📚 Year 7 SQA Biology: Summer Prep and Bridging Course | Year 7 SQA 生物：暑期预习与衔接课程
Preparing for S1 Biology under the Scottish Curriculum for Excellence can feel like a big step. This summer bridging course will help you revisit key primary science ideas, explore exciting new topics, and build confidence before the school year starts.
在苏格兰卓越课程体系下为 S1 生物做准备可能感觉是一大步。本暑期衔接课程将帮助你重温小学科学中的重要概念，探索令人兴奋的新主题，并在学年开始前建立信心。
1. Introduction to SQA Biology at Year 7 | 了解 Year 7 SQA 生物学
The SQA curriculum for Biology at Year 7 (S1) is part of the Broad General Education phase. You will study living things, their structures and functions, and how they interact with the environment. Lessons combine theory with practical investigations.
Year 7（S1）的 SQA 生物课程属于广泛普通教育阶段。你将学习生物体、它们的结构和功能，以及它们如何与环境相互作用。课程结合了理论与实验探究。
You are expected to develop scientific inquiry skills: observing, hypothesising, experimenting, recording data, and drawing conclusions. This course previews these skills in a friendly way.
你将被期望发展科学探究技能：观察、假设、实验、记录数据和得出结论。本课程以友好的方式预习这些技能。
2. The Basic Unit of Life: Cells | 生命的基本单位：细胞
All living organisms are made of cells. Some, like bacteria, are single-celled. Humans, plants, and animals are multicellular. Cells carry out all life processes such as respiration, growth, and reproduction.
所有生物体都由细胞构成。有些生物，如细菌，是单细胞的。人类、植物和动物是多细胞的。细胞执行所有生命过程，如呼吸、生长和繁殖。
You will learn to use a light microscope to view cells. The main structures in an animal cell are the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, and mitochondria. Plant cells have extra parts: a rigid cell wall, chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and a large central vacuole for storage and support.
你将学习使用光学显微镜观察细胞。动物细胞的主要结构有细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜和线粒体。植物细胞还有额外的部分：坚硬的细胞壁、用于光合作用的叶绿体，以及用于储存和支持的大中央液泡。
The table below summarises key cell parts and their functions.
下表总结了关键的细胞部分及其功能。
| Cell Part | Function (English) | 功能（中文） |
|---|---|---|
| Nucleus | Controls cell activities and contains DNA | 控制细胞活动并含有DNA |
| Cytoplasm | Jelly-like substance where chemical reactions occur | 果冻状物质，是化学反应发生的场所 |
| Cell membrane | Controls what enters and leaves the cell | 控制物质进出细胞 |
| Mitochondria | Site of aerobic respiration, releasing energy | 有氧呼吸的场所，释放能量 |
| Cell wall (plants only) | Provides structural support and protection | 提供结构支持和保护 |
| Chloroplasts (plants only) | Contain chlorophyll to absorb light for photosynthesis | 含有叶绿素吸收光能进行光合作用 |
3. Classification of Living Things | 生物的分类
Biologists organise the diversity of life by grouping organisms based on shared features. This makes it easier to study and understand the millions of species on Earth.
生物学家根据共同特征对丰富的生命进行分组。这使得研究地球上数以百万计的物种更加容易。
The largest groups are called kingdoms. At Year 7 level, you usually learn about the five-kingdom system: animals, plants, fungi, bacteria (monera), and protists. Each kingdom is further divided into phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
最大的类别称为界。在七年级水平上，你通常会学习五界系统：动物界、植物界、真菌界、细菌界（原核生物界）和原生生物界。每个界又进一步分为门、纲、目、科、属、种。
A simple way to remember the order is 'King Philip Came Over For Good Soup' (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species). Using a dichotomous key helps you identify unknown organisms by answering a series of yes/no questions about their characteristics.
一个简单的记忆顺序的方法是“界门纲目科属种”。使用二歧分类检索表可以通过回答一系列关于生物特征的是/否问题来帮助你识别未知生物。
4. Human Digestive System | 人体消化系统
Food provides the nutrients and energy your body needs, but most food molecules are too large to enter cells directly. Digestion breaks down large, insoluble molecules into smaller, soluble ones that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.
