📚 Year 7 CCEA History: Quick Guide to Key Terms | Year 7 CCEA 历史：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your essential vocabulary companion for Year 7 CCEA History. In your first year of secondary school history, you will encounter many new words that describe people, events, sources and ways of studying the past. This guide groups key terms into memorable themes, gives clear definitions, and offers simple tricks to help you recall them quickly. You will also find typical examples from topics such as the Norman Conquest, medieval life and the early modern period. Use this guide alongside your class notes and revision to boost your confidence and performance.
欢迎来到 Year 7 CCEA 历史的必备词汇伴侣。在中学历史的第一年，你会遇到许多描述人物、事件、资料来源和研究过去方法的新词。这份指南将关键术语分组到容易记忆的主题中，给出清晰的定义，并提供简单的窍门帮助你快速回忆。你还会看到来自诺曼征服、中世纪生活和近代早期等主题的典型例子。请将本指南与你的课堂笔记和复习结合使用，以提升自信和成绩。
1. Chronology and Time | 年代与时间
Understanding the order of events is the foundation of history. 'Chronology' means arranging dates and happenings in the sequence they occurred. When you see terms like 'BC' (Before Christ) and 'AD' (Anno Domini, meaning 'in the year of our Lord'), remember they divide the timeline around the birth of Jesus. You will also use 'century' – a period of 100 years; for example, the 11th century covers the years 1001–1100. In Year 7, you often study the Norman Conquest of 1066, which sits in the 11th century. A helpful mnemonic: older dates are 'Before Common Era' (BCE) and newer ones are 'Common Era' (CE), which means the same as BC and AD but uses more neutral language.
理解事件的顺序是历史的基础。“年代（Chronology）”指按事件发生的顺序排列日期和事件。当你看到术语'BC'（公元前，Before Christ）和'AD'（公元，Anno Domini，意为“主的年份”）时，请记住它们围绕耶稣的诞生划分时间线。你还会使用“世纪（century）”——100年的时段；例如，11世纪涵盖1001–1100年。在 Year 7，你经常学习1066年的诺曼征服，它属于11世纪。一个有用的记忆法：较古老的日期是“公元前”（BCE），较新的日期是“公元”（CE），其含义与 BC 和 AD 相同，但使用了更中性的语言。
Other time-related terms include 'decade' (10 years), 'millennium' (1000 years) and 'era', a long and distinct period of history, such as the Medieval era. Timelines are visual tools that help you see chronology at a glance. When you place events on a timeline, always check whether they belong to BC/BCE or AD/CE. For instance, the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43 is in the 1st century AD, while Ancient Egypt's pyramids were built around 2500 BC, far earlier.
其他与时间相关的术语包括“decade”（十年）、“millennium”（一千年）和“era”（时代），即一个漫长且独特的历史时期，例如中世纪时代。时间线是帮助你一眼看清年代的视觉工具。当你在时间线上放置事件时，一定要检查它们属于 BC/BCE 还是 AD/CE。例如，公元43年罗马入侵不列颠属于公元1世纪，而古埃及的金字塔建于约公元前2500年，要早得多。
2. Sources and Evidence | 资料与证据
Historians build their knowledge from sources. A 'source' ides information about the past. Your Year 7 teacher will introduce you to the main types: 'primary source' and 'secondary source'. A primary source comes from the time you are studying – rimary sources; textbooks, documentaries and articles written by modern historians are examples. Try the hand trick: primary source = produced at the time; hold up one finger to remind yourself it is directly from the period. Secondary = second-hand information; show two fingers.
历史学家从资料中构建知识。“资料（source）”指任何提供过去信息的材料。你的 Year 7 老师会向你介绍主要类型：“原始资料（primary source）”和“二手资料（secondary source）”。原始资料来自你所研究的时期——可能是日记、信件、照片、武器、城堡遗址，甚至是那个时期绘制的漫画。二手资料是后来利用原始资料创作的；教科书、纪录片和现代历史学家撰写的文章都是例子。试试手势记忆法：primary source = 当时产生的；举起一根手指提醒自己它直接来自那个时期。Secondary = 二手信息；举起两根手指。
When you examine a source, you need to evaluate its 'reliability' (can we trust it?) and its 'usefulness' (does it help us answer a question?). Ask yourself: Who made it? Why was it made? Is it biased? 'Bias' means having a one-sided view. For example, a chronicle written by a Norman monk after the Conquest might show bias towards William the Conqueror. 'Propaganda' is a form of biased communication designed to influence people's opinions, like the Bayeux Tapestry, which many historians think presents the Norman version of events.
