📚 Year 7 SQA Biology: Core Knowledge Essentials | SQA Year 7 生物核心知识点梳理
Welcome to your complete guide to Year 7 SQA Biology. This article brings together the essential topics you will study throughout the year, from cells and classification to human body systems, reproduction and ecosystems. Each section is designed to reinforce your understanding through clear explanations in both English and Chinese.
欢迎阅读 Year 7 SQA 生物核心知识点完全指南。本文汇集了你将在整个学年中学习的基本主题，从细胞和分类到人体系统、繁殖和生态系统。每个部分都通过清晰的中英文解释来巩固你的理解。
1. Introduction to Cells | 细胞入门
Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things. Every organism, from a single-celled bacterium to a large blue whale, is made of cells. Some organisms, like bacteria and amoeba, exist as a single cell (unicellular), while most plants and animals are multicellular.
细胞是所有生物的基本构建单位。每一个生物体，从单细胞细菌到巨大的蓝鲸，都是由细胞构成的。有些生物，如细菌和变形虫，只由一个细胞组成（单细胞生物），而大多数植物和动物是多细胞的。
All cells share certain structures: a cell membrane that controls what enters and leaves, cytoplasm where chemical reactions take place, and a nucleus that contains genetic material. Plant cells also have a rigid cell wall, chloroplasts for photosynthesis and a large permanent vacuole filled with cell sap.
所有细胞都有共同的结构：控制物质进出的细胞膜、进行化学反应的细胞质和含有遗传物质的细胞核。植物细胞还有坚硬的细胞壁、进行光合作用的叶绿体和一个充满细胞液的大液泡。
| Structure | Animal cell | Plant cell |
|---|---|---|
| Cell membrane | ✓ | ✓ |
| Cytoplasm | ✓ | ✓ |
| Nucleus | ✓ | ✓ |
| Mitochondria | ✓ | ✓ |
| Cell wall | ✗ | ✓ |
| Chloroplasts | ✗ | ✓ |
| Large vacuole | ✗ | ✓ |
To observe cells we use a microscope. The first simple microscopes revealed a hidden world of tiny units and led to the development of cell theory.
为了观察细胞，我们使用显微镜。第一批简易显微镜揭示了一个微小的单元世界，并推动了细胞理论的发展。
2. Classification of Living Things | 生物分类
Biologists sort living things into groups to make them easier to study. The largest groups are the five kingdoms: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists and Monera (bacteria). Each kingdom contains organisms that share key features.
生物学家将生物分门别类以便于研究。最大的类群是五个界：动物界、植物界、真菌界、原生生物界和原核生物界（细菌）。每个界包含具有共同关键特征的生物。
Within the animal kingdom, vertebrates are animals with a backbone. They are divided into five classes: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. Invertebrates, such as insects, spiders and worms, do not have a backbone.
在动物界中，脊椎动物是拥有脊骨的动物。它们被分为五个纲：鱼类、两栖类、爬行类、鸟类和哺乳类。无脊椎动物，如昆虫、蜘蛛和蠕虫，没有脊骨。
- Mammals: hair/fur, warm-blooded, produce milk
- Birds: feathers, beaks, lay eggs
- Reptiles: dry scaly skin, lay eggs
- Amphibians: moist skin, live in water and on land
- Fish: gills, fins, live in water
Similar Chinese explanation: 哺乳动物：有毛发/皮毛、温血、分泌乳汁；鸟类：有羽毛、喙、产卵；爬行类：干燥鳞状皮肤、产卵；两栖类：潮湿皮肤、水陆两栖；鱼类：鳃、鳍、生活在水中。
A species is a group of living things that can breed together to produce fertile offspring. The scientific naming system uses Latin names like Homo sapiens for humans.
物种是一组能够互相交配并产生可育后代的生物。科学命名法使用拉丁名称，如人类为 Homo sapiens。
3. Human Organ Systems | 人体器官系统
The human body is organised into different organ systems, each with a specific job. The main systems include the circulatory system (heart, blood vessels), respiratory system (lungs, trachea), digestive system (stomach, intestines), nervous system (brain, nerves), skeletal system (bones) and muscular system.
