📚 Year 7 CCEA Engineering: Summer Preparation and Bridging Course | 七年级CCEA工程：暑期预习与衔接课程
Welcome to Year 7 Engineering! This exciting subject is all about solving real-world problems by designing, making and testing things. Moving from primary school to secondary school is a big step, and this summer bridging course will help you get ready. You will explore the basics of engineering thinking, workshop safety, materials and mechanisms, so you can walk into your first Technology and Design lesson feeling confident and curious.
欢迎来到七年级工程学！这门令人兴奋的学科就是通过设计、制作和测试物品来解决现实世界中的问题。从小学升入中学是一个巨大的跨越，本暑期衔接课程将帮助你做好准备。你将探索工程思维、工作室安全、材料和机械的基本知识，这样你就能自信而充满好奇地走进第一节技术与设计课堂。
1. What is Engineering? | 什么是工程？
Engineering is the use of science and mathematics to create things that improve our lives. Everything from the bridges we cross, the smartphones in our pockets, to the cars that take us to school involves engineering. Engineers are problem-solvers who design, build and test solutions while considering safety, cost and the environment.
工程就是运用科学和数学来创造改善我们生活的物品。从我们每天经过的桥梁、口袋里的智能手机到送我们上学的汽车，无一不涉及工程。工程师是问题解决者，他们设计、建造并测试解决方案，同时兼顾安全、成本和环境。
There are many types of engineering, such as civil (bridges and buildings), mechanical (engines and robots), electrical (circuits and computers) and materials (new fabrics and alloys). In Year 7 you will get a taste of several of these areas.
工程分为很多类型，例如土木工程（桥梁和建筑）、机械工程（发动机和机器人）、电气工程（电路和计算机）以及材料工程（新织物和合金）。在七年级你将初步接触其中多个领域。
2. The Engineering Design Process | 工程设计流程
Every engineer follows a series of steps to turn an idea into a finished product. This is called the engineering design process. It helps you work in a structured way and learn from mistakes.
每一位工程师都遵循一系列步骤将想法转化为成品，这被称为工程设计流程。它能帮助你有序地工作并从错误中学习。
- Ask: What is the problem? Who needs a solution?
- Imagine: Brainstorm lots of ideas—no idea is too silly at this stage.
- Plan: Choose the best idea and draw detailed sketches.
- Create: Build a prototype using tools and materials.
- Test: Try it out, take measurements and see what works.
- Improve: Make changes to the design and test again.
- 提问：问题是什么？谁需要解决方案？
- 想象：头脑风暴尽可能多的想法——这个阶段没有想法是愚蠢的。
- 规划：选出最佳想法并绘制详细草图。
- 创造：使用工具和材料制作原型。
- 测试：试用，进行测量，看看是否可行。
- 改进：修改设计并再次测试。
You will use this cycle again and again during your projects. Remember, failure is just a step towards a better design.
在项目过程中你将反复使用这个循环。记住，失败只是通向更好设计的一步。
3. Understanding Materials | 认识材料
Choosing the right material is crucial in engineering. Materials have different properties that make them suitable for certain jobs. Here are some common ones you will work with:
选择正确的材料在工程中至关重要。材料具有不同的性质，这使它们适用于特定的工作。以下是你将用到的一些常见材料：
| Material (材料) | Properties (性质) | Example use (用途举例) |
|---|---|---|
| Wood | Strong in tension, easy to cut, renewable | Furniture, models |
| Metal (steel, aluminium) | High strength, ductile, conducts heat | Bridges, car bodies |
| Plastic (PVC, acrylic) | Lightweight, waterproof, can be moulded | Bottles, casings |
| Composite (fibreglass) | Combines best properties, high strength-to-weight | Boat hulls, sports gear |
Understanding words like hardness, toughness, flexibility and conductivity will help you pick the correct material for your designs.
理解诸如硬度、韧性、柔韧性和导电性等词语将帮助你为设计选择正确的材料。
4. Workshop Safety First | 工作室安全第一
The workshop is an exciting place full of tools and machines, but safety must always come first. Before you touch any equipment, you need to know the rules.
工作室是一个充满了工具和机器的令人兴奋的地方，但安全必须始终放在第一位。在你接触任何设备之前，你需要了解规则。
- Always wear personal protective equipment (PPE): safety goggles, aprons and closed-toe shoes.
- Tie back long hair and roll up long sleeves.
- Never run or play in the workshop.
- Only use tools when the teacher has shown you how.
- Keep your work area clean and tidy; report spills or broken tools straight away.
- Know where the emergency stop buttons and first-aid kit are located.
- 始终佩戴个人防护装备：护目镜、围裙和包头鞋。
- 长头发要扎起来，长袖子要卷起来。
- 决不在工作室内奔跑或玩耍。
- 只有在老师示范后，才能使用工具。
- 保持工作区域干净整洁；如有溢出或工具损坏要立即报告。
- 知道紧急停止按钮和急救箱的位置。
Following these rules protects you and your classmates, allowing everyone to enjoy making things safely.
遵守这些规则能保护你和同学，让每个人都能安全地享受制作物品的乐趣。
5. Tools and Equipment | 工具与设备
In Year 7 Engineering, you will learn to use a range of hand tools correctly. Each tool has a specific purpose, and using the right tool for the job makes work easier and more accurate.
在七年级工程课中，你将学习正确使用各种手动工具。每种工具都有特定的用途，使用正确的工具能使工作更轻松、更精确。
Some tools you will meet include: rulers and try squares for measuring, saws for cutting, files and sandpaper for smoothing, hammers and mallets for joining, and screwdrivers and spanners for assembly. Always check that a tool is in good condition before you start.
你将接触到的一些工具包括：用于测量的尺子和直角尺，用于切割的锯，用于打磨的锉刀和砂纸，用于连接的锤子和木槌，以及用于装配的螺丝刀和扳手。开始工作前，务必检查工具是否完好。
Power tools like drilling machines and glue guns will also be introduced gradually, but only under close supervision. Remember: let the tool do the work—never force it.
钻孔机和胶枪等电动工具也会逐步引入，但必须在严密监督下使用。记住：让工具来完成工作——千万不要强行操作。
6. Measuring and Marking Out | 测量与划线
Accurate measurement is the foundation of good engineering. Before cutting or shaping, you must mark out your material precisely. This involves using a steel rule, pencil, try square and sometimes a marking gauge.
精确测量是优秀工程的基础。在切割或塑形之前，你必须准确地在材料上划线。这需要使用钢尺、铅笔、直角尺，有时还有划线规。
100 mm = 10 cm. Learning to read a ruler to the nearest millimetre is an essential skill.
始终量两次再裁切。工作室中常用的单位是毫米（mm）和厘米（cm）。例如，100毫米 = 10厘米。学会以毫米为单位读取尺子读数是一项基本技能。
A simple marking-out step: use a try square to draw a line perpendicular to the edge. If the line is not square, your finished part will not fit correctly. Patience here saves time later.
一个简单的划线步骤：用直角尺画一条与边缘垂直的直线。如果这条线不是垂直的，你最终做好的部件就无法正确装配。此时耐心一点，以后能节省很多时间。
7. Simple Mechanisms | 简单机械
Mechanisms are devices that change the direction, size or type of force. They make work easier. The simplest mechanisms include levers, pulleys, wheels and axles, and inclined planes.
机械装置是改变力方向、大小或类型的设备。它们使工作变得更容易。最简单的机械包括杠杆、滑轮、轮轴和斜面。
A lever pivots around a fixed point called a fulcrum. The effort you apply is transformed into a larger force to lift a load. The mechanical advantage tells you how many times the mechanism multiplies your effort.
杠杆绕着一个叫做支点的固定点转动。你施加的动力被转换成一个更大的力来举起负载。机械效益告诉你该机械将你的力放大了多少倍。
Mechanical Advantage = Load ÷ Effort
the mechanical advantage is 300/100 = 3. This means the lever multiplies your force by 3.
例如，如果一个杠杆让你只需要用100牛的力就能举起300牛的重物，机械效益就是300/100 = 3。这意味着杠杆将你的力放大了3倍。
8. Forces and Structures | 力与结构
Structures are designed to withstand forces without breaking. The four main types of force you should know are: tension (pulling), compression (pushing), torsion (twisting) and bending. Engineers choose shapes and materials that can handle these forces.
结构设计旨在承受各种力而不损坏。你需要了解的四种主要力是：拉伸（拉力）、压缩（推力）、扭转（扭力）和弯曲。工程师会选择能够承受这些力的形状和材料。
Triangles are incredibly important in structures because they do not change shape easily when forces are applied. Look at bridges, cranes and roof trusses—you will see triangles everywhere. A square frame can easily be pushed into a diamond shape, but a triangle stays rigid.
三角形在结构中极其重要，因为它们受力时不易变形。看看桥梁、起重机和屋顶桁架，你会发现三角形无处不在。一个方形框架很容易被推成菱形，但三角形却能保持刚性。
In your projects, you will test beams and towers to see how different cross-sections (solid, hollow, I‑beam) affect strength. This is why many bicycle frames are made of hollow tubes—they are strong yet light.
在你的项目中，你将测试梁和塔，观察不同的截面形状（实心、空心、工字梁）如何影响强度。这就是为什么很多自行车车架由空心管制成——它们强度高且重量轻。
9. Problem Solving and Teamwork | 问题解决与团队合作
Rarely does an engineer work completely alone. In Year 7 you will often work in small teams to tackle design challenges. This helps you learn to listen to others, share ideas and divide tasks fairly.
工程师很少完全独自工作。在七年级，你将经常以小组为单位去解决设计挑战。这有助于你学会倾听他人、分享想法并公平地分配任务。
Good teamwork starts with clear communication. Use drawings and simple notes to explain your thinking. When a problem appears, stop and brainstorm solutions together before picking the best one. Remember, every team member brings different strengths.
良好的团队合作始于清晰的沟通。用图纸和简要的笔记解释你的想法。当问题出现时，先停下来一起头脑风暴解决方案，然后再选出最佳方案。请记住，每个团队成员都有不同的优势。
A useful technique is 'plus, minus, interesting' (PMI): after building a prototype, list what was good, what could be improved and what you found interesting. This keeps feedback positive and constructive.
一个有用的方法是“优点、缺点、有趣点”（PMI）：在制作原型后，列出优点、可改进之处以及你发现的有趣之处。这能让反馈保持积极且有建设性。
10. Sustainability in Engineering | 工程中的可持续性
Engineers must think about the effect their designs have on the planet. Sustainable engineering means using materials that can be recycled or renewed, reducing waste and designing products that last a long time.
工程师必须考虑他们的设计对地球的影响。可持续工程意味着使用可回收或可再生的材料、减少浪费并设计经久耐用的产品。
When you plan a project, ask yourself: Can I use less material? Can I reuse offcuts? Is the material recyclable? Even at Year 7 level, you can make choices that are kinder to the environment. For instance, instead of using new plastic, you might salvage clean packaging for model‑making.
当你在规划一个项目时，问问自己：我能少用一些材料吗？我能再利用边角料吗？这种材料可回收吗？即使在七年级阶段，你也能做出对环境更友好的选择。例如，与其使用新塑料，不如收集干净的包装来制作模型。
Thinking about the full life cycle of a product—from raw material extraction to disposal—is called 'cradle to grave' thinking. Sustainable engineers try to move towards a 'cradle to cradle' approach, where nothing becomes waste.
思考一个产品从原材料提取到废弃的全生命周期被称为“从摇篮到坟墓”的思维。可持续工程师则努力向“从摇篮到摇篮”模式转变，在这种模式下，没有东西会成为废弃物。
11. Design Communication | 设计交流
An engineer's idea is only as good as their ability to communicate it. In Year 7 you will learn to present your designs using clear labelled sketches, 2D orthographic views and simple 3D isometric drawings.
工程师的想法再好，也需要通过有效的沟通来实现。在七年级，你将学习如何用清晰的带标注草图、二维正交视图和简单的三维等轴测图来展示你的设计。
Annotations are labels that explain features, dimensions and materials. They help anyone who looks at your drawing understand why you made certain choices. Use a sharp pencil, a ruler for straight lines and never scribble out mistakes—simply cross them out neatly.
标注是用来解释特征、尺寸和材料的标签。它们能帮助任何看到你图纸的人理解你为何做出某些选择。使用削尖的铅笔、用尺子画直线，并且不要随意涂改错误，只需整齐地划掉即可。
You might also keep a design journal or portfolio where you record your research, sketches and reflections. This is a fantastic habit that shows how your thinking develops throughout a project.
你还可以准备一个设计日志或作品集，用来记录你的研究、草图和反思。这是一个极好的习惯，能展示你在整个项目过程中的思维发展历程。
12. Getting Ready for Year 7 | 为七年级做好准备
You don't need to wait until September to start engineering. Here are some activities you can try over the summer to build your skills and excitement:
你不需要等到九月开学才开始接触工程。以下是一些你可以在暑期尝试的活动，用来锻炼技能并激发热情：
- Build a bridge challenge: Use only paper and tape to make a bridge that holds a toy car.
- Take apart an old toy: With permission, carefully disassemble a broken toy to see the mechanisms inside.
- Sketch your house: Draw the front view and label the materials you see.
- Observe structures: When you are out, notice bridges, cranes and towers—look for triangles and joints.
- Ask questions: Wonder about how things are made and why they are shaped the way they are.
- 桥梁挑战赛：只用纸和胶带制作一座能承受玩具车的桥。
- 拆解旧玩具：在获得允许后，小心地拆开一个坏掉的玩具，看看内部的机械结构。
- 画你家草图：画出房屋的正视图并标注你看到的材料。
- 观察结构：外出时留意桥梁、起重机和塔架——寻找三角形和连接点。
- 多提问：思考各种东西是如何制造的，以及为什么它们是那样的形状。
Entering the workshop for the first time is a big moment. Stay curious, follow safety rules and don't be afraid to try things out. Engineering is about learning by doing, and Year 7 is just the beginning of an exciting journey.
第一次进入工作室是一个重要的时刻。保持好奇心，遵守安全规则，不要害怕去尝试。工程学就是在做中学，而七年级仅仅是一段激动人心旅程的开始。
Published by TutorHao | Engineering Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图