当你分析一份资料时，你需要评估它的“可靠性（reliability）”（我们能相信它吗？）和“有用性（usefulness）”（它有助于我们回答某个问题吗？）。问问自己：谁制作的？为何制作？它有偏见吗？“偏见（bias）”指带有片面的观点。例如，诺曼征服后由诺曼修士编写的编年史可能对征服者威廉表现出偏见。“宣传（propaganda）”是一种旨在影响人们观点的带有偏见的沟通形式，比如贝叶挂毯，许多历史学家认为它呈现了诺曼人对事件的描述。
3. Types of Historical Sources | 历史资料的类型
In Year 7 you will work with different formats. 'Artefacts' are objects made by humans, such as coins, pottery, tools and jewellery. 'Documents' include written or printed records like charters, laws and letters. 'Oral evidence' means spoken accounts, often passed down through generations, like stories told in families. 'Visual sources' are images – paintings, mosaics, photographs and films. Each type has strengths and weaknesses. An artefact, for instance, can tell us about daily life but might not explain why something happened. A letter might reveal personal feelings but could be very subjective.
在 Year 7，你会接触不同形式的资料。“人工制品（artefacts）”是人类制造的物品，如钱币、陶器、工具和珠宝。“文献（documents）”包括书面或印刷记录，如特许状、法律和信件。“口述证据（oral evidence）”指口头叙述，通常代代相传，比如家族中流传的故事。“视觉资料（visual sources）”是图像——绘画、镶嵌画、照片和电影。每种类型都有优点和弱点。例如，一件人工制品可以告诉我们日常生活的情况，但可能无法解释某件事为何发生。一封信件或许能揭示个人感受，但可能非常主观。
The Bayeux Tapestry is a famous visual source that combines images with Latin text; it is not really a tapestry but an embroidery. When you study Norman England, you will use it to discuss how Harold Godwinson died – whether an arrow hit his eye or he was cut down by knights. Always consider the purpose: the tapestry was probably made for William's half-brother, Bishop Odo, to celebrate the Norman victory, so it may exaggerate or omit details.
贝叶挂毯是一种著名的视觉资料，结合了图像与拉丁文；它实际上不是挂毯，而是刺绣。当你学习诺曼英格兰时，你会用它来讨论哈罗德·戈德温森是如何死亡的——是被箭射中眼睛还是被骑士砍倒。始终要考虑目的：挂毯很可能是为威廉的同母异父兄弟奥多主教制作的，以庆祝诺曼人的胜利，因此它可能夸大或省略细节。
4. Empires and Civilisations | 帝国与文明
An 'empire' is a group of countries or territories ruled by a single monarch or government. In Year 7, you might learn about the Roman Empire or the British Empire later. A 'civilisation' is a more advanced state of human society with a high level of culture, science, industry and government. Key features often include: cities, organised religion, writing systems, social classes and monumental architecture. When you remember the word 'civilisation', think of the Latin word 'civis', meaning citizen – people organised in cities.
"帝国（empire）"是由单一君主或政府统治的一群国家或领土。在 Year 7，你可能会学到罗马帝国或后来的大英帝国。“文明（civilisation）”是人类社会更高级的状态，具有高水平的文化、科学、工业和政府。关键特征通常包括：城市、有组织的宗教、书写系统、社会阶级和纪念性建筑。当你记“civilisation”这个词时，想想拉丁语“civis”，意为公民——即在城市中组织起来的人们。
The term 'feudal system' appears frequently. In Norman England, William the Conqueror introduced a hierarchy of landholding and loyalty: the king gave land to his barons, who gave land to knights, who controlled peasants (villeins). This entire system is often called 'feudalism'. Memorise the pyramid shape: king at the top, then barons, knights, and peasants at the bottom. The peasants worked the land in return for protection; they were not slaves but were bound to the lord's estate.
“封建制度（feudal system）”一词经常出现。在诺曼英格兰，征服者威廉引入了土地持有与效忠的等级制度：国王把土地分给男爵，男爵把土地分给骑士，骑士控制农民（维兰）。这整个体系通常被称为“封建主义”。记住金字塔形状：国王在顶端，然后是男爵、骑士，农民在底部。农民为获得保护而耕种土地；他们不是奴隶，但被束缚在领主的庄园上。
5. Medieval Society and Roles | 中世纪社会与角色
Medieval means 'middle age', the period roughly from the 5th to the 15th century. In CCEA Year 7, you will explore life in the Middle Ages. Important social terms include 'monarch' (king or queen), 'nobility' (lords and barons), 'clergy' (church officials, priests and bishops), 'knights' (warriors on horseback) and 'peasants' (farm workers). Peasants could be free or unfree; 'villeins' were unfree peasants who owed labour service to the lord. 'Serf' is a similar term used elsewhere. Think of the memory phrase: 'Monks, monarchs, men-at-arms' to recall the main groups.
