📚 Year 7 SQA Science: Quick Guide to Key Vocabulary Terms | Year 7 SQA 科学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering science vocabulary is the first step to understanding key concepts and acing your exams. This guide is designed for Year 7 SQA Science students to quickly learn and remember essential terms. Each section covers a core topic with clear definitions in both English and Chinese, along with memory tricks. Let's boost your scientific language!
掌握科学词汇是理解关键概念并在考试中取得好成绩的第一步。本指南专为 Year 7 SQA 科学学生设计，帮助快速学习和记忆基本术语。每节涵盖一个核心主题，提供清晰的中英文定义，并附带记忆技巧。让我们一起提升你的科学语言！
1. Cells and Organisation | 细胞与组织
This section introduces the basic building blocks of life. Learn the parts of a cell and how they work together to form tissues and organs. A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Think of 'cell' as a small room or a monk's cell, where life's activities happen.
本节介绍生命的基本构成单位。学习细胞的各部分以及它们如何协同工作形成组织和器官。细胞是所有生物体的基本结构和功能单位。把'cell'想象成一个小房间，生命活动在这里发生。
The cell membrane is the thin layer that surrounds a cell and controls what enters and leaves. It acts like a border guard, deciding who can come in and who must stay out. The nucleus is the control centre of the cell and contains DNA. 'Nucleus' sounds like 'new clue' – it holds the instructions for life.
细胞膜是包裹细胞的薄层，控制物质进出。它就像一位边境卫士，决定谁可以进出。细胞核是细胞的控制中心，含有DNA。'Nucleus'听起来像'新线索'，它掌握着生命的指令。
Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance where chemical reactions occur. 'Cyto' means cell, and 'plasm' means fluid, like a jelly filling. Vacuoles are storage spaces filled with cell sap; they are especially large in plant cells. 'Vac' suggests a vacant space used for storage. Mitochondria are the powerhouses where respiration happens, releasing energy. Remember 'mighty-chondrion' – a mighty energy producer!
细胞质是果冻状物质，化学反应在此发生。'Cyto'意为细胞，'plasm'意为流体，像果冻填充物。液泡是储存细胞液的空间，在植物细胞中很大。'Vac'像空位，用于储存。线粒体是呼吸作用发生的能量工厂，释放能量。记住'mighty-chondrion'——强大的能量生产者！
A tissue is a group of similar cells working together, like a city neighbourhood of the same worker types. An organ is a structure made of different tissues performing a specific job. The heart is an organ – think of organ music, harmonious teamwork!
组织是一组相似细胞共同工作，就像城市中同类型工人的街区。器官是由不同组织构成的结构，执行特定功能。心脏是一个器官——想想管风琴音乐，和谐的团队合作！
2. States of Matter and Particle Theory | 物质状态与粒子理论
Matter exists in different states, explained by how particles behave. A solid has a fixed shape and volume; particles vibrate in fixed positions, like people holding hands tightly. A liquid has a fixed volume but takes the shape of its container; particles can slide past each other, like a cat stretching. A gas has no fixed shape or volume; particles move freely and spread out, like a ghost expanding into a room.
物质以不同状态存在，这由粒子的行为来解释。固体有固定的形状和体积；粒子在固定位置振动，就像人们手拉手紧紧站在一起。液体有固定的体积但形状随容器改变；粒子可以彼此滑动，就像猫咪伸展身体。气体没有固定的形状或体积；粒子自由运动并扩散，就像幽灵在房间里弥漫。
Melting is the change from solid to liquid – think melting ice cream getting runny. Freezing is liquid to solid, like water turning into ice. Evaporation is liquid to gas below boiling point, where vapour escapes – remember 'e-vapour'. Condensation is gas to liquid, droplets forming on a cold window. Sublimation, as with dry ice, is solid directly to gas, skipping the liquid stage. Diffusion is the movement of particles from high to low concentration, like perfume spreading across a room.
熔化是固体变为液体——想象冰淇淋融化变得流质。凝固是液体变为固体，就像水结成冰。蒸发是低于沸点时液体变为气体，蒸汽逸出——记住'e-vapour'。冷凝是气体变为液体，冷窗上形成液滴。升华是固体直接变成气体，例如干冰，跳过液体阶段。扩散是粒子从高浓度向低浓度区域运动，就像香水在房间里弥漫。
3. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
A force is a push or pull measured in newtons (N). It acts like an invisible hand. Gravity is the force of attraction between masses, keeping us grounded. Friction opposes motion between surfaces, causing rubbing and heat, like when you rub your hands together. Air resistance is the friction from air on moving objects and helps parachutes slow down.
力是推或拉，单位牛顿（N），像一只无形的手。重力是物体间的吸引力，让我们站在地面上。摩擦力阻碍表面间的运动，引起摩擦和热量，就像你搓手时一样。空气阻力是空气对运动物体的摩擦力，帮助降落伞减速。
Balanced forces are equal and opposite, causing no change in motion – like a see-saw with equal weight. Unbalanced forces result in a net force that changes motion; an object will accelerate. Speed is calculated using the formula:
平衡力大小相等方向相反，不改变运动状态——就像跷跷板两端平衡。非平衡力产生净力，改变运动状态；物体会加速。速度计算公式如下：
v = d ÷ t
where v is speed, d is distance and t is time. This is a core equation for Year 7.
其中 v 是速度，d 是距离，t 是时间。这是 Year 7 的核心公式。
4. Energy Types and Transfers | 能量类型与转换
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred. Think of it like a budget – it is conserved. Kinetic energy is the energy of movement; anything moving has kinetic energy. Potential energy is stored energy, such as gravitational potential when an object is high up – like a book on a shelf ready to fall. Thermal energy is heat energy, measured by a thermometer. Chemical energy is stored in food and fuels, released during reactions, like a battery. Electrical energy comes from moving charges and powers devices.
