结论或论点的信息。在历史学科中，证据来自需要被质疑的资料，而不是全盘接受。
Interpretation is the way a historian explains or makes sense of historical evidence. Since the same sources can be read differently, there can be multiple interpretations of the same event.
解读（interpretation）是历史学家解释或理解历史证据的方式。相同的资料可以有不同理解，因此同一个事件可能会有多种解读。
Bias means leaning towards one side or point of view rather than being balanced. A source can be biased because of the author's background, beliefs, or purpose.
偏见（bias）指倾向于某一方或某一观点，缺乏平衡。资料可能因作者的背景、信仰或写作目的而带有偏见。
Perspective is the point of view from which a person sees and understands events. Recognising different perspectives helps us build a fuller picture of the past.
视角（perspective）是一个人看待和理解事件的角度。认识到不同视角有助于我们更全面地理解过去。
Reliability means how trustworthy a source is. Historians check reliability by asking who made it, when, why, and whether it is supported by other evidence.
可靠性（reliability）指资料的可信程度。历史学家通过追问是谁制作的、何时、为何制作，以及是否有其他证据支撑来判断可靠性。
4. Cause & Consequence | 原因与结果
A cause is something that makes an event happen. Historians often sort causes into long-term causes (deep, underlying reasons) and short-term causes (immediate triggers).
原因（cause）是导致事件发生的因素。历史学家常把原因分为长期原因（深层、潜在的理由）和短期原因（直接导火索）。
A consequence is the result or effect of an event. Consequences can be intended or unintended, positive or negative, and can last for years after the event.
结果（consequence）是事件带来的影响或后果。结果可以是有意或无意的，也可以是正面的或负面的，并可能在事件过后持续多年。
A trigger is the immediate cause that sets off a larger chain of events. For example, the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the trigger for World War I.
导火索（trigger）是引发一连串重大事件的直接原因。比如，弗朗茨·斐迪南大公遇刺是第一次世界大战的导火索。
When writing about causes, describe how each factor contributed to the event and link them together into a logical chain of explanation.
在论述原因时，要描述每个因素如何导致事件发生，并将它们连接成一条逻辑清晰的解释链。
5. Change & Continuity | 变化与延续
Change happens when something becomes different over time. It can be rapid (like a revolution) or slow (like the gradual spread of an idea).
变化（change）是指随着时间的推移事物变得不同。变化可以是迅速的（如一场革命），也可以是缓慢的（如一种思想的逐渐传播）。
Continuity is when things stay the same or carry on with little alteration. Despite major upheavals, many aspects of everyday life often show continuity.
延续（continuity）指事物保持不变或仅有微小改变。即便经历重大动荡，日常生活的许多方面往往展现出延续性。
Progress suggests movement towards improvement or a better state. Decline means a movement towards a worse condition. Both can be measured in areas like health, wealth, or rights.
进步（progress）意味着迈向改善或更好的状态。衰退（decline）则指走向更糟的局面。这两者在健康、财富或权利等领域都可以衡量。
A turning point is a moment when a decisive change takes place, after which history moves in a significantly different direction.
转折点（turning point）是发生决定性变化的时刻，自此历史朝着显著不同的方向发展。
6. Historical Significance | 历史重要性
Significance means the importance of an event, person, or development in history. Not everything that happened is significant; we choose to remember some things more than others.
重要性（significance）指某个事件、人物或发展在历史中的分量。并不是发生的每件事都重要，我们会选择性地记住某些事情。
To be significant, an event often needs to have had deep consequences for people at the time and for the way we live today.
一个事件若要具有重要性，通常需要对当时的人们以及对今天的生活方式产生深远影响。
Legacy is what a person or event leaves behind for future generations, which can be physical (buildings, inventions) or intangible (ideas, traditions).
遗产（legacy）是某个人或事件留给后世的财富，可以是有形的（建筑、发明），也可以是无形的（思想、传统）。
Commemoration is the act of remembering and honouring the past, often through statues, memorials, parades, or holidays.