中世纪（Medieval）意为“中间的年代”，大致从5世纪到15世纪。在 CCEA Year 7，你将探索中世纪的生活。重要的社会术语包括“君主（monarch）”（国王或女王）、“贵族（nobility）”（领主和男爵）、“神职人员（clergy）”（教会官员、神父和主教）、“骑士（knights）”（马背上的战士）和“农民（peasants）”（农场工人）。农民可以是自由的或不自由的；“维兰（villeins）”是不自由的农民，需为领主服劳役。“农奴（serf）”是其他地区使用的类似术语。试试记忆短语：“Monks, monarchs, men-at-arms”来回忆主要群体。
The 'manor' was the lord's estate, including the village, fields and church. 'Tithe' was a tenth of a peasant's produce given to the Church. The 'Domesday Book' (1086) is a huge survey of land, people and animals in England ordered by William I. It got its name because people said it was like the Day of Judgement – no one could escape its record. Use the slogan 'Doom' to remember it, but note it was not about punishment, just accurate recording.
“庄园（manor）”是领主的产业，包括村庄、田地和教堂。“什一税（tithe）”是农民将产出的十分之一交给教会。《末日审判书》（Domesday Book，1086年）是威廉一世下令对英格兰土地、人口和牲畜进行的庞大调查。它得名是因为人们说它像审判日——无人能逃脱其记录。用关键词“末日（Doom）”来记忆，但注意它并非关于惩罚，只是精确的记录。
6. Norman Conquest Key Words | 诺曼征服关键词
The year 1066 is central to Year 7 CCEA History. Terms you must know: 'heir' – a person entitled to inherit the throne; 'succession' – the process of taking over the throne; 'claimant' – someone who says they have the right to the crown. In 1066, there were four main claimants: Harold Godwinson, William of Normandy, Harald Hardrada and Edgar the Aetheling. 'Witan' was the council of powerful nobles who advised the Anglo-Saxon king and had a role in choosing the next king. After King Edward the Confessor died, the Witan chose Harold as king, but William invaded, leading to the Battle of Hastings.
1066年是 Year 7 CCEA 历史的核心。你必须知道的术语：“继承人（heir）”——有权继承王位的人；“继承（succession）”——接替王位的过程；“宣称者（claimant）”——声称有权获得王冠的人。1066年有四位主要宣称者：哈罗德·戈德温森、诺曼底的威廉、哈拉尔·哈德拉达和埃德加·埃德林。“贤人会议（Witan）”是强大贵族组成的委员会，为盎格鲁-撒克逊国王提供建议，并在选择下一任国王方面发挥作用。忏悔者爱德华国王去世后，贤人会议选择哈罗德为国王，但威廉入侵，导致了黑斯廷斯战役。
Battle-related words: 'shield wall' – a defensive formation where soldiers stand shoulder to shoulder with shields overlapping; 'cavalry' – soldiers fighting on horseback (Norman strength); 'feigned retreat' – pretending to run away to draw the enemy out of position, a tactic used by William's forces. 'Harold's death' is hotly debated: was he killed by an arrow in the eye, or by Norman knights? The Tapestry shows both. The phrase 'eye of the needle' is a useful mnemonic for the arrow story.
与战役有关的词汇：“盾墙（shield wall）”——士兵肩并肩站立、盾牌重叠的防御阵型；“骑兵（cavalry）”——在马背上作战的士兵（诺曼人的优势）；“佯退（feigned retreat）”——假装逃跑以诱使敌人离开阵地，是威廉军队使用的战术。“哈罗德之死”争议激烈：他到底是眼睛中箭而死，还是被诺曼骑士所杀？挂毯两种都描绘了。“针眼（eye of the needle）”这个短语是对箭矢故事的助记。
7. Religion and the Church | 宗教与教会
The Church was extremely powerful in medieval Europe. 'Pope' – the head of the Roman Catholic Church; 'Archbishop' – a senior bishop in charge of a province (e.g. Archbishop of Canterbury); 'Monastery' – a building where monks live, work and pray; 'Convent' or 'nunnery' – for nuns. 'Monks' were men who devoted their lives to God, often copying manuscripts. 'Pilgrimage' was a journey to a holy place, such as Canterbury Cathedral, to show devotion. A 'relic' was a holy object, often part of a saint's body or clothing, kept in a 'reliquary' (decorated container). Recall 'pilgrim' with the rhyming word 'pilgrimage = trip to image' to help you remember it often involved seeing a relic or statue.
