📚 Year 7 CCEA English Literature: Formula & Theorem Quick-Reference Handbook | 七年级 CCEA 英语文学：公式定理速查手册
In English Literature, we do not manipulate numbers, but we use 'formulas' and 'theorems' of language to unlock meaning. This handbook presents key literary devices and structural tools as repeatable formulas, helping you analyse poems, stories, and plays with confidence.
在英语文学中，我们不运算数字，但我们运用语言的“公式”和“定理”来解读意义。这本手册将关键的文学手法和结构工具总结为可反复套用的公式，帮助你自信地分析诗歌、故事和戏剧。
1. The Simile Formula | 明喻公式
A simile compares two things using the words 'like' or 'as'. The basic formula is: X is like Y or X is as ... as Y. It creates a vivid image by linking a quality to something familiar.
明喻用“像”或“如”来比较两件事物。基本公式为：X 像 Y 或 X 如 Y 一般……。它通过将特质与熟悉的事物联系起来，营造生动的意象。
Simile = Subject + 'like'/'as' + Comparative Image
明喻 = 主体 + “像”/“如” + 比较意象
Example: 'The moon shone like a silver coin.' This formula helps you prove that the poet wants to emphasise the moon's brightness and round shape.
例句：“月亮如一枚银币般闪耀。”这个公式帮你证明诗人想强调月亮的明亮与圆形。
| Component | Example |
|---|---|
| Subject | The moon |
| Connector | like |
| Image | a silver coin |
2. The Metaphor Equation | 隐喻方程式
A metaphor states that one thing IS another, without using 'like' or 'as' n: X = Y. Metaphors can be powerful because they enforce a deeper connection in the reader's mind.
隐喻直接宣称一个事物是另一个事物，不使用“像”或“如”。它是一个直接等式：X = Y。隐喻之所以有力，是因为它在读者心中强加了一种更深层的联系。
Metaphor: A is B → Quality transfer from B to A
隐喻：A 是 B → 将 B 的特质转移到 A 上
Example: 'Life is a rollercoaster.' The equation transfers the ups, downs, and unpredictability of a rollercoaster to life. When you spot a metaphor, solve the equation: what qualities of B are given to A?
例句：“人生是一场过山车。”这个等式将过山车的起伏和不可预测性转移到人生上。当你发现隐喻时，解开这个等式：B 的哪些特质被赋予了 A？
3. Personification Principle | 拟人法则
Personification gives human qualities, emotions, or actions to non-human things. The formula is: Object/Animal/Concept + Human Trait. It makes descriptions more relatable and vivid.
拟人将人类的品质、情感或行为赋予非人之物。公式为：物体/动物/概念 + 人类特质。它使描写更具共鸣感和生动性。
Personification = Non-human Entity + Human Action/Emotion
拟人 = 非人实体 + 人类动作/情感
Example: 'The wind whispered through the trees.' Here, wind (non-human) performs the human action of whispering. When analysing, ask why the writer chose that human trait – e.g., to create a gentle, secretive mood.
例句：“风在树林间低语。”这里，风（非人）执行了低语的人类动作。分析时，问问自己作者为什么选择那种人类特质——例如，为了营造温柔、神秘的氛围。
4. Sound Device Formulas: Alliteration & Onomatopoeia | 声音修辞公式：头韵与拟声词
Sound devices follow distinct formulas. Alliteration is the repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of nearby words. Onomatopoeia uses words that imitate natural sounds. These formulas add rhythm and sensory effect.
声音修辞遵循明确的公式。头韵是相邻单词开头辅音相同。拟声词使用模仿自然声音的词语。这些公式为文本增添节奏感和感官效果。
Alliteration = Word₁ + Word₂ + ... (same initial consonant sound)
头韵 = 词₁ + 词₂ + …… (相同的首辅音)
Example: 'Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.' The repeated 'p' sound creates a playful, memorable beat.
例句：“Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.”重复的“p”音营造出俏皮、易记的节拍。
Onomatopoeia = Word ≈ Actual Sound
拟声词 = 词语 ≈ 实际声音
Example: 'Buzz,' 'hiss,' 'splash.' These words make the reader hear the action, bringing the text to life.
例句：“嗡嗡”、“嘶嘶”、“哗啦”。这些词语让读者听见动作，使文本栩栩如生。
5. Rhyme and Rhythm Rules | 押韵与节奏定理
Rhyme scheme is a pattern labelled with letters. The formula: assign a new letter to each new end sound. Rhythm is the beat created by stressed and unstressed syllables. Common patterns include iambic (da-DUM) and trochaic (DUM-da).
押韵模式是用字母标记的样式。公式为：每遇到一个新的尾韵，分配一个新字母。节奏是由重读和非重读音节创造的节拍。常见模式包括抑扬格（轻-重）和扬抑格（重-轻）。
Rhyme Scheme Rule: End word sound match → Same letter
押韵规则：尾词发音相同 → 相同字母
Example: 'Star light, star bright' – light (A), bright (A) → AA rhyme scheme. Identifying rhyme helps you understand the poem's structure and mood.
例句：“Star light, star bright”—— light (A)，bright (A) → AA 押韵模式。识别押韵有助于理解诗歌的结构和情绪。
Rhythm can be felt by clapping out the syllables: da-DUM da-DUM creates a heartbeat-like pulse. This theorem explains why some lines feel calm and others feel energetic.
节奏可以通过拍手来感受：轻-重 轻-重会产生心跳般的脉搏。这条定理解释了为什么有些诗行感觉平静，而有些则充满活力。
6. Poetry Structure Theorem | 诗歌结构定理
A poem's structure works like a building's blueprint. The stanza is a group of lines, like a paragraph. A couplet has two lines; a quatrain has four. The break between stanzas signals a shift in idea or image.
诗歌结构如同一座建筑的蓝图。诗节是一组诗行，就像段落。对句有两行；四行诗节有四行。诗节间的停顿示意思想或意象的转折。
Stanza = A group of lines, separated by a blank line
诗节 = 一组诗行，由空行隔开
Example: A poem with two quatrains followed by a couplet might follow the Shakespearian sonnet structure. Recognising the formula (4-4-2) helps you anticipate a concluding argument in the couplet.
例句：一首诗由两个四行诗节加一个对句组成，可能遵循莎士比亚十四行诗的结构。识别这个公式（4-4-2）能帮你预判对句中的结论性论点。
7. Story Plot Formula | 故事情节公式
Most stories follow Freytag's Pyramid, a formula of five stages: Exposition, Rising Action, Climax, Falling Action, Resolution. This theorem helps you track how tension builds and resolves.
大多数故事遵循弗赖塔格金字塔，一个五阶段公式：开端、上升、高潮、下落、结局。这条定理帮助你追踪张力如何建立与化解。
Plot = Exposition → Rising Action → Climax → Falling Action → Resolution
情节 = 开端 → 上升 → 高潮 → 下落 → 结局
Exposition introduces characters and setting. Rising Action presents conflicts. Climax is the turning point. Falling Action shows consequences. Resolution ties up loose ends. Using this formula, you can summarise any narrative.
开端介绍人物与背景。上升阶段呈现冲突。高潮是转折点。下落阶段展现后果。结局收束线索。运用此公式，你可以概括任何叙事。
8. Character Analysis Formula | 角色分析公式
m + How they change = Characterisation. This formula reveals their motivations and traits.
角色可以通过以下公式来解码：他们说什么 + 他们做什么 + 别人如何评价他们 + 他们如何改变 = 角色塑造。这个公式揭示他们的动机和特征。
Characterisation = Speech + Actions + Others' Opinions + Development
角色塑造 = 言语 + 行动 + 他人看法 + 成长
Example: In a story, a character who shares food (action) and is described as 'kind' by others, then learns to trust, demonstrates the formula of an evolving, generous protagonist.
例句：故事中，一个分享食物的角色（行动），被他人形容为“善良”，然后学会信任，展示了一个不断成长、慷慨大度的主角公式。
9. Setting and Atmosphere Formula | 场景与氛围公式
e emotional tone created. The formula is: Setting Details + Sensory Language = Atmosphere.
场景不仅是地点；它包括时间、天气和社会背景。氛围是所营造的情感基调。公式为：场景细节 + 感官语言 = 氛围。
Atmosphere = (Place + Time + Weather) × Sensory Words
氛围
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