纪念（commemoration）是通过雕像、纪念碑、游行或假日等方式铭记和尊崇过去的行为。
7. Key Concepts for Scottish History | 苏格兰历史关键概念
The Wars of Independence (1296–1357) were a series of conflicts in which Scotland resisted English attempts at conquest. Key figures include William Wallace and Robert the Bruce.
苏格兰独立战争（1296—1357）是一系列苏格兰抵抗英格兰征服企图的冲突，关键人物有威廉·华莱士和罗伯特·布鲁斯。
The Declaration of Arbroath (1320) was a letter to the Pope asserting Scotland's independence and the idea that a king could be rejected if he betrayed the people's freedom.
《阿布罗斯宣言》（1320 年）是写给教皇的信，申明苏格兰的独立，并提出了若国王背叛人民自由可被废黜的理念。
The Reformation in Scotland (1560) was the religious movement that broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and established a Protestant Church of Scotland.
苏格兰宗教改革（1560 年）是脱离罗马天主教会、建立新教苏格兰教会的宗教运动。
The Union of the Crowns (1603) brought Scotland and England under one monarch when James VI of Scotland also became James I of England.
王位联合（1603 年）使苏格兰和英格兰归同一君主统治，苏格兰的詹姆斯六世同时成为英格兰的詹姆斯一世。
The Jacobite Rebellions were a series of uprisings aiming to restore the Stuart dynasty to the thrones of Scotland and England. The most famous rising was in 1745, led by Bonnie Prince Charlie.
詹姆斯党起义是一系列旨在恢复斯图亚特王朝苏格兰和英格兰王位的叛乱。最著名的一次是 1745 年由英俊王子查理领导的起事。
The Highland Clearances (18th–19th centuries) saw thousands of people forced off their land in the Scottish Highlands to make way for large-scale sheep farming.
高地清洗运动（18—19 世纪）使苏格兰高地成千上万人被迫离开土地，为大牧场养羊让路。
8. Government & Society Terms | 政府与社会术语
A monarchy is a form of government with a king or queen at its head. In Scotland, the monarch's power was often balanced by nobles and clan chiefs.
君主制是以国王或女王为首脑的政府形式。在苏格兰，君主的权力往往受到贵族和氏族首领的制衡。
Parliament is a body of representatives that makes laws. The pre-1707 Scottish Parliament was a separate institution until it merged with the English Parliament in the Act of Union.
议会是制定法律的代表机构。1707 年之前的苏格兰议会是一个独立机构，直到《联合法案》与英格兰议会合并。
A clan was a large family group in the Highlands, bound by loyalty to a chief. The clan system shaped Highland society for centuries.
氏族是高地地区以对首领的忠诚为纽带的大型家族群体。氏族制度塑造了高地社会长达几个世纪。
Feudalism was a medieval system where land was held from the king in return for military service. In Scotland, feudal structures lasted for many centuries.
封建制度是一种中世纪的制度，土地由国王赐予，以换取兵役。在苏格兰，封建结构持续了许多世纪。
A treaty is a formal agreement between two or more states. Important Scottish examples include the Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton (1328) and the Treaty of Union (1707).
条约是两国或多国之间的正式协议。苏格兰的重要例子包括《爱丁堡—北安普顿条约》（1328 年）和《联合条约》（1707 年）。
9. Historical Skills Terms | 历史技能术语
Analysis means breaking down a source or question into its parts and examining them carefully. It is more than describing – it is about explaining reasons and relationships.
分析（analysis）指将资料或问题分解为若干部分并仔细检视。这不仅仅是描述，而是要解释原因和关系。
Evaluation involves making a judgement about the value or reliability of a source, using criteria such as authorship, purpose, and typicality.
评价（evaluation）是根据作者身份、目的和典型性等标准，对资料的价值或可靠性做出判断。
Comparison means identifying similarities and differences between two or more events, people, or sources. An effective comparison always uses specific evidence.