食物提供了身体所需的营养和能量，但大多数食物分子太大，无法直接进入细胞。消化将大的、不溶解的分子分解成小的、可溶解的分子，使其能被吸收到血液中。
The digestive system is a continuous tube from the mouth to the anus. It includes the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. Accessory organs such as the liver and pancreas produce enzymes and other digestive juices.
消化系统是从口腔到肛门的一条连续管道。它包括口腔、食道、胃、小肠、大肠和直肠。肝脏和胰腺等附属器官产生酶和其他消化液。
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up digestion. For example, amylase in saliva begins breaking down starch into sugars. Proteins are digested by proteases, and fats are broken down by lipases with help from bile.
酶是加速消化的生物催化剂。例如，唾液中的淀粉酶开始将淀粉分解成糖。蛋白质被蛋白酶分解，脂肪在胆汁的帮助下被脂肪酶分解。
5. Breathing and the Respiratory System | 呼吸与呼吸系统
The respiratory system allows oxygen to enter the body and carbon dioxide to leave. This exchange of gases is essential for cells to carry out aerobic respiration and produce energy.
呼吸系统允许氧气进入体内并排出二氧化碳。这种气体交换对于细胞进行有氧呼吸和产生能量至关重要。
Air enters through the nose or mouth, passes down the trachea, and splits into two bronchi leading to each lung. Inside the lungs, the bronchi divide into smaller bronchioles, ending in tiny air sacs called alveoli. The alveoli are surrounded by capillaries where gas exchange happens.
空气通过鼻腔或口腔进入，沿着气管向下，分成两条支气管分别通向每个肺。在肺内部，支气管分支成更小的细支气管，末端是称为肺泡的微小气囊。肺泡周围有毛细血管，气体交换就在这里发生。
When you inhale, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, and the ribcage moves up and out, increasing the chest volume and drawing air in. Exhalation is largely passive, with the diaphragm relaxing and ribs moving down and in.
当你吸气时，膈肌收缩变平，胸廓向上向外移动，胸腔容积增大，空气被吸入。呼气主要是被动的，膈肌放松，肋骨向下向内移动。
6. The Circulatory System | 循环系统
The circulatory system transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products around the body. It consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
循环系统在全身运输氧气、营养、激素和废物。它由心脏、血管和血液组成。
The heart is a muscular pump with four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. The right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, while the left side pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. Valves prevent backflow of blood.
心脏是一个肌肉泵，有四个腔：两个心房和两个心室。右侧将脱氧血泵送到肺部，左侧将富氧血泵送到身体其他部位。瓣膜防止血液倒流。
There are three main types of blood vessels: arteries carry blood away from the heart under high pressure; veins return blood to the heart and have valves; capillaries are tiny, thin-walled vessels that allow exchange of substances with cells.
血管主要有三种类型：动脉将血液在高压力下运离心脏；静脉将血液送回心脏并具有瓣膜；毛细血管是微小、壁薄的血管，允许与细胞进行物质交换。
7. Plants and Photosynthesis | 植物与光合作用
Plants are producers that make their own food using sunlight. The process is called photosynthesis, and it takes place mainly inside the chloroplasts of plant cells.
植物是利用阳光制造自己食物的生产者。这个过程称为光合作用，主要发生在植物细胞的叶绿体内。
The word equation for photosynthesis is:
光合作用的文字方程式为：
Carbon Dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen
In symbols, the balanced equation is:
用符号表示，配平方程式为：
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil. Leaves have tiny pores called stomata that let carbon dioxide in and oxygen out. The glucose produced is used for energy, converted into starch for storage, or used to build cellulose for cell walls.
根从土壤中吸收水分和矿物质。叶子上有称为气孔的微小孔隙，让二氧化碳进入并释放氧气。产生的葡萄糖用于提供能量，转化为淀粉储存，或用于构建细胞壁的纤维素。
Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature all affect the rate of photosynthesis. Farmers and gardeners use this knowledge to improve plant growth in greenhouses.
