📚 Year 7 WJEC Engineering: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | Year 7 WJEC 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Building a strong foundation in engineering begins with mastering the essential words that describe materials, tools, processes and safety. This guide provides clear, paired English and Chinese definitions for the key terms you will meet in Year 7 WJEC Engineering, helping you to lock them into your long-term memory through repetition and real-world association.
工程学的坚实基础始于掌握描述材料、工具、工艺和安全的核心词汇。本指南为Year 7 WJEC工程课程中的关键术语提供了清晰的中英对照释义，通过重复和与真实情境的联想，帮助你将这些词汇牢牢印入长期记忆。
1. Basic Engineering Materials | 基础工程材料
Ferrous metal – a metal that contains iron; it is usually magnetic and can rust when exposed to moisture.
含铁金属 – 含有铁元素的金属；通常具有磁性，受潮时容易生锈。
Non-ferrous metal – a metal that does not contain iron, so it does not rust and is often lightweight, such as aluminium.
非铁金属 – 不含铁元素的金属，因此不会生锈，通常较轻，例如铝。
Softwood – timber from coniferous trees that grow quickly; it is easy to cut and shape, making it popular for school projects.
软木 – 来自生长迅速的针叶树的木材；容易切割和成型，因此在校园项目中很受欢迎。
Hardwood – timber from deciduous trees that grow slowly; it is denser and stronger, often used for furniture.
硬木 – 来自生长缓慢的落叶树的木材；密度更大、强度更高，常用于制作家具。
Thermoplastic – a plastic that can be heated and reshaped many times; acrylic and polythene are common examples.
热塑性塑料 – 可多次加热重塑的塑料；常见的有亚克力和聚乙烯。
Thermosetting plastic – a plastic that, once heated and moulded, cannot be softened again; it is heat-resistant and used for electrical fittings.
热固性塑料 – 一旦加热成型就无法再次软化的塑料；耐热，常用于电器配件。
2. Hand Tools | 手工工具
Tenon saw – a stiff-backed saw for cutting straight lines in wood; its rigid spine keeps the blade straight.
夹背锯 – 用来在木材上切割直线的硬背锯；其坚固的夹背能保持锯片平直。
Coping saw – a saw with a thin, removable blade held in a U-shaped frame, used for cutting curves and intricate shapes.
曲线锯 – 锯条纤细可拆卸，安装在U型框架中的锯，用于切割曲线和复杂形状。
Engineer's square – a precision tool with a metal blade set at exactly 90° to a heavy stock, used to mark and check right angles.
工程师直角尺 – 带有与厚重底座精确呈90°金属尺身的精密工具，用于划线并检验直角。
Ball-pein hammer – a hammer with a flat face for striking and a rounded pein for shaping metal and riveting.
圆头锤 – 一端为平头锤面用于敲击，另一端为圆头用于金属成型和铆接。
File – a hardened steel tool with a rough surface of teeth, used to smooth, shape and remove small amounts of material.
锉刀 – 表面带有粗糙硬齿的钢制工具，用于打磨、修形和去除少量材料。
3. Measuring and Marking Out | 测量与划线
Steel rule – a rigid metal ruler marked in millimetres and inches, providing more accurate measurements than a plastic ruler.
钢尺 – 标有毫米和英寸刻度的刚性金属尺，比塑料直尺提供更精确的测量。
Try square – a woodworking tool with a wooden stock and a steel blade, used to mark lines at right angles to an edge.
木工直角尺 – 带有木制尺座和钢制尺身的木工工具，用于在边缘上划出垂直的直角线。
Marking gauge – a tool with a sharp pin or cutting wheel, used to scribe a line parallel to an edge.
划线规 – 带有尖针或切割轮的划线工具，用于刻划与边缘平行的线条。
Scriber – a slender, hardened-steel point used like a pencil to scratch fine, accurate lines onto metal surfaces.
画线针 – 细长的淬火钢尖工具，像铅笔一样在金属表面划出精细准确的线条。
Divider – a two-legged instrument that can be set to a fixed distance, used to transfer measurements and scribe circles onto metal.
分规 – 可设定固定间距的两脚工具，用于转移尺寸和在金属上划圆。
4. Joining Methods | 连接方法
PVA glue – polyvinyl acetate adhesive, widely used in woodwork; it dries clear and forms a strong bond on porous surfaces.
白胶 – 聚醋酸乙烯酯胶粘剂，广泛用于木工；干后透明，能在多孔表面形成牢固粘结。
Superglue (cyanoacrylate) – a fast-setting adhesive that bonds quickly to many materials, including plastics and metals, but requires careful handling.
快干胶（氰基丙烯酸酯） – 快速固化的胶粘剂，对包括塑料和金属在内的多种材料迅速粘合，但需小心操作。
Wood screw – a tapered, threaded fastener that cuts its own thread into wood; typically used with a pilot hole.
