📚 Year 7 CCEA English: Formula & Rules Quick Reference | CCEA七年级英语：公式与规则速查手册
Welcome to your handy quick-reference guide for Year 7 CCEA English. This handbook distils the essential language formulas, grammar rules and writing strategies into bite-sized revision notes. Use it to boost your confidence in reading, writing and speaking, and keep it close for homework and exam prep.
欢迎使用这本实用的 CCEA 七年级英语速查手册。手册将核心的语言公式、语法规则和写作策略浓缩成易于消化的复习笔记，帮助你在阅读、写作和口语表达中建立信心，是做作业和备考的得力助手。
1. Parts of Speech | 词性
Every word in a sentence belongs to a family called a part of speech. Knowing these families helps you build and analyse sentences correctly.
句子中的每一个词都属于一个词性家族。掌握这些词性家族能帮助你正确地构建和分析句子。
Noun – names a person, place, thing or idea. (teacher, Belfast, river, freedom)
名词 – 命名人、地点、事物或概念。（老师、贝尔法斯特、河流、自由）
Verb – shows action or a state of being. (jump, is, become)
动词 – 表示动作或存在状态。（跳、是、变得）
Adjective – describes a noun. (blue, excited, tall)
形容词 – 修饰名词。（蓝色的、兴奋的、高的）
Adverb – describes a verb, adjective or another adverb. Often answers how, when, where or why. (quickly, very, outside)
副词 – 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，常回答“如何”“何时”“何地”“为何”。（迅速地、非常、在外面）
Pronoun – replaces a noun. (he, she, it, they)
代词 – 替代名词。（他、她、它、他们）
Preposition – shows position or relationship. (on, under, before, with)
介词 – 表示位置或关系。（在…上、在…下、在…之前、与…一起）
Conjunction – joins words, phrases or clauses. (and, but, because)
连词 – 连接单词、短语或从句。（和、但是、因为）
Interjection – expresses strong emotion. (Wow! Ouch!)
感叹词 – 表达强烈的情感。（哇！哎哟！）
2. Sentence Structure Formulas | 句子结构公式
Sentences are built on simple formulas. Learn these patterns to write clearly and accurately.
句子都有基本的构建公式。学会这些模式，就能写得清晰准确。
Simple Sentence = Subject + Verb + (Object/Complement)
Example: Lucy reads books. or It is cold.
简单句 = 主语 + 动词 +（宾语/补语）
例句：露西读书。 或 天很冷。
Compound Sentence = Independent clause + comma + coordinating conjunction + independent clause
Coordinating conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS)
Example: I like reading, and my brother enjoys drawing.
并列句 = 独立分句 + 逗号 + 并列连词 + 独立分句
并列连词：for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so（记作 FANBOYS）
例句：我喜欢读书，而我哥哥喜欢画画。
Complex Sentence = Independent clause + subordinating conjunction + dependent clause (order can swap)
Subordinating conjunctions: because, since, when, although, if, unless, while
Example: We stayed inside because it was raining.
复杂句 = 独立分句 + 从属连词 + 从属分句（顺序可调换）
从属连词：因为、自从、当…时、尽管、如果、除非、在…期间
例句：我们待在室内，因为当时正在下雨。
3. Punctuation Life-Savers | 标点符号求生指南
Punctuation marks are the traffic signals of writing. Use them to give your sentences shape and clarity.
标点符号就像写作中的交通信号，能让你的句子结构清晰、意思明确。
| Mark | Name | Rule / Use | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| . | Full stop | Ends a statement. | The cat is sleeping. |
| , | Comma | Separates items in a list; after introductory clauses; before a conjunction joining two independent clauses. | We need eggs, milk, and bread. After school, I play football. |
| ' | Apostrophe | Shows possession or contraction. Singular possessive: add 's. Plural possessive ending in s: add only '. | Mum's bag; the girls' locker room; it's = it is. |
| ? | Question mark | Ends a direct question. | What time is it? |
| ! | Exclamation mark | Shows strong feeling or a command. | Watch out! |
| " " | Quotation marks | Enclose direct speech or a title of a short work. | "I'm home," she said. |
4. Capital Letter Rules | 大写字母规则
Capital letters send clear signals. Apply these rules every time you write.
大写字母能够传递清晰的信号，每次写作时都要遵守这些规则。
Always start a sentence with a capital letter.
每个句子的第一个字母必须大写。
Proper nouns get capitals: specific names of people, places, days, months, holidays, and brands. (Shakespeare, Derry, Monday, April, Christmas)
专有名词要大写：具体的人名、地名、星期、月份、节日和品牌名称。（莎士比亚、德里、星期一、四月、圣诞节）
The pronoun 'I' is always capitalised.
代词 “I”（我）在任何位置都要大写。
Titles of books, films and songs use capitals for the main words. (The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe)
书籍、电影和歌曲的标题中，主要词汇需要大写。（《狮子、女巫和魔衣橱》）
5. Verb Tenses at a Glance | 动词时态速查
Verb tenses tell us when an action happens. Year 7 pupils need to recognise and use these four key tenses confidently.