光照强度、二氧化碳浓度和温度都会影响光合作用的速率。农民和园丁利用这些知识在温室中促进植物生长。
8. Ecosystems and Food Chains | 生态系统与食物链
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment. It can be as large as a forest or as small as a pond.
生态系统是由生物体相互之间以及与非生物环境相互作用组成的群落。它可以大如一片森林，也可以小如一个池塘。
ed by consumers. For example: grass → rabbit → fox. The arrows represent the direction of energy transfer.
能量通过食物链和食物网在生态系统中流动。食物链显示谁吃谁，从生产者（绿色植物）开始，接着是消费者。例如：草 → 兔 → 狐狸。箭头代表能量传递的方向。
All food chains start with energy from the Sun. Only about 10% of the energy is passed from one trophic level to the next; the rest is lost as heat or used in life processes. This limits the number of steps in a food chain.
所有食物链都始于来自太阳的能量。只有大约 10% 的能量从一个营养级传递到下一个；其余的能量以热的形式散失或用于生命过程。这限制了食物链的步骤数量。
9. Microorganisms and Health | 微生物与健康
Microorganisms, or microbes, are tiny living things that can only be seen with a microscope. They include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and some protists. Many are harmless or even helpful, but some cause diseases.
微生物是只有用显微镜才能看到的微小生物。它们包括细菌、病毒、真菌和一些原生生物。许多微生物是无害的甚至是有益的，但有些会导致疾病。
Helpful microbes are used to make bread, yoghurt, and cheese, and they help decompose dead material in the soil. In the human gut, bacteria aid digestion and produce vitamins.
有益的微生物被用来制作面包、酸奶和奶酪，它们还帮助分解土壤中的死物。在人体肠道中，细菌帮助消化并产生维生素。
Harmful microbes can enter the body through cuts, the air, or contaminated food and water. They may release toxins or damage cells. The body defends itself with physical barriers like skin, chemical defences like stomach acid, and the white blood cells of the immune system.
有害微生物可以通过伤口、空气或受污染的食物和水进入人体。它们可能释放毒素或破坏细胞。身体通过物理屏障（如皮肤）、化学防御（如胃酸）和免疫系统的白血球来保护自己。
10. Introduction to Genetics | 遗传学入门
Genetics is the study of how characteristics are passed from parents to offspring. The instructions for building an organism are carried by genes, which are segments of DNA located on chromosomes inside the nucleus.
遗传学是研究特征如何从亲代传递给子代的学科。构建生物体的指令由基因携带，基因是细胞核内染色体上的 DNA 片段。
Humans have 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. Offspring inherit half their chromosomes from each parent, which is why they often resemble both parents but are not identical to either.
人类有 46 条染色体，排列成 23 对。子代从每个亲代继承一半染色体，这就是为什么他们往往与父母双方相似但又不完全相同的原因。
Some features, like eye colour, are inherited. Other features can be influenced by environment, such as height or skin colour. Simple models of inheritance use terms like dominant and recessive alleles to predict patterns of variation.
有些特征，如眼睛颜色，是遗传的。其他特征可能受环境影响，如身高或肤色。简单的遗传模型使用显性和隐性等位基因等术语来预测变异模式。
11. Scientific Skills for Biology | 生物学中的科学技能
Throughout your SQA Biology course, you will develop practical skills that are just as important as factual knowledge. You will learn to plan investigations, handle equipment safely, record measurements, and present results.
在整个 SQA 生物课程中，你将发展与实践知识同样重要的实验技能。你将学习设计探究、安全使用设备、记录测量数据并展示结果。
A fair test requires changing only one independent variable while keeping all other variables controlled. You then measure the dependent variable. Repeating measurements improves reliability, and using a control setup allows comparison.
公平测试要求只改变一个自变量，同时控制所有其他变量。然后你测量因变量。重复测量可以提高可靠性，使用对照组设置可以进行对比。
Data should be recorded in clear tables and often displayed in graphs. You will also learn to identify patterns, draw conclusions, and evaluate your method by suggesting improvements.
数据应记录在清晰的表格中，并通常用图表展示。你还将学习识别模式、得出结论，并通过提出改进建议来评估你的方法。
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