教会在中世纪欧洲非常强大。“教皇（Pope）”——罗马天主教会的领袖；“大主教（Archbishop）”——掌管一个教省的高级主教（如坎特伯雷大主教）；“修道院（Monastery）”——修士居住、工作和祈祷的建筑；“女修道院（Convent）”或“尼院”——修女居住的地方。“修士（Monks）”是奉献一生给上帝的人，经常抄写手稿。“朝圣（pilgrimage）”是前往圣地的旅程，如坎特伯雷大教堂，以示虔诚。“圣物（relic）”是神圣的物品，常为圣人的身体或衣物的一部分，保存在“圣物箱（reliquary）”（装饰容器）中。用押韵词“pilgrimage = trip to image”来帮助你记住它往往涉及瞻仰圣物或圣像。
'Excommunication' meant being expelled from the Church, a terrifying punishment because people believed they would not go to heaven. The 'Crusades' were military expeditions to capture the Holy Land. One key Year 7 topic may be the 'Murder of Thomas Becket' in 1170. Becket was Archbishop of Canterbury who quarrelled with King Henry II over Church rights. Four knights killed him in his own cathedral. The terms 'chancellor' (Becket was once Henry's chancellor), 'exile' (Becket fled to France) and 'shrine' (his tomb became a pilgrimage site) are vital.
“绝罚（excommunication）”意味着被逐出教会，是一种可怕的惩罚，因为人们相信被绝罚者将无法进入天堂。“十字军东征（Crusades）”是为夺取圣地的军事远征。Year 7 的一个关键主题可能是1170年的“托马斯·贝克特谋杀案”。贝克特是坎特伯雷大主教，因教会权利与国王亨利二世争吵。四名骑士在他的大教堂内杀害了他。术语“掌玺大臣（chancellor）”（贝克特曾是亨利的掌玺大臣）、“流亡（exile）”（贝克特逃往法国）和“圣祠（shrine）”（他的墓地成为朝圣地）至关重要。
8. Castles and Defence | 城堡与防御
William the Conqueror built castles to control the Anglo-Saxon population. A 'motte-and-bailey' castle was an early Norman design: a 'motte' was a mound with a wooden keep on top; the 'bailey' was an enclosed courtyard below, surrounded by a palisade (wooden fence) and a ditch. 'Stone keep' placed wooden ones; the White Tower in the Tower of London is a famous example. Key parts: 'battlements' (crenellations) at the top for archers, 'portcullis' (heavy grilled gate), 'drawbridge', 'moat' (water-filled ditch), and 'murder holes' (openings to drop rocks or boiling water on attackers). Use the formula: 'Moat + Murder holes = M&M defence' to remember two features.
征服者威廉修建城堡以控制盎格鲁-撒克逊人口。“麦西亚式城堡（motte-and-bailey）”是早期诺曼式设计：“麦西亚（motte）”是一个带有木质主楼的小丘；“贝利（bailey）”是下方用木栅栏和壕沟围起来的庭院。“石制主楼城堡（stone keep）”取代了木质城堡；伦敦塔中的白塔是一个著名例子。关键部位：顶部的“城垛（battlements）”（雉堞）供弓箭手使用、“吊闸（portcullis）”（沉重的铁栅门）、“吊桥（drawbridge）”、“护城河（moat）”（注水的壕沟）和“杀人孔（murder holes）”（向下投掷石块或沸水的开口）。利用公式：“Moat + Murder holes = M&M 防御”来记住两个特征。
When under attack, a 'siege' occurred: the surrounding army cut off supplies to force surrender. 'Mangonel' and 'trebuchet' were siege engines that hurled stones. 'Battering ram' was used to smash gates. A castle's defenders would use 'arrow slits' (narrow windows) to shoot without being easily hit. The sentence 'Trebuchet trumps timber' reminds you that heavier stone projectiles could destroy wooden defences.