动词时态告诉我们动作发生的时间。七年级学生应当能够自信地辨认并使用以下四种核心时态。
Simple Present – habit, fact, routine. Signal words: always, usually, every day.
Formula: base form / base form + s (third person singular)
Example: She walks to school every morning.
一般现在时 – 表示习惯、事实、常规。标志词：总是、通常、每天。
公式：动词原形 / 动词原形 + s（第三人称单数）
例句：她每天早上走路上学。
Simple Past – completed actions in the past. Signal words: yesterday, last week, ago.
Formula: regular verbs add -ed; irregular verbs change form.
Example: We visited the museum yesterday. / She went home early.
一般过去时 – 过去完成的动作。标志词：昨天、上周、…以前。
公式：规则动词加 -ed；不规则动词需要变形。
例句：我们昨天参观了博物馆。/ 她早回家了。
Simple Future – prediction or plan. Signal words: tomorrow, next year, soon.
Formula: will + base form / be going to + base form.
Example: It will rain later. / I'm going to study tomorrow.
一般将来时 – 表示预测或计划。标志词：明天、明年、很快。
公式：will + 动词原形 / be going to + 动词原形。
例句：之后会下雨。/ 我明天打算学习。
Present Perfect – past action linked to present; experiences. Signal words: ever, never, just, already, yet.
Formula: has/have + past participle.
Example: I have finished my homework.
现在完成时 – 表示过去的动作与现在有联系；经历。标志词：曾经、从未、刚刚、已经、还（没）。
公式：has/have + 过去分词。
例句：我已经做完了作业。
6. Figurative Language Formulas | 修辞手法公式
Writers use special language tricks to create pictures in the reader's mind. These 'formulas' help you analyse and write creatively.
作者使用特殊的语言技巧来在读者脑海中描绘画面。掌握这些“公式”有助于分析和创意写作。
Simile – compares two things using 'like' or 'as'.
Formula: A is as ____ as B / A is like B.
Example: Her smile was as bright as the sun.
明喻 – 使用“像”或“如”比较两个事物。
公式：A 像 B 一样 ____ / A 如同 B。
例句：她的笑容如阳光般灿烂。
Metaphor – says something is something else, not literally true but creates a strong image.
Formula: A is B.
Example: The classroom was a zoo.
暗喻 – 直接说一事物是另一事物，并非字面事实，但创造了强烈的画面。
公式：A 是 B。
例句：教室成了一个动物园。
Personification – gives human qualities to non-human things.
Formula: object + human action / emotion.
Example: The wind whispered through the trees.
拟人 – 赋予非人类事物以人的特质。
公式：物体 + 人的动作/情感。
例句：风在树间低语。
Alliteration – repetition of the first consonant sound in nearby words.
Example: The silver snake slithered silently.
头韵 – 相邻单词开头辅音音素的重复。
例句：银蛇静静地滑行。
Onomatopoeia – words that imitate sounds.
Example: buzz, crash, sizzle.
拟声词 – 模拟声音的词语。
例句：嗡嗡、哗啦、咝咝。
Hyperbole – extreme exaggeration for effect.
Example: I've told you a million times.
夸张 – 为达到效果而进行极端夸大。
例句：我都告诉你一百万遍了。
7. Paragraph Formula: P.E.E.L. | 段落公式：P.E.E.L.
Structured paragraphs make your writing clear and logical. The P.E.E.L. formula is your best friend for analytical writing and extended answers.
结构清晰的段落能让你的文章条理分明。P.E.E.L. 公式是你在分析写作和长篇回答中的最佳帮手。
P = Point – State the main idea of the paragraph in one clear sentence.
P = 观点 – 用一句清晰的话陈述段落的主要观点。
E = Evidence – Provide a quote, example or fact that supports your point.
E = 证据 – 提供引文、例子或事实来支持你的观点。
E = Explain – Explain how your evidence proves the point. Go deeper: what does it show?
E = 解释 – 解释你的证据如何证明观点。深入分析：这说明了什么？
L = Link – Link back to the overall argument or forward to the next paragraph.
L = 连接 – 将内容回扣到整体论点，或引向下一段落。
Example paragraph skeleton: Firstly, the writer creates a tense mood. For example, the phrase 'shadow swallowed the room' appears in the opening. The verb 'swallowed' personifies the darkness, making it seem alive and threatening. This directly contributes to the unsettling atmosphere set up in the story's introduction.
段落骨架示例：首先，作者营造了一种紧张的氛围。例如，开篇出现了“阴影吞噬了房间”这一短语。动词“吞噬”将黑暗拟人化，使其显得活生生的且有威胁性，这直接促成了故事引言中建立的不安气氛。
8. Connectives and Openers Bank | 连接词与开头语参考库
Connectives glue ideas together and improve the flow of your writing. Use a variety to avoid sounding repetitive.
