📚 Year 7 SQA Chemistry: Key Vocabulary Quick Memorisation Guide | SQA 七年级化学：核心词汇速记指南
Building a strong foundation in chemistry starts with learning its language—the key terms and vocabulary. This guide is designed for Year 7 students following the SQA curriculum, focusing on the essential words you need to understand and remember. With clever memory tricks and clear explanations, you'll be able to recall definitions quickly and boost your confidence in the lab and exams.
打好化学基础的第一步是学习它的“语言”——关键术语和词汇。本指南面向 SQA 课程体系的七年级学生，聚焦你需要理解和记住的核心词汇。通过巧妙的记忆技巧和清晰的解释，你将能够快速回忆起定义，在实验和考试中充满信心。
1. States of Matter | 物质状态
Solid: A state of matter that has a fixed shape and a fixed volume. The particles are packed tightly in a regular arrangement and can only vibrate in place. Think of an ice cube or a desk—they keep their shape.
固体：具有固定形状和固定体积的物质状态。粒子紧密排列，规则有序，只能在原位振动。想象一下冰块或桌子——它们都保持着自己的形状。
Liquid: A state of matter with a fixed volume but no fixed shape; it takes the shape of its container. Particles are close together but can slide past each other, like water pouring into a beaker.
液体：具有固定体积但没有固定形状的物质状态，会随容器形状变化。粒子相互靠近，但可以彼此滑动，就像水倒入烧杯时那样。
Gas: A state of matter with no fixed shape or fixed volume. Gas particles are far apart and move rapidly in all directions, filling any container. Helium in a balloon is a good example—it spreads out evenly.
气体：没有固定形状和固定体积的物质状态。气体粒子间距很大，向各个方向快速运动，充满任何容器。气球中的氦气就是很好的例子——它均匀扩散开来。
Quick memory aid: Picture 'S' for solid and static, 'L' for liquid and loose, 'G' for gas and gone! This simple letter association can help you instantly recall the properties of each state.
速记提示：想象‘S’代表固体 (solid) 和静态 (static)，‘L’代表液体 (liquid) 和松散 (loose)，‘G’代表气体 (gas) 和飘散 (gone)！这种简单的字母联想可以帮助你立刻回忆起每种状态的性质。
2. The Particle Model | 粒子模型
The particle model states that all matter is made of tiny, constantly moving particles with empty spaces between them. The movement and spacing differ in solids, liquids and gases.
粒子模型指出，所有物质都由微小的、不断运动的粒子构成，粒子之间有空隙。粒子运动方式和间距在固体、液体和气体中各不相同。
In solids, particles vibrate in fixed positions; in liquids they slide over one another; in gases they zoom around freely. This explains why solids cannot be compressed easily, but gases can.
固体中的粒子在固定位置振动；液体中的粒子相互滑动；气体中的粒子自由飞跑。这就解释了为什么固体难以压缩，而气体却容易被压缩。
Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. It occurs in liquids and gases, and it is powerful evidence for the particle model. For example, the smell of perfume spreads across a room as gas particles diffuse.
扩散是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域移动的过程。它发生在液体和气体中，是支持粒子模型的有力证据。例如，香水的香味因气体粒子扩散而弥漫整个房间。
Memory trick: Imagine particles as people dancing—solid dancers stay in their spot swaying, liquid dancers glide across the floor, and gas dancers sprint everywhere.
记忆窍门：把粒子想象成舞者——固体舞者原地摇摆，液体舞者在舞池中滑步，气体舞者满场飞跑。
3. Physical and Chemical Changes | 物理变化与化学变化
A physical change alters the shape or state of a substance without making a new chemical product. Examples include melting ice, dissolving salt in water, and cutting paper. These changes are often easy to reverse.
物理变化改变物质的形状或状态，但不产生新的化学物质。例如冰融化、盐溶于水、剪纸。这些变化通常容易逆转。
A chemical change produces one or more new substances with different properties. Signs include a colour change, gas bubbles (effervescence), a temperature change, or the formation of a precipitate. Rusting iron and baking a cake are both chemical changes; they are usually difficult or impossible to reverse.
化学变化产生一种或多种具有不同性质的新物质。特征包括颜色变化、气泡产生（冒泡）、温度变化或沉淀生成。铁生锈和烤蛋糕都是化学变化；它们通常难以或无法逆转。
Memory hook: 'Physical' keeps the original substance’s identity (think of 'physics' dealing with states), while 'chemical' creates a new identity (like 'chemistry' between people). The phrase 'physical is a phase, chemical is a change' can also help.
记忆挂钩：“物理”变化保留原物质的身份（想想“物理”研究状态），而“化学”变化创造新身份（就像人与人之间的“化学反应”）。短语“物理是阶段，化学是质变”也有助于记忆。
4. Atoms, Elements and the Periodic Table | 原子、元素与周期表
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction. Atoms are incredibly tiny, but they are the building blocks of everything around us.
原子是元素中能参与化学反应的最小粒子。原子极其微小，但它们是构成周遭万物的基石。
An element is a pure substance made of only one type of atom. There are about 100 naturally occurring elements, and each has a unique chemical symbol, such as H for hydrogen, O for oxygen, Na for sodium, and Fe for iron.
元素是由同一种原子组成的纯净物。自然界中大约有 100 种元素，每种元素都有独特的化学符号，如 H 代表氢，O 代表氧，Na 代表钠，Fe 代表铁。
The periodic table arranges all known elements in order of increasing atomic number, with metals on the left and non-metals on the right. Each element is placed in a specific group and period. A simple memory aid for the first 20 elements is to create a story using their symbols: 'Happy Henry Likes Beer But Could Not Obtain Food...'
周期表按照原子序数递增的顺序排列所有已知元素，金属在左，非金属在右。每种元素都被安排在特定的族和周期中。记忆前 20 号元素的一个简单方法是利用符号编故事：“氢氦锂铍硼，碳氮氧氟氖……”（英文中也可用首字母故事）。
5. Compounds and Mixtures | 化合物与混合物
A compound is a substance formed when two or more different types of atoms chemically bond together in a fixed ratio. The properties of a compound are completely different from the elements that make it up. Water (H₂O) is a compound made from hydrogen and oxygen—two gases that combine to form a liquid.
化合物是两种或多种不同类型的原子以固定比例通过化学键结合而成的物质。化合物的性质与其组成元素的性质截然不同。水 (H₂O) 是由氢和氧组成的化合物——两种气体结合形成液体。
A mixture is made from two or more substances that are physically combined but not chemically bonded. The components keep their own properties and can usually be separated by physical techniques like filtration, evaporation or distillation. Air is a mixture of gases, and a salad is a mixture of vegetables.
混合物由两种或多种物质通过物理方式结合而成，没有发生化学键合。各组分保持自己的性质，通常可以通过过滤、蒸发或蒸馏等物理方法分离。空气是多种气体的混合物，沙拉是各种蔬菜的混合物。
Memory aid: Think of a compound as a cake—you cannot easily get back the eggs, flour and sugar once baked. A mixture is like a bowl of mixed nuts; you can still pick out the almonds and peanuts separately.
记忆辅助：把化合物想象成蛋糕——一旦烘烤，你无法轻易拿回鸡蛋、面粉和糖。混合物就像一碗混合坚果；你仍然可以分别挑出杏仁和花生。
6. Chemical Reactions: Reactants and Products | 化学反应：反应物与生成物
oducts. We write this using a word equation or a symbol equation with an arrow (→) meaning 'react to form'.
在化学反应中，起始物质（反应物）通过原子重排形成新的物质（生成物/产物）。我们使用文字方程式或符号方程式来表示，箭头 (→) 表示“反应生成”。
nesium oxide. The reactants are magnesium and oxygen; the product is magnesium oxide. During the reaction, bright white light is given off, and a white powder forms.
例如：镁 + 氧气 → 氧化镁。反应物是镁和氧气；生成物是氧化镁。反应过程中会发出明亮的白光，形成白色粉末。
Signs of a chemical reaction include effervescence (fizzing), colour change, a precipitate forming, or an energy change (getting hot or cold). The word 'reaction' comes from 're-' (again) and 'action', meaning atoms 'act again' to form new bonds.
化学反应的标志包括冒泡、颜色变化、沉淀生成或能量变化（变热或变冷）。‘reaction’ 一词源于 ‘re-’（再次）和 ‘action’（作用），意味着原子“再次作用”形成新键。
7. Acids and Alkalis | 酸与碱
An acid is a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H⁺) in water. Acids have a sour taste (but never taste them in the lab!) and turn blue litmus paper red. Common laboratory acids include hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and nitric acid (HNO₃).
酸是一种在水中释放氢离子 (H⁺) 的物质。酸有酸味（但绝不能在实验室品尝！），能使蓝色石蕊试纸变红。常见的实验室酸包括盐酸 (HCl)、硫酸 (H₂SO₄) 和硝酸 (HNO₃)。
An alkali is a soluble base that releases hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in water. Alkalis feel soapy and turn red litmus paper blue. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) are typical alkalis used in the lab.
碱是一种可溶性碱，在水中释放氢氧根离子 (OH⁻)。碱有滑腻感，能使红色石蕊试纸变蓝。氢氧化钠 (NaOH) 和氢氧化钙 (Ca(OH)₂) 是实验室常用的典型碱。
Memory trick: Acid starts with 'A', so think of 'Aggressive' to litmus—it turns blue red. Alkali begins with 'A' too, but it acts as the opposite; link 'AlkalI' with 'Blue is baSIc' (alkali = base) to remember it turns red litmus blue.