木螺钉 – 锥形螺纹紧固件，可在木材中自攻螺纹；通常需要预先钻导向孔。
Machine screw – a parallel-thread screw designed to be used with a nut or in a pre-tapped hole to join metal parts.
机械螺钉 – 平行螺纹螺钉，需搭配螺母或在预攻丝孔中使用，用于连接金属部件。
Rivet – a permanent mechanical fastener; a plain shank with a head, which is deformed after insertion to hold materials together.
铆钉 – 一种永久性的机械紧固件；带有头部和光杆，插入后经变形将材料固定在一起。
5. Manufacturing Processes | 制造过程
Sawing – the process of cutting material by moving a toothed blade back and forth; it is a fundamental technique for sizing timber and metal stock.
锯切 – 通过往复移动带齿锯片来切割材料的过程；是裁剪木材和金属坯料的基本技术。
Drilling – using a rotating twist drill bit to create cylindrical holes in a workpiece; a pillar drill improves accuracy and control.
钻孔 – 使用旋转麻花钻头在工件上制作圆柱形孔；台钻能提高精度和控制力。
Filing – a controlled abrasion process where a file's teeth remove material to smooth edges or achieve a desired shape.
锉削 – 一种利用锉刀锯齿去除材料的可控磨削工艺，用于修边或达到所需形状。
Sanding – smoothing a surface with abrasive paper; grades from coarse to fine allow progressive refinement.
砂纸打磨 – 用砂纸将表面打磨光滑；从粗砂到细砂的粒度分级允许逐步细化。
Welding – a fabrication process that joins metals by melting the workpieces and often adding a filler material to form a strong pool that solidifies.
焊接 – 一种通过熔化工件并通常添加填充材料形成坚固熔池并凝固，从而连接金属的制造工艺。
6. Health and Safety | 健康与安全
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) – the gear worn to minimise exposure to hazards; in the workshop this includes safety goggles, dust masks, ear defenders and aprons.
个人防护装备 – 用于尽量减少危险接触的装备；在车间里包括护目镜、防尘口罩、耳罩和工作围裙。
Risk assessment – the process of identifying potential dangers and deciding how to prevent harm before starting any practical activity.
风险评估 – 在开始任何实际操作前，识别潜在危险并制定预防措施的步骤。
Fume extraction – a system that removes harmful smoke, dust and chemical vapours from the air, especially important during welding or solvent use.
排烟系统 – 清除空气中烟雾、粉尘和化学蒸汽的系统，在进行焊接或使用溶剂时尤为重要。
Machine guarding – fixed or adjustable barriers that prevent your hands or clothes from touching dangerous moving parts like blades and belts.
机器防护装置 – 固定或可调节的屏障，防止你的手或衣物接触刀片和皮带等危险运动部件。
Hazard symbol – a standardised pictogram on a yellow or orange background that warns of risks such as flammable, corrosive or toxic materials.
危险符号 – 黄色或橙色背景上的标准化象形图，用于警告易燃、腐蚀或有毒物质等风险。
7. Mechanical Systems | 机械系统
Lever – a simple machine consisting of a rigid bar that pivots around a fixed point called a fulcrum, used to amplify an input force.
杠杆 – 一种简单机械，由一根绕固定支点转动的刚性杆组成，用于放大输入力。
Gear train – two or more gears meshed together to transmit torque and change speed; a small gear driving a larger one increases torque but reduces speed.
齿轮组 – 两个或更多齿轮互相啮合以传递扭矩并改变速度；小齿轮驱动大齿轮会增加扭矩但降低转速。
Pulley system – a wheel with a grooved rim carrying a rope or belt, used to change the direction of a force and multiply lifting effort.
滑轮系统 – 带有凹槽轮缘、承载绳索或皮带的轮子，用于改变力的方向，并能倍增提举力。
Linkage – an assembly of rods and bars connected at joints to change one type of motion into another, such as a parallel-motion linkage.
连杆机构 – 由杆件和铰接件组成的组件，可将一种运动转变为另一种，例如平行运动连杆。
Cam and follower – a pear-shaped or eccentric disc (cam) that pushes a follower rod up and down, converting rotary motion into reciprocating motion.
凸轮与从动件 – 梨形或偏心的圆盘（凸轮）驱动从动杆上下运动，将旋转运动转变为往复运动。
8. Computer-Aided Design (CAD) | 计算机辅助设计
2D CAD – two-dimensional drafting software used to produce flat drawings with accurate dimensions and geometric construction lines.
二维CAD – 二维绘图软件，用于生成具有精确尺寸和几何辅助线的平面图纸。
3D modelling – the digital process of building a three-dimensional representation of an object, which can be rotