📚 Year 7 CCEA Music: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference | Year 7 CCEA 音乐：公式定理速查手册
Music has its own set of formulas and theorems—rules that help us read, write, and understand musical language. This quick reference handbook is designed for Year 7 CCEA Music students. It covers essential rhythmic notation, pitch patterns, scale structures, key signatures, intervals, chords, and expressive markings. Every 'theorem' is a musical principle you can apply like a formula.
音乐也有自己的公式和定理——它们是帮助我们读谱、写谱和理解音乐语言的规则。这本速查手册是为 Year 7 CCEA 音乐学生编写的。内容包括最基础的节奏记谱、音高模式、音阶结构、调号、音程、和弦以及表情记号。书中的每一条‘定理’都是一个你可以像公式一样套用的音乐原理。
1. Note Values and Rest Equivalents | 音符与休止符时值公式
Each note value has a corresponding rest of equal duration. The semibreve (whole note) is the longest basic value we use at this level. All other notes are fractional divisions of the semibreve: a minim is half a semibreve, a crotchet is a quarter, a quaver is an eighth, and a semiquaver is a sixteenth.
每种音符都有对应时值的休止符。全音符是我们目前使用的最长基本时值。其他音符都是全音符的分数倍：二分音符是半全音符，四分音符是四分之一，八分音符是八分之一，十六分音符是十六分之一。
| Note / 音符 | English Name | Duration (relative to semibreve) | Rest / 休止符 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 𝅝 | Semibreve / 全音符 | 1 | 𝄻 |
| 𝅗𝅥 | Minim / 二分音符 | 1/2 | 𝄼 |
| 𝅘𝅥 | Crotchet / 四分音符 | 1/4 | 𝄽 |
| 𝅘𝅥𝅮 | Quaver / 八分音符 | 1/8 | 𝄾 |
| 𝅘𝅥𝅯 | Semiquaver / 十六分音符 | 1/16 | 𝅀 |
Formula: Total duration in a bar = sum of all note and rest values, matching the time signature's beat count.
公式： 一个小节的总时值 = 所有音符与休止符时值之和，必须与拍号规定的拍数一致。
2. Dotted Notes and Ties | 附点与连线公式
A dot placed after a note increases its duration by half of the original value. This is a straightforward additive formula. A tie connects two notes of the same pitch, adding their lengths together so they are played as one sustained sound.
写在音符后面的附点会将其时值增加原有的一半。这是一个简单的加法公式。连线将两个相同音高的音符连接起来，把它们的时值相加，演奏成一个持续的长音。
Dotted note duration = note value + (1/2 × note value)
附点音符时值 = 音符时值 + (1/2 × 音符时值)
- Dotted minim = 2 + 1 = 3 crotchet beats / 附点二分音符 = 2 + 1 = 3 拍 (以四分音符为一拍)
- Dotted crotchet = 1 + 0.5 = 1.5 crotchet beats = 3 quavers / 附点四分音符 = 1 + 0.5 = 1.5 拍 = 3 个八分音符
- Tied notes: duration = note₁ + note₂ + ... / 连音线：总时值 = 音符₁ 时值 + 音符₂ 时值 + ...
3. Time Signature Theorems | 拍号定理
The time signature appears at the beginning of a piece, right after the clef and key signature. The top number indicates how many beats are in each bar. The bottom number tells you which note value counts as one beat.
拍号出现在乐曲开头，位于谱号和调号之后。上面的数字表示每小节有几拍。下面的数字指明以哪一种音符为一拍。
r = 4, one beat = crotchet (1/4 note). If bottom number = 8, one beat = quaver (1/8 note).
若下数字为 4，则一拍为四分音符 (1/4)；若下数字为 8，则一拍为八分音符 (1/8)。
| Time Signature / 拍号 | Beats per Bar / 每小节拍数 | Beat Unit / 拍的单位 | Typical Accent Pattern / 典型强弱规律 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2/4 | 2 | Crotchet / 四分音符 | Strong - weak / 强 弱 |
| 3/4 | 3 | Crotchet / 四分音符 | Strong - weak - weak / 强 弱 弱 |
| 4/4 | 4 | Crotchet / 四分音符 | Strong - weak - medium - weak / 强 弱 次强 弱 |
| 6/8 | 6 quavers grouped in two | Quaver / 八分音符 | Strong (1st quaver) - weak ... strong (4th quaver) - weak / 强 弱 弱 次强 弱 弱 |
Theorem: In simple time (2/4, 3/4, 4/4), each beat is naturally divisible by 2. In compound time (6/8), each beat is a dotted crotchet felt in two main pulses.
定理： 在单拍子 (2/4, 3/4, 4/4) 中，每一拍自然可以分成两个半拍。在复拍子 (6/8) 中，每一大拍为附点四分音符，整体可感知为两大拍。
4. Accidentals and Semitone Formula | 变音记号与半音
Accidentals alter a note's pitch. A sharp (♯) raises the note by one semitone; a flat (♭) lowers it by one semitone; a natural (♮) cancels any previous accidental. On a keyboard, a semitone is the distance between any two immediately adjacent keys.
变音记号会改变音符的音高。升号 (♯) 将音符升高一个半音；降号 (♭) 将音符降低一个半音；还原号 (♮) 取消此前的任何变音。在键盘上，半音是任意两个紧邻琴键之间的距离。
- C to C♯ = ascending semitone / 上行半音
- E to E♭ = descending semitone / 下行半音
- E to F and B to C are natural semitones (no black key between) / E 到 F 和 B 到 C 是自然半音（中间没有黑键）
- Double sharp (×) = raise by two semitones; double flat (𝄫) = lower by two semitones (rare in Year 7) / 重升 (×) = 升高两个半音；重降 (𝄫) = 降低两个半音（Year 7 较少用）
5. Major Scale Formula | 大调音阶公式
Every major scale follows the same pattern of tones (T) and semitones (S). A tone equals two semitones. The formula is exactly the same regardless of the starting note.
每一条大调音阶都遵循完全相同的全音 (T) 和半音 (S) 模式。一个全音等于两个半音。无论从哪个音开始，公式都是一样的。
T - T - S - T - T - T - S
全 - 全 - 半 - 全 - 全 - 全 - 半
Example: C major scale / 例：C 大调音阶
C [T] D [T] E [S] F [T] G [T] A [T] B [S] C
To build a major scale starting on any pitch, apply the interval pattern: tone from 1st to 2nd, tone from 2nd to 3rd, semitone from 3rd to 4th, tone from 4th to 5th, tone from 5th to 6th, tone from 6th to 7th, semitone from 7th to octave.
要构建任何大调音阶，只需套用音程模式：第一音到第二音全音，第二到第三全音，第三到第四半音，第四到第五全音，第五到第六全音，第六到第七全音，第七到高八度主音半音。
6. Key Signatures Quick Lookup | 调号速查
A key signature tells you which notes are to be played sharp or flat consistently throughout the piece. It appears directly after the clef. Sharps and flats are always written in a fixed order on the stave.
调号会告诉你乐曲中哪些音符将一直升降。它写在谱号之后。升号和降号在五线谱上总是按照固定顺序排列。
Sharp keys order / 升号调顺序: Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle (F♯, C♯, G♯, D♯, A♯, E♯, B♯)
Flat keys order / 降号调顺序: Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles's Father (B♭, E♭, A♭, D♭, G♭, C♭, F♭)
| Key Signature / 调号 | Major Key / 大调 | Sharps/Flats / 升降号 |
|---|---|---|
| 0 sharps or flats | C major | None / 无 |
| 1 sharp | G major | F♯ |
| 2 sharps | D major | F♯, C♯ |
| 3 sharps | A major | F♯, C♯, G♯ |
| 1 flat | F major | B♭ |
| 2 flats | B♭ major | B♭, E♭ |
Quick rule / 快速法则: For the last sharp, go up one semitone to name the major key. For the last flat, take the second-to-last flat as the key (except F major with one flat).
快速法则： 对于升号调，最后一个升号升高半音即为大调主音。对于降号调，倒数第二个降号即为调名（一个降号的 F 大调除外）。
7. Interval Calculations | 音程计算
An interval is the distance in pitch between two notes. We measure it by counting letter names (the number) and then by counting semitones to determine quality (perfect, major, minor).
音程是两个音之间在音高上的距离。我们通过数音名来确定度数，再计算半音数来确定性质（纯、大、小等）。
| Interval / 音程 | Semitones / 半音数 | Example (from C) / 示例 (从 C 开始) |
|---|---|---|
| Perfect unison / 纯一度 | 0 | C - C |
| Major 2nd / 大二度 | 2 | C - D |
| Major 3rd / 大三度 | 4 | C - E |
| Perfect 4th / 纯四度 | 5 | C - F |
| Perfect 5th / 纯五度 | 7 | C - G |
| Major 6th / 大六度 | 9 | C - A |
| Major 7th / 大七度 | 11 | C - B |
| Perfect octave / 纯八度 | 12 | C - C' |
Formula: ced by one semitone. Perfect intervals remain perfect; if reduced by a semitone, they become diminished.
公式： 小音程 = 大音程减少一个半音。纯音程保持纯；若减少一个半音，则变为减音程。
8. Triad Chord Construction | 三和弦构建公式
A triad is a three-note chord built by stacking two thirds on top of a root note. The quality of a triad (major or minor) depends on the intervals between these notes.
三和弦是由三个音叠加而成的和弦，在根音上方堆叠两个三度。三和弦的性质（大或小）取决于这些音之间的音程。
| Triad / 三和弦 | Intervals from root / 距根音音程 | Semitone pattern / 半音结构 |
|---|---|---|
| Major / 大三和弦 | Root - major 3rd - perfect 5th | 0 - 4 - 7 semitones |
| Minor / 小三和弦 | Root - minor 3rd - perfect 5th | 0 - 3 - 7 semitones |
In C major, the tonic triad is C-E-G (C major triad). In A minor, the tonic triad is A-C-E (A minor triad). You can build a major triad by taking the 1st, 3rd and 5th notes of any major scale. For a minor triad, lower the 3rd by a semitone.
在 C 大调中，主三和弦是 C-E-G (C 大三和弦)。在 a 小调中，主三和弦是 A-C-E (a 小三和弦)。你只需取任何大调音阶的第1、3、5级音即可构成大三和弦。要得到小三和弦，将三级音降低半音即可。
9. Tempo and Dynamics Quick Formulae | 速度与力度速记公式
Tempo marks tell us how fast or slow the music should be played. They are usually written in Italian at the top of the score. Dynamics indicate the volume level and its changes.
速度记号告诉我们音乐应该演奏得多快或多慢。它们通常用意大利语写在乐谱上方。力度记号则标明音量的强弱及变化。
| Term / 术语 | Meaning / 含义 | Approx. BPM / 参考速度 |
|---|---|---|
| Largo | Very slow and broad / 非常缓慢宽广 | 40–60 |
| Adagio | Slow and stately / 缓慢庄严 | 66–76 |
| Andante | Walking pace / 行板 | 76–108 |
| Moderato | Moderate speed / 中板 | 108–120 |
| Allegro | Fast, lively / 快板 | 120–168 |
| Presto | Very fast / 急板 | 168–200 |
Dynamic symbols (soft to loud): pp (pianissimo, very soft), p (piano, soft), mp (mezzo-piano, moderately soft), mf (mezzo-forte, moderately loud), f (forte, loud), ff (fortissimo, very loud). Crescendo (cresc. or <) means gradually getting louder; diminuendo (dim. or >) means gradually getting softer.
力度符号（由弱到强）：pp (pianissimo, 很弱), p (piano, 弱), mp (mezzo-piano, 中弱), mf (mezzo-forte, 中强), f (forte, 强), ff (fortissimo, 很强)。渐强 (cresc. 或 <) 表示逐渐变强；渐弱 (dim. 或 >) 表示逐渐变弱。
10. Articulation and Expression Marks | 演奏法与表情记号
Articulation tells you how to attack or shape individual notes. Combined with dynamics and tempo, these marks bring the music to life.
演奏法告诉你如何处理单个音符的触键或音与音之间的连接。它们与力度和速度配合，让音乐充满活力。
- Staccato / 断奏: A dot above or below the note head. Play the note short and detached. / 音符上方或下方加点。演奏得短促、分离。
- Legato / 连奏: A curved phrase mark (slur). Play the notes smoothly connected. / 用连音线标示。将音符圆滑地连接演奏。
- Accent (> or sfz) / 重音: Emphasise the note with extra force. / 对某个音施加额外强调。
- Tenuto (–) / 保持音: Hold the note for its full value, sometimes with slight weight. / 充分保持音符时值，有时略带压力。
- Fermata (𝄐) / 延长记号: Pause and hold the note longer than written, at the performer's or conductor's discretion. / 暂停并将该音延长，超过记谱时值，由演奏者或指挥决定。
- Repeat signs / 反复记号: Two vertical dots before a double bar mean go back to the previous repeat sign or the beginning. / 双纵线前的两个竖排圆点表示返回至上一个反复记号或开头。
11. Dynamics and Tempo Change Connectors | 力度与速度变化连接公式
Gradual changes can also be expressed with terms. These act as modifiers of the basic tempo or dynamic level.
渐变也可以通过术语来表达，它们充当基本速度或力度水平的修饰语。
| Term / 术语 | Meaning / 含义 |
|---|---|
| Ritardando (rit.) / 渐慢 | Gradually slowing down / 逐渐变慢 |
| Accelerando (accel.) / 渐快 | Gradually speeding up / 逐渐加快 |
| A tempo / 回原速 | Return to the original speed / 恢复到原来的速度 |
| Crescendo (cresc.) / 渐强 | Gradually getting louder / 逐渐变强 |
| Diminuendo (dim.) / 渐弱 | Gradually getting softer / 逐渐变弱 |
12. Putting It All Together: A Quick Checklist | 综合速查清单
When you encounter a new piece of music, apply this checklist to decode it efficiently. It brings together all the
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