能量不能创造或消灭，只能转移。把它想象成预算——它守恒。动能是运动的能量；任何运动的物体都具有动能。势能是储存的能量，例如物体在高处时的重力势能——就像架上的书准备掉下来。热能是热量，由温度计测量。化学能储存在食物和燃料中，在反应中释放，像电池一样。电能来自电荷的运动，为设备供电。
Energy transfer diagrams often show the input energy and the useful and wasted outputs. We can represent this as:
能量转移图通常显示输入能量以及有用输出和浪费输出。我们可以这样表示：
Energy input → Useful energy + Wasted energy
5. Separating Mixtures | 混合物分离
A mixture contains two or more substances not chemically combined, like a salad. A solution is a mixture where a solute dissolves in a solvent, such as salt water. Solubility describes how well a substance can dissolve. Filtration separates an insoluble solid from a liquid using filter paper – the filter catches the solids. Evaporation separates a dissolved solid by boiling off the liquid, leaving crystals behind, as in obtaining salt from sea water.
混合物含有两种或以上未化学结合的物质，就像沙拉。溶液是溶质溶解在溶剂中的混合物，例如盐水。溶解度描述物质溶解的能力。过滤用滤纸将不溶性固体与液体分离——滤纸留下固体。蒸发结晶通过蒸发液体分离溶解的固体，留下晶体，就像从海水中得到盐。
Distillation separates liquids with different boiling points; 'distil' means to purify by boiling and condensing. Chromatography separates dissolved substances as they move through paper – 'chroma' means colour, and we see colours separate.
蒸馏分离沸点不同的液体；'蒸馏'意为通过沸腾和冷凝提纯。色谱法利用物质在纸上的移动分离溶解物质——'chroma'意为颜色，我们可以看到颜色分离。
6. Acids and Alkalis | 酸与碱
An acid is a substance with a pH less than 7, tastes sour, and turns blue litmus red. Lemon juice is acidic. An alkali is a soluble base with a pH greater than 7, feels soapy, and turns red litmus blue. Soap is alkaline. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral, like pure water.
酸是 pH 值小于 7 的物质，有酸味，使蓝色石蕊试纸变红。柠檬汁是酸性的。碱是可溶性碱，pH 值大于 7，有滑腻感，使红色石蕊试纸变蓝。肥皂是碱性的。pH 标度从 0 到 14，7 为中性，比如纯水。
Neutralisation is the reaction between an acid and an alkali, producing salt and water. The general word equation is:
中和反应是酸与碱的反应，生成盐和水。一般文字方程式为：
Acid + Alkali → Salt + Water
An indicator is a substance that changes colour in acids or alkalis; litmus and universal indicator are common examples.
指示剂是在酸或碱中变色的物质；石蕊和通用指示剂是常见例子。
7. Electricity and Circuits | 电与电路
Current is the flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A), like water flowing in a river. Voltage is the push of electrons, measured in volts (V) – it is the electrical pressure. Resistance is how difficult it is for current to flow, measured in ohms (Ω); a narrow pipe increases resistance, just as thin wire does.
电流是电荷的流动，单位安培（A），像河流中的水流。电压是推动电子的力量，单位伏特（V）——它是电压力。电阻是阻碍电流流动的难易程度，单位欧姆（Ω）；窄管道会增加阻力，就像细导线一样。
In a series circuit, there is only one loop, and the current is the same everywhere. Christmas lights in series all go out if one bulb fails. A parallel circuit has multiple branches, and the current splits; household wiring uses parallel circuits so each appliance works independently. Conductors, such as metals, allow electricity to flow; insulators, like plastic, stop the flow.
在串联电路中，只有一个回路，电流处处相等。串联的圣诞灯一个熄灭则全部熄灭。并联电路有多条支路，电流分流；家用布线采用并联电路，每个电器独立工作。导体如金属允许电流通过；绝缘体如塑料阻止电流流动。
8. The Solar System and Beyond | 太阳系及更远
Our Solar System contains the Sun, eight planets, moons, asteroids and comets. The order of planets from the Sun is: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. A popular memory trick is: 'My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles' or 'My Very Eager Mother Just Served Us Nachos'.
我们的太阳系包含太阳、八颗行星、卫星、小行星和彗星。距太阳由近及远的行星顺序是：水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星、海王星。一个流行的记忆技巧是：'My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles'（我的很有学识的母亲刚给我们端上面条）或类似句子。
An orbit is the curved path of one object around another, and gravity is the force that keeps planets in orbit. Earth's rotation on its axis causes day and night, while its orbit around the Sun takes one year and, together with the tilt, creates the seasons. The Moon's phases change from new moon to full moon as it orbits Earth.
轨道是一个物体绕另一个物体的弯曲路径，重力是保持行星在轨道上运行的力。地球绕地轴自转产生了白天与黑夜，它绕太阳公转一周为一年，加上地轴倾斜，形成了四季。月球绕地球运转时，其相位从新月变化到满月。
9. Human Body Systems | 人体系统
The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients. Key organs include the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, and intestines. Think of digestion as a journey food takes through a long tube. The respiratory system handles gas exchange: oxygen enters, carbon dioxide leaves. Main organs are the trachea and lungs.
消化系统将食物分解为营养。关键器官包括口腔、食道、胃和肠。把消化想象成食物在一条长管道中的旅程。呼吸系统负责气体交换：氧气进入，二氧化碳排出。主要器官是气管和肺。
The circulatory system pumps blood
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