遭受攻击时便会发生“围城（siege）”：围城军队切断补给以迫使投降。“投石机（mangonel）”和“抛石机（trebuchet）”是投掷石块的攻城器械。“攻城槌（battering ram）”用于撞击城门。城堡的守军使用“箭孔（arrow slits）”（窄窗）射击而不易被击中。句子“Trebuchet trumps timber”（抛石机胜过木材）提醒你较重的石弹能摧毁木质防御。
9. Government and Law | 政府与法律
Kings in the Middle Ages did not rule alone. The 'Curia Regis' (King's Council) was a group of advisers. The 'Great Council' grew into 'Parliament' – gathering of barons, bishops and later knights and burgesses to discuss taxes and laws. A 'charter' was a written grant of rights, like the 'Magna Carta' (1215). Magna Carta is Latin for 'Great Charter' rial, justice would not be sold, and new taxes needed the consent of the council. Think of 'Magna Carta = My Card' to imagine the king having his rights card checked.
中世纪的国王并非独自统治。“王廷（Curia Regis）”（国王会议）是一群顾问。“大会议（Great Council）”后来发展为“议会（Parliament）”——由男爵、主教以及后来的骑士和市民组成的集会，以讨论税收和法律。“特许状（charter）”是书面的权利授予，例如《大宪章》（Magna Carta，1215年）。大宪章是拉丁语“Great Charter”之意；约翰国王被迫签署，限制了王权。学习三项主要承诺：未经公正审判，任何自由人不得被监禁；公平审判不得被出售；征收新税需征得会议同意。想象“Magna Carta = My Card”，仿佛国王的权利卡被检查。
Another term is 'assize' – a court session and also the name of laws issued by Henry II. 'Common law' meant law that was the same throughout the whole country, created by royal judges who travelled England. 'Outlaw' was someone declared outside the law's protection; Robin Hood is the legendary outlaw. A 'jury' is a group of local people who swore an oath to give a truthful verdict. The phrase 'Justice under the oak' helps you remember that early courts often met outside, like under an oak tree.
另一个术语是“巡回法庭（assize）”——一种法庭庭审，也是亨利二世颁布的法律的名称。“普通法（common law）”指通行全国的法律，由巡游英格兰的皇家法官创立。“法外之徒（outlaw）”指被宣布不受法律保护的人；罗宾汉就是传说中的法外之徒。“陪审团（jury）”是一组立誓做出真实裁决的当地人。短语“橡树下的正义（Justice under the oak）”帮助你记住早期的法庭常在室外开庭，如在橡树下。
10. Disease and Medicine | 疾病与医学
Year 7 often looks at the Black Death (1348–1349), one of the worst pandemics in history. 'Plague' spread by fleas on rats; symptoms included 'buboes' (swellings), hence 'bubonic plague'. 'Epidemic' means a rapid spread of disease in a community; 'pandemic' means a very widespread epidemic, covering multiple countries. People in the Middle Ages did not understand the true cause; many believed it was God's punishment or caused by 'miasma' (bad air). 'Flagellants' were people who whipped themselves to ask God's forgiveness. The phrase 'Ring around the rosy' is sometimes linked to the plague: 'pocket full of posies' refers to carrying herbs to ward off the smell.
Year 7 常常探讨黑死病（1348–1349年），历史上最严重的瘟疫之一。“瘟疫（plague）”通过老鼠身上的跳蚤传播；症状包括“腹股沟淋巴结炎（buboes）”（肿块），因此得名“腺鼠疫（bubonic plague）”。“流行病（epidemic）”指疾病在一个社区中迅速传播；“大流行病（pandemic）”指非常广泛、覆盖多个国家的流行病。中世纪的人们不了解真正的原因；许多人相信这是上帝的惩罚，或由“瘴气（miasma）”（坏空气）导致。“鞭笞者（flagellants）”是鞭打自己以求上帝宽恕的人。童谣“Ring around the rosy”有时与瘟疫有关：“pocket full of posies”指携带香草以抵挡臭味。
Consequences: huge population drop, labour shortage, and the end of serfdom for many peasants who could demand wages. The term 'Peasants' Revolt' (1381) partly relates to the social changes after the Black Death. When revising, link 'shortage' with 'higher wages' using the rhyme: 'Fewer hands, more demands.'
后果：人口大幅减少，劳动力短缺，许多农民农奴制结束，因为他们可以要求工资。“农民起义（Peasants' Revolt）”（1381年）部分与黑死病后的社会变化有关。复习时，可用押韵方法将“短缺”与“更高工资”联系起来：“Fewer hands, more demands.”