连接词能将观点黏合在一起，改善文章的流畅度。使用多样的连接词可以避免重复单调。
Adding ideas: and, also, furthermore, moreover, in addition
增添信息： 和、也、此外、再者、另外
Contrasting: but, however, yet, although, on the other hand
比较与对比： 但是、然而、可是、尽管、另一方面
Cause and effect: because, so, therefore, as a result, consequently
因果关系： 因为、所以、因此、结果是、从而
Sequencing: firstly, next, then, after, finally
顺序： 首先、其次、然后、之后、最后
Emphasising: indeed, especially, significantly, most importantly
强调： 的确、特别是、重要的是、最为重要的是
Sentence openers can use adverbs, connectives or time words: Quickly, the door closed. / Although it was late, she continued reading. / Last summer, we travelled to Donegal.
句子开头可以使用副词、连词或时间词：迅速地，门关上了。 / 虽然很晚了，她仍继续阅读。 / 去年夏天，我们去多尼戈尔旅行了。
9. Spelling Rules Cheat Sheet | 拼写规则速查表
Many spelling errors can be avoided with a handful of reliable rules. Learn them and apply them in your proofreading.
掌握几条可靠的规则，就能避免许多拼写错误。记住它们并用在校对中。
i before e except after c when the sound is /ee/.
Examples: believe, field, receive, ceiling. Exceptions: weird, ancient.
i 在 e 之前，除非在 c 之后且发 /ee/ 音时。
例子：相信、田野、收到、天花板。例外：weird, ancient。
Adding suffixes to words ending in -y: Change y to i when adding a suffix, unless the suffix starts with i or the word is a name.
Examples: happy > happi + ness = happiness; carry > carri + ed = carried; but carry + ing = carrying.
以 -y 结尾的单词加后缀： 通常变 y 为 i，除非后缀以 i 开头或为专有名词。
例子：happy → happiness；carry → carried；但 carry + ing = carrying。
Double the final consonant when adding a vowel suffix to a one-syllable word with a single short vowel and a single consonant.
Example: run + ing = running, big + est = biggest, but run + s = runs. For longer words, double if the stress is on the last syllable: begin → beginning.
双写末尾辅音：单音节词，如果含单个短元音和单个辅音，加元音后缀时要双写辅音。
例子：run + ing = running；big + est = biggest；但 run + s = runs。多音节词若重音在最后一个音节也要双写：begin → beginning。
Drop the silent e when adding a suffix starting with a vowel. Keep the e if the suffix starts with a consonant.
Examples: hope + ing = hoping, like + able = likeable; hope + less = hopeless.
去掉不发音的 e：加元音开头的后缀时，要去掉 e。后缀以辅音开头时保留 e。
例子：hope + ing = hoping；like + able = likeable；hope + less = hopeless。
10. Reading Comprehension: P.E.E. Response | 阅读理解：P.E.E. 答题策略
When answering questions about a text, build your response using the P.E.E. structure. It keeps your answer focused and evidence-based.
在回答有关文本的问题时，使用 P.E.E. 结构组织答案，能让你的回答紧扣论点、基于证据。
Point: Answer the question directly, referring to the character, theme or mood.
观点： 直接回答问题，提及人物、主题或氛围。
Evidence: Embed a short quotation from the text. Use quotation marks and mention the line or context where possible.
证据： 从文本中嵌入简短的引用。使用引号，并尽可能提及行数或语境。
Explain: Unpack the quote. Zoom in on a word or phrase, say what it makes the reader think or feel, and link it back to the writer's purpose.
解释： 解读引文。聚焦于某个词或短语，说明它让读者产生怎样的想法或感受，并将其联系回作者的写作目的。
Example: 'The writer presents the island as mysterious. The phrase "shrouded in silver mist" uses the word "shrouded", which suggests something hidden. This makes the reader feel curious and a little uneasy, as the island seems secretive and unwelcoming.'
示例：“作者将小岛表现得十分神秘。短语‘笼罩在银色的薄雾中’使用了‘笼罩’一词，暗示有东西隐藏着。这让读者感到好奇且略带不安，因为小岛看起来隐秘且不欢迎外人。”
11. Common Prefixes and Suffixes | 常见前缀与后缀
Knowing word parts is like having a decoder tool. Prefixes and suffixes change the meanings and functions of root words.
了解单词的组成部分就像拥有一把解码钥匙。前缀和后缀能改变词根的含义和功能。
| Prefix | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| un-, im-, in-, dis- | not, opposite of | unhappy, impossible, inactive, disagree |
| re- | again, back | return, replay, rebuild |
| pre- | before | preheat, preview, prehistoric |
| sub-, under- | under, below | submarine, underground |
| super-, over- | above, beyond | superstar, overlook |
| Suffix | Effect | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| -less | without | fearless, endless |
| -ful | full of | thoughtful, joyful |
| -ness | state of being | kindness, darkness |
| -ly | in the manner of (makes adverbs from adjectives) | quickly, gently |
| -er, -est | comparative, superlative | smaller, biggest |
12. Top 5 Common Errors to Eliminate | 必须消灭的五大常见错误
Stop these habits now and your writing will instantly improve.
改掉这些习惯，你的写作水平马上就能提高。
1. Its vs. It's: <
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