📚 Year 7 SQA Biology: A Quick Guide to Memorising Key Terms | Year 7 SQA 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering biology starts with understanding its language. This guide breaks down essential Year 7 SQA biology terms into simple, memorable chunks, using word roots, catchy associations, and real-world examples. Whether you are preparing for a test or just curious about life science, these tips will help the vocabulary stick.
掌握生物学要从理解它的语言开始。这份指南将 Year 7 SQA 生物的重要术语拆解成简单好记的模块，利用词根、朗朗上口的联想和生活中的例子帮助你记忆。无论你是在备考还是对生命科学感到好奇，这些技巧都能让词汇牢牢印在脑海里。
1. Cells – The Building Blocks | 细胞——生命的积木
The word 'cell' comes from the Latin cella, meaning 'small room'. Think of each cell as a tiny room with its own special job inside a living organism.
“Cell”（细胞）这个词源自拉丁语 cella，意思是“小房间”。你可以把每个细胞想象成一个有自己特定工作的小房间，住在生物体内。
Key terms: Nucleus – the control centre, Cytoplasm – jelly-like filling, Cell membrane – the bouncer that controls what enters and leaves, Cell wall – the extra rigid box around plant cells, Chloroplast – green solar panels for photosynthesis.
关键术语：细胞核——控制中心，细胞质——果冻状的填充物，细胞膜——控制物质进出的“门卫”，细胞壁——植物细胞外面额外的坚固盒子，叶绿体——进行光合作用的绿色太阳能板。
To memorise: 'Nucleus' sounds like 'nucleus of a team' – it directs everything. 'Cytoplasm' can be remembered by 'cyto-' meaning cell and 'plasm' meaning fluid, together like 'cell juice'. For 'chloroplast', link 'chloro-' (green, like chlorine gas is greenish) and '-plast' (moulded), so it's the green structure inside plant cells.
记忆方法：“Nucleus” 和“核心”发音相似，它是团队的核心，指挥一切。“Cytoplasm” 可以拆成 “cyto-”（细胞）和 “plasm”（流体），合起来就是“细胞液”。“Chloroplast” 联想 “chloro-”（绿色，如氯气的颜色）和 “-plast”（塑造），所以是植物细胞里绿色的结构。
2. Tissues, Organs and Systems | 组织、器官与系统
Cells group together to form tissues, tissues build organs, and organs work as systems. Think of it like letters → words → sentences → paragraphs.
细胞聚集成 组织，组织构成 器官，器官协同工作形成 系统。这就像字母组成单词，单词组成句子，句子再组成段落。
Tissue can remind you of 'tissue paper' – layers of similar cells stacked together. Organ comes from Greek organon, meaning tool or instrument – each organ is a tool for a specific job. The circulatory system includes the heart, blood and vessels; remember 'circ-' means around, so blood circulates around the body.
组织 (Tissue) 可以联想到“纸巾”（tissue paper）——相似细胞层层叠在一起。器官 (Organ) 来自希腊语 organon，意思是工具，每个器官都是完成特定任务的工具。循环系统 包括心脏、血液和血管；记住 “circ-” 表示环行，所以血液在体内循环流动。
3. Diffusion and Osmosis – Movers and Shakers | 扩散与渗透——物质的移动方式
Particles move all the time, even when we don't see it. Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a high-concentration area to a low-concentration area until they're evenly spread.
粒子一直在运动，即使我们看不见。扩散 就是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域净移动，直到均匀分布。
Osmosis is a special type of diffusion – only water moves through a partially permeable membrane. 'Osmosis' sounds like 'oz-mosis' – imagine a wizard Oz helping water through a magical film.
渗透 是一种特殊的扩散——只有水能穿过部分透性膜。“Osmosis” 发音像 “oz-mosis”，想象绿野仙踪里的巫师 Oz 帮助水穿过一层神奇的薄膜。
Quick slogan: 'Diffusion spreads out, Osmosis shouts out for water!'
速记口号：“扩散到处散开，渗透只为水来！”
4. Photosynthesis – Cooking with Sunlight | 光合作用——用阳光做饭
Plants make their own food using light energy. The word photosynthesis breaks into 'photo-' (light) and 'synthesis' (putting together). So it is 'putting together using light'.
植物利用光能制造自己的食物。光合作用 这个词拆开是 “photo-”（光）和 “synthesis”（组合）。所以就是“用光来组合”。
The balanced word equation: Carbon dioxide + Water →(light, chlorophyll)→ Glucose + Oxygen. Remember the raw materials: CO₂ comes from the air, H₂O from soil. Products: glucose is used for energy and growth, oxygen is released.
配平的词方程式：二氧化碳 + 水 →（光照、叶绿体）→ 葡萄糖 + 氧气。记住原料：CO₂ 来自空气，H₂O 来自土壤。产物：葡萄糖用于能量和生长，氧气被释放。
Mnemonic: Charlie Danced With Green Owls – Carbon dioxide, Danced (don't forget water), With (water), Green (chlorophyll), Owls (oxygen).
助记口诀：查理和绿猫头鹰跳舞——C 代表 Carbon dioxide（二氧化碳），D 代表跳舞（别忘了水），W 是 Water（水），G 是 Green（叶绿体），O 是 Oxygen（氧气）。
5. Respiration – Releasing Energy | 呼吸作用——释放能量
Respiration is not just breathing! It is the process that releases energy from glucose inside every living cell. The word equation: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water (+ energy).
呼吸作用不仅仅是喘气！它是每个活细胞里从葡萄糖释放能量的过程。词方程式：葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水（+ 能量）.
Think of mitochondria as tiny power stations. 'Mitochondria' – mighty mighty power houses! The 'mito-' part means thread, and 'chondrion' means grain, but just remember 'mighty mitochondria'.
把线粒体想象成微型发电站。“Mitochondria”——强壮的发电厂！“mito-” 表示线，“chondrion” 表示颗粒，但只需要记住“强有力的线粒体”。
Aerobic (with oxygen) vs Anaerobic (without oxygen). Anaerobic respiration in animals produces lactic acid, which causes muscle cramps. 'An-' is a prefix meaning 'without', so 'aerobic' with air, 'anaerobic' without air.
有氧呼吸（需氧）对比无氧呼吸（不需要氧）。动物的无氧呼吸产生乳酸，会导致肌肉酸痛。“An-” 是一个前缀，意思是“没有”，所以 aero（空气）加上 bic（与生命有关），有氧就是有空气，无氧就是没有空气。
6. Ecosystems and Interdependence | 生态系统与相互依存
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment. 'Eco-' comes from Greek oikos, meaning house or habitat.
生态系统 是生物群落与其非生命环境相互作用的整体。“Eco-” 来自希腊语 oikos，意思是家或栖息地。
Habitat – the address where an organism lives. Niche – its job or role there. Producer – green plant that makes food. Consumer – animal that eats. Decomposer – fungi and bacteria that break down dead matter.
栖息地 (Habitat)——生物居住的地址。生态位 (Niche)——它在那里的工作或角色。生产者——制造食物的绿色植物。消费者——吃东西的动物。分解者——分解死去物质的真菌和细菌。
Food chain example: grass → rabbit → fox. Arrows show energy flow, from eaten to eater. 'Decomposer' can be chunked: de-compose-r – it takes apart dead bodies.
食物链例子：草 → 兔子 → 狐狸。箭头表示能量流动方向，从被吃的指向吃它的。“Decomposer” 可以拆解：de（去除）-compose（组成）-r，它将尸体分解。
7. Biodiversity and Classification | 生物多样性与分类
Biodiversity is variety of life in a habitat. High biodiversity means many different species. Species is a group of organisms that can breed to produce fertile offspring.
生物多样性 是一个栖息地里生命的丰富程度。生物多样性高意味着有许多不同的物种。物种 是一群可以交配并产生能生育后代的生物。
Classification groups: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. Mnemonic: King Philip Came Over For Good Soup. The binomial system gives each species a two-word Latin name, e.g., Homo sapiens.
分类等级：界、门、纲、目、科、属、种。助记口诀：King Philip Came Over For Good Soup（菲利普国王为了好喝的汤而来）。双名法 给每个物种一个两个词的拉丁名，如 智人 Homo sapiens。
Vertebrate groups: mammals (hair, milk), birds (feathers, eggs), reptiles (scales), amphibians (moist skin, live in water & land), fish (scales, gills). Invertebrates have no backbone.
脊椎动物类群：哺乳动物（毛发，哺乳）、鸟类（羽毛，蛋）、爬行动物（鳞片）、两栖动物（湿润皮肤，水陆两栖）、鱼类（鳞片，鳃）。无脊椎动物没有脊柱。
8. Reproduction – Continuing Life | 繁殖——生命的延续
Sexual reproduction involves two parent cells (gametes) fusing during fertilisation. A sperm (male gamete) meets an egg (female gamete) to form a zygote. 'Zygote' sounds like 'zye-goat' – just a funny image of a starting cell.
有性繁殖需要两个亲代细胞（配子）在 受精 过程中融合。精子（雄性配子）与卵子（雌性配子）结合形成 受精卵 (zygote)。“Zygote” 听起来像 “zye-goat”，就把它想象成一个起始细胞的滑稽形象。
In plants, pollination is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma. Fertilisation is when the pollen nucleus fuses with the ovule. Remember: 'pollen' sounds like 'poll' + 'en', and pollination is like a messenger delivering pollen.
在植物中，传粉 是花粉从花药传到柱头的过程。受精 是花粉管里的精核与胚珠融合。记住：“pollen”（花粉）像“poll”调查（传递），传粉就像信使送花粉。
Asexual reproduction only needs one parent and produces clones. Example: runner in strawberries, bulbs in onions. 'Clone' is an exact genetic copy.
无性繁殖只需要一个亲代，产生克隆。例如：草莓的匍匐茎，洋葱的鳞茎。克隆是基因完全相同的拷贝。
9. Variation and Inheritance | 变异与遗传
Variation means differences between individuals. It can be continuous (height) or discontinuous (blood type). Inherited traits come from parents via genes; environmental traits come from surroundings, e.g., dyed hair.
变异 是指个体之间的差异。可以是连续的（身高）或不连续的（血型）。遗传 特征来自父母的基因；环境 特征来自周围环境，例如染发。
Genes are segments of DNA that code for a characteristic. DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid – but just think 'genetic blueprint'. The nucleus holds DNA in chromosomes.
基因是编码性状的DNA片段。DNA 是脱氧核糖核酸的缩写——你就把它想象成“基因蓝图”。细胞核里染色体储存DNA。
Mnemonic: 'Gene' and 'jeans' sound the same – you inherit your parents' jeans style, just like you inherit genes!
助记：“Gene”（基因）和“jeans”（牛仔裤）发音相同——你继承爸妈的牛仔裤风格，就像你继承基因一样！
10. Microorganisms and Health | 微生物与健康
Microorganism means tiny living thing you need a microscope to see. Types: bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa. 'Micro-' = small, 'organ' = living thing. Not all are harmful; probiotics are 'good' bacteria.
微生物 是需要用显微镜才能看到的微小生物。种类：细菌、病毒、真菌、原生动物。“Micro-” 表示微小，“organ” 表示生物。不是所有微生物都有害；益生菌是“好”细菌。
Pathogens cause disease. 'Patho-' means disease, so a pathogen is a disease-maker. White blood cells defend against pathogens by engulfing them or making antibodies.
病原体 (Pathogens) 会引起疾病。“Patho-” 意思是疾病，所以病原体就是制造疾病的东西。白细胞通过吞噬病原体或产生抗体来抵御它们。
Vaccination: introducing a weakened form of pathogen to prime the immune system. 'Vaccine' comes from Latin vacca, cow – because the first vaccine used cowpox virus to protect against smallpox.
疫苗接种：引入弱化的病原体来让免疫系统做好准备。“Vaccine” 来自拉丁语 vacca（母牛），因为最早的疫苗是用牛痘病毒来预防天花。
11. Enzymes and Digestion | 酶与消化
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in the body without being used up. The lock-and-key model: the enzyme's active site is the lock, the substrate is the key.
酶 是生物催化剂，能加速体内的化学反应而自身不会被消耗。锁钥模型：酶的活性部位是锁，底物是钥匙。
Digestion breaks large insoluble molecules into small soluble ones that can be absorbed. Amylase breaks down starch into sugar in the mouth and small intestine. -'ase' ending often indicates an enzyme.
消化将大而不溶于水的分子分解成小的可溶分子以便被吸收。淀粉酶 在口腔和小肠将淀粉分解为糖。词尾 “-ase” 常表示酶。
Absorption happens in the small intestine; villi (tiny finger-like projections) increase surface area. 'Villi' sounds like 'village' – imagine many tiny houses to absorb nutrients.
吸收在小肠进行；绒毛 (villi)（微小的指状突起）增加了表面积。“Villi” 听起来像 “village”（村庄）——想象有许多小房子来吸收营养。
12. Experimental Key Terms | 实验关键术语
In biology investigations, you need clear language. Hypothesis: an educated prediction. Variable: something that can change. Independent variable – the one you change; dependent variable – the one you measure; control variables – kept constant.
在生物探究中，你需要准确的语言。假设：有依据的预测。变量：可以改变的东西。自变量——你改变的那个；因变量——你测量的那个；控制变量——保持不变的那些。
A fair test means only the independent variable is changed. Reliable results come from repeats or large sample size. Accurate means close to the true value. Risk assessment is about safety.
公平测试 意味着只改变自变量。可靠 的结果来自重复实验或大样本量。准确 指接近真实值。风险评估关乎安全。
Mnemonic for variables: 'I change, you measure, everything else stays the same' for independent, dependent, and control.
变量助记口诀：“我改变自变量，你测因变量，其他统统不变”对应独立、因变量和控制变量。
Published by TutorHao | Biology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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