11. The Tudors and Early Modern Terms | 都铎王朝与近代早期术语
your CCEA scheme, you may start looking at the early modern period, especially the Tudors. 'Monarch' remains key; Henry VIII is famous for his six wives. 'Reformation' ch. In England, Henry VIII broke with the pope because he wanted a divorce; he created the 'Church of England' with himself as 'Supreme Head'. 'Dissolution of the monasteries' (1536– meant the closure of monasteries and the confiscation of their land and wealth. Remember: 'Dissolution = Dissolving the monasteries' – they literally ceased to exist.
根据你的 CCEA 课程安排，你可能开始学习近代早期，特别是都铎王朝。“君主（monarch）”依然是关键；亨利八世以六位妻子闻名。“宗教改革（Reformation）”是产生新教教会、脱离罗马天主教会的宗教变革术语。在英格兰，亨利八世为求离婚与教皇决裂；他创建了“英格兰教会（Church of England）”，自任“最高首脑（Supreme Head）”。“解散修道院（Dissolution of the monasteries）”（1536–1541年）意味着关闭修道院并没收其土地与财富。请记住：“Dissolution = Dissolving the monasteries”——它们确实不复存在了。
'Renaissance' (meaning rebirth) was a cultural movement that started in Europe, focusing on the revival of classical learning and art. In England, it influenced literature, with William Shakespeare as the most famous playwright. 'Exploration' terms: 'circumnavigate' (to sail all the way around the world), 'colony' (a territory settled and controlled by a distant country), and 'empire' building by Spain and Portugal. Sir Francis Drake was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe. Think of 'Drake the Snake' to remember his voyages around the world – snakes curl into loops!
“文艺复兴（Renaissance）”（意为再生）是一场始于欧洲的文化运动，专注于古典学问和艺术的复兴。在英格兰，它影响了文学，威廉·莎士比亚是最著名的剧作家。“探险”术语：“环球航行（circumnavigate）”（航行绕世界一周）、“殖民地（colony）”（由远方国家定居和控制的领土），以及西班牙和葡萄牙的“帝国”建设。弗朗西斯·德雷克爵士是第一个完成环球航行的英国人。想象“Drake the Snake（蛇）”，帮助记忆他绕世界的航行——蛇会盘成圈！
12. Revision Tricks for Key Terms | 关键术语复习技巧
r rhyme on the other. For example, draw a shield wall as a hard line of shields, and write 'Shield wall = shoulder to shoulder'. Group words into categories: 'People', 'Places', 'Events', 'Concepts'. Play the 'match the pair' ns on game: write terms and definitions on separate cards, mix them up and race to pair them correctly. Sound out tricky words: 'chronology' (kruh-NOL-uh-jee) – break it into 'chrono' (time) + 'logy' (study of).
要把这些术语锁进你的长期记忆，请使用主动方法。制作抽认卡，一面写术语，另一面画简单的图画或押韵。例如，画一条由盾牌组成的坚固防线，写上“Shield wall = 肩并肩”。将词语分组归类：“人物”、“地点”、“事件”、“概念”。玩“配对”游戏：将术语和定义写在不同的卡片上，打乱后比赛正确配对。拼出发音难词：“chronology”（kruh-NOL-uh-jee）——拆成‘chrono’（时间）+ ‘logy’（学科）。
Use acronyms for lists: for the four claimants to the throne in 1066, think 'H HEL-W' – Harold, Hardrada, Edgar, and William. For castle features, create a silly sentence like: 'Big Purple Dragons Make Mud Cakes' – Battlements, Portcullis, Drawbridge, Moat, Murder holes, Crenellations. Test yourself by explaining a term without saying the word, having a partner guess. The more you speak, write and draw these terms, the faster they will stick. Remember, history vocabulary is your toolkit; once you know the words, the stories of the past come alive.
利用首字母缩写记忆列表：对于1066年的四位王位宣称者，想想‘H HEL-W’——Harold, Hardrada, Edgar, and William（哈罗德、哈德拉达、埃德加、威廉）。对于城堡特征，造一个荒谬的句子：“Big Purple Dragons Make Mud Cakes”——城垛、吊闸、吊桥、护城河、杀人孔、雉堞。通过解释词语而不说出术语、让同伴猜来进行自我测试。你说、写、画这些术语越多，它们就记得越快。记住，历史词汇是你的工具箱；一旦你掌握了这些词语，过去的故事便栩栩如生。
Published by TutorHao | History Revision Series | aleveler.com
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