记忆窍门：酸 (Acid) 以‘A’开头，可以想象成“进攻”石蕊——它把蓝变红。碱 (Alkali) 也以‘A’开头，但作用相反；记住“碱使红变蓝（Blue，碱的结尾有‘i’，联想‘Blue’）”。
8. The pH Scale and Indicators | pH 标度与指示剂
The pH scale measures how acidic or alkaline a solution is. It ranges from 0 to 14: values below 7 indicate an acid, 7 is neutral (like pure water), and values above 7 indicate an alkali.
pH 标度用于衡量溶液的酸碱性。其范围从 0 到 14：低于 7 表示酸性，7 为中性（如纯水），高于 7 表示碱性。
An indicator is a substance that changes colour at different pH values. Universal indicator turns red/orange in strong acids, green at neutral, and blue/purple in strong alkalis. Litmus is another simple indicator that is either red or blue.
指示剂是在不同 pH 值下会改变颜色的物质。通用指示剂在强酸中呈红色/橙色，在中性时呈绿色，在强碱中呈蓝色/紫色。石蕊是另一种简单的指示剂，只有红或蓝两种颜色。
Quick memory: 'pH 7 is heaven'—it's neutral and safe. 'pH 0-6 is hell for metal' (acid corrodes), and 'pH 8-14 is like a cleaning queen' (alkalis are used in soap and drain cleaners). This rhyme can help you keep the scale in mind.
快速记忆：“pH 7 是天堂”——中性又安全。“pH 0-6 是金属的地狱”（酸会腐蚀），“pH 8-14 是清洁女王”（碱常用于肥皂和下水道清洁剂）。这个顺口溜能帮你记牢标度。
9. Common Laboratory Equipment | 常见实验室器材
A beaker is a wide, flat-bottomed glass container used for holding, mixing and heating liquids. It is often used when you do not need precise volume measurements.
烧杯是一种宽口平底的玻璃容器，用于盛放、混合和加热液体。当不需要精确体积测量时，常使用烧杯。
A test tube is a small, narrow glass tube held in a test tube rack. It is used to hold or heat small amounts of substances, especially during qualitative experiments.
试管是一种细小的玻璃管，放在试管架上使用。它用于盛放或加热少量物质，尤其在定性实验中。
A Bunsen burner produces a single open gas flame and is used for heating, sterilisation and combustion. The yellow safety flame is cooler and luminous, while the blue roaring flame is very hot.
本生灯可产生单一的明火火焰，用于加热、灭菌和燃烧。黄色的安全焰温度较低且明亮，蓝色的咆哮焰则温度很高。
A measuring cylinder is a tall, narrow container with a scale used to measure liquid volumes accurately. Always read the volume at eye level from the bottom of the meniscus.
量筒是一种带刻度的细高容器，用于准确量取液体体积。读取体积时，视线应与凹液面最低处保持水平。
10. Hazard Symbols and Safety | 危险符号与安全
Hazard symbols warn us about the dangers of chemicals. They are standardized pictograms in red, black and white, designed to be understood instantly. Knowing them helps prevent accidents in the laboratory.
危险符号警示化学品存在的危险。它们是红、黑、白相间的标准化象形图，旨在让人一目了然。了解这些符号有助于防止实验室事故。
The corrosive symbol shows a substance eating through a hand and a surface. It means the chemical can destroy living tissue and metal, so always wear gloves and goggles.
腐蚀性符号描绘的是物质侵蚀手和表面的图案。它表示该化学品能毁伤活体组织和金属，因此务必佩戴手套和护目镜。
The flammable symbol features a black flame on a white background with a red border. It warns that the substance can catch fire easily near a spark, flame or heat.
易燃符号以红色边框、白底黑色火焰为特征。它警告物质在火花、明火或热源附近容易着火。
The toxic symbol shows a skull and crossbones. It indicates a poison that can cause death or serious illness if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through the skin.
有毒符号显示骷髅头和交叉骨。它指示一种毒物，若吞咽、吸入或经皮肤吸收，可能导致死亡或严重疾病。
Other important symbols include the exclamation mark for irritant/harmful, the exploding bomb for explosive, and the dead tree and fish for environmental hazard. A memory trick: treat the symbols like emojis—each tells a clear, simple story about danger.
其他重要符号包括：感叹号（刺激性/有害）、爆炸的炸弹（爆炸性）以及枯树和死鱼（环境危害）。记忆窍门：把这些符号当作表情符号——每一个都清晰简单地讲述着危险故事。
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