人体被组织成不同的器官系统，每个系统都有特定的功能。主要系统包括循环系统（心脏、血管）、呼吸系统（肺、气管）、消化系统（胃、肠）、神经系统（大脑、神经）、骨骼系统（骨骼）和肌肉系统。
Organs are made of tissues, and tissues are made of cells. The circulatory system delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and removes waste products. The heart acts as a pump to keep blood moving around the body.
器官由组织构成，组织由细胞构成。循环系统将氧气和营养物质输送到细胞并带走废物。心脏起着泵的作用，使血液在全身流动。
The nervous system sends electrical signals to coordinate body functions. The brain is the control centre. Skeletal muscles work with bones to produce movement.
神经系统通过发送电信号来协调身体功能。大脑是控制中心。骨骼肌与骨骼共同作用产生运动。
4. Nutrition and a Balanced Diet | 营养与均衡饮食
A balanced diet provides all the nutrients our body needs in the right amounts. The seven main nutrient groups are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fibre and water. Each has a unique role.
均衡饮食按照合适的量提供我们身体所需的所有营养素。七大营养素类别是碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪、维生素、矿物质、膳食纤维和水。每一类都有独特的作用。
| Nutrient | Main function | Good sources |
|---|---|---|
| Carbohydrates | Provide energy | Bread, pasta, rice |
| Proteins | Growth and repair | Meat, fish, beans |
| Fats | Energy store and insulation | Butter, oils |
| Vitamins & minerals | Keep body healthy | Fruit, vegetables |
| Fibre | Helps digestion | Whole grains, veg |
| Water | Solvent and transport | Drinks, food |
Energy in food is measured in kilojoules (kJ). Different people need different amounts of energy depending on age, gender and activity level. A lack of any essential nutrient can lead to deficiency diseases.
食物中的能量以千焦（kJ）计量。不同的人因年龄、性别和活动水平不同需要不同的能量。缺乏任何一种必需营养素都可能导致营养缺乏病。
5. Digestion and Absorption | 消化与吸收
Digestion is the process of breaking down large, insoluble food molecules into small, soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. Mechanical digestion (chewing, churning) and chemical digestion (enzymes) work together.
消化是将大而不溶的食物分子分解成可被吸收进入血液的小而可溶的分子的过程。物理性消化（咀嚼、搅拌）和化学性消化（酶）共同发生作用。
The main parts of the digestive system are the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. In the mouth, teeth break food down and saliva contains the enzyme amylase that acts on starch.
消化系统的主要部分有口腔、食道、胃、小肠和大肠。在口腔中，牙齿将食物磨碎，唾液中含有作用于淀粉的淀粉酶。
In the stomach, protease enzymes begin breaking down proteins. The small intestine is where most digestion is completed and where nutrients are absorbed through tiny finger‑like projections called villi. The large intestine absorbs water, leaving faeces to be egested.
在胃中，蛋白酶开始分解蛋白质。小肠是消化完成和营养吸收的主要场所，营养通过称为绒毛的微小手指状突起被吸收。大肠吸收水分，剩馀的粪便被排出。
6. Respiration and Energy | 呼吸作用与能量
Respiration is a chemical reaction that takes place inside every living cell to release energy from glucose. This energy is used for movement, keeping warm and other life processes. It is not the same as breathing.
呼吸作用是每个活细胞内部发生的化学反应，旨在从葡萄糖中释放能量。此能量用于运动、保暖及其他生命活动。它不等同于呼吸（呼吸动作）。
The word equation for aerobic respiration is:
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP)
有氧呼吸的文字方程式为：葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水 + 能量（ATP）。
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and produces a large amount of energy. Anaerobic respiration happens when oxygen is scarce, for example during intense exercise. In humans, it produces lactic acid and much less energy. In yeast, anaerobic respiration produces ethanol and carbon dioxide (fermentation).
有氧呼吸消耗氧气并产生大量能量。无氧呼吸发生在缺氧时，例如剧烈运动时。在人体内，无氧呼吸产生乳酸和较少的能量。在酵母中，无氧呼吸产生乙醇和二氧化碳（发酵）。
7. Breathing and Gas Exchange | 呼吸与气体交换
Breathing is the physical process of moving air in and out of the lungs. It involves the diaphragm and rib muscles. When we inhale, the diaphragm contracts and moves down, and the ribcage expands, drawing air into the lungs.
呼吸是将空气吸入和排出肺部的物理过程。它涉及膈肌和肋间肌。当我们吸气时，膈肌收缩并下移，肋骨扩张，将空气吸入肺部。
Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli, tiny air sacs in the lungs. Oxygen passes from the air into the blood, and carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the air to be exhaled. The alveoli have thin walls and a large surface area to make this efficient.
气体交换发生在肺泡，即肺内微小的气囊里。氧气从空气中进入血液，二氧化碳从血液进入空气并被呼出。肺泡壁很薄且表面积很大，从而提高了交换效率。
The circulatory system then transports oxygen attached to red blood cells around the body and carries carbon dioxide back to the lungs. Regular exercise can increase lung capacity and efficiency of gas exchange.
然后循环系统将附着在红细胞上的氧气运送到全身，并将二氧化碳载回肺部。经常锻炼可以增加肺活量和气体交换的效率。
8. Reproduction in Animals and Plants | 动植物的繁殖
Reproduction ensures the survival of a species. Sexual reproduction involves two parents and the fusion of male and female gametes (sperm and egg), producing offspring that are genetically varied. Asexual reproduction requires only one parent and produces genetically identical offspring (clones).
繁殖确保物种的延续。有性繁殖涉及两个亲本，雄雌配子（精子和卵子）结合，产生的后代具有遗传变异。无性繁殖只需要一个亲本，产生遗传相同的后代（克隆）。
In humans, the male reproductive system produces sperm in the testes, while the female system releases eggs from the ovaries. Fertilisation occurs when a sperm meets an egg in the oviduct. The fertilised egg implants in the uterus and develops into a baby over about nine months.
在人体中，男性生殖系统在睾丸中产生精子，女性系统从卵巢释放卵子。当精子在输卵管内与卵子相遇时发生受精。受精卵在子宫内着床，经过约九个月发育成婴儿。
In flowering plants, the male gametes are inside pollen grains, and the female gametes are in ovules. Pollination transfers pollen to the stigma. After fertilisation, seeds develop inside fruits. Plants can also reproduce asexually through runners, bulbs and cuttings.
在开花植物中，雄性配子位于花粉粒内，雌性配子位于胚珠内。授粉将花粉传到柱头。受精后，种子在果实内发育。植物也可通过匍匐茎、鳞茎和插条进行无性繁殖。
9. Ecosystems, Food Chains and Webs | 生态系统、食物链与食物网
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms together with their non‑living environment (air, water, soil). Within an ecosystem, organisms are linked by what they eat.
生态系统是由生物群落与其非生物环境（空气、水、土壤）共同组成的。在生态系统内，生物通过食物关系相联系。
osynthesis. A simple chain: grass → rabbit → fox. Grass is the producer, rabbit is a primary consumer (herbivore), and fox is a secondary consumer (carnivore).
食物链显示能量从一个生物流向另一个生物。通常以通过光合作用制造自身食物的生产者（如绿色植物）开始。一条简单的链：青草 → 兔子 → 狐狸。青草是生产者，兔子是初级消费者（食草动物），狐狸是次级消费者（食肉动物）。
A food web is a network of interconnected food chains, giving a more realistic picture of feeding relationships. Decomposers like bacteria and fungi break down dead material and return nutrients to the soil. All organisms in a food web are interdependent.
食物网是由相互连接的食物链组成的网络，更真实地反映了摄食关系。分解者（如细菌和真菌）分解死物并将养分归还土壤。食物网中的所有生物都相互依存。
10. Microorganisms and Health | 微生物与健康
Microorganisms, also called microbes, are tiny living things visible only with a microscope. They include bacteria, viruses, fungi and some protists. While some microbes cause disease (pathogens), many are harmless or even beneficial.
Published by TutorHao | Year 7 Biology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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