比较（comparison）是指出两个或以上事件、人物或资料之间的相似点和不同点。有效的比较必须始终引用具体证据。
Synthesis is the skill of bringing together information from different sources to form a coherent, well-supported argument of your own.
综合（synthesis）是将来自不同资料的信息汇集起来，形成连贯、论据充分的自我论点的技能。
Source criticism is a set of skills used to interrogate historical sources by asking questions about origin, purpose, and context.
资料批判（source criticism）是一套通过追问来源、目的和背景来审视历史资料的技能。
10. Dates & Periods Quick Reference | 重要日期与时期速查
Learning key dates helps you anchor your knowledge. The table below gives a quick overview of some major dates and periods frequently used in SQA Year 7 Scottish History.
记住关键日期能帮助你稳固知识。下表提供了一个快速概览，展示 SQA 七年级苏格兰历史中经常使用的一些重要日期和时期。
| Date / Period (日期/时期) | Event / Description (事件/描述) |
|---|---|
| 1296–1357 | Wars of Scottish Independence (苏格兰独立战争) |
| 1314 | Battle of Bannockburn (班诺克本战役) |
| 1320 | Declaration of Arbroath (《阿布罗斯宣言》) |
| 1560 | Scottish Reformation (苏格兰宗教改革) |
| 1603 | Union of the Crowns (王位联合) |
| 1707 | Act of Union – creation of Great Britain (《联合法案》—大不列颠成立) |
| 1745 | Jacobite Rising (詹姆斯党大起义) |
| c. 1750–1850 | Highland Clearances (高地清洗运动) |
Use these dates as a framework: once you know when things happened, you can begin to explain how they connect across time.
把这些日期当作框架：一旦你掌握了事件的发生时间，你就可以开始解释它们是如何跨时期联系起来的。
11. Useful Connective Words for Essays | 论文实用连接词
Being able to link your ideas clearly is just as important as knowing the facts. Use these connectives to make your historical writing flow smoothly.
能够清晰地连接你的想法和了解史实同样重要。用下面这些连接词让你的历史写作流畅自如。
To show cause: 'because', 'since', 'led to', 'resulted in'. To show consequence: 'therefore', 'as a result', 'consequently', 'thus'.
表原因：because, since, led to, resulted in。表结果：therefore, as a result, consequently, thus。
To show contrast: 'however', 'on the other hand', 'although', 'whereas'. To show addition: 'furthermore', 'in addition', 'also', 'moreover'.
表对比：however, on the other hand, although, whereas。表递进：furthermore, in addition, also, moreover。
To show time sequence: 'first', 'next', 'then', 'finally', 'meanwhile', 'subsequently'.
表时间顺序：first, next, then, finally, meanwhile, subsequently。
Using a variety of these words will make your paragraphs stronger and help you reach higher marks in extended responses.
使用这些词汇的多样化将让你的段落更有力，并帮助你在拓展答题中获得更高分数。
12. Tips for Memorising Vocabulary | 词汇记忆小贴士
Make flashcards with the term on one side and the definition (in English and Chinese) on the other. Test yourself regularly.
制作抽认卡，一面写上术语，另一面写上定义（中英双语），定期自我测试。
Group related words into clusters – for example, all time words together, all source words together. This helps your brain build connections.
将相关词汇分成小组，比如把所有时间词语放在一起，把所有资料词语放在一起，这样有助于大脑建立联系。
Try teaching the terms to a classmate or family member. Explaining a word in your own words is one of the best ways to lock it into memory.
试着把这些术语教给同学或家人。用自己的话解释一个词是把知识锁进记忆的最好方法之一。
Write short sentences using the new terms in a historical context. The more you use them, the more natural they will feel in your essays.
在历史语境中用新术语写短句。用得越多，你在论文中运用它们时就越自然。
Consistent, short practice sessions are more effective than one long session before the exam. Spend 10 minutes a day reviewing this guide.
持续、短时间的练习比考前一次长时间学习更有效。每天花 10 分钟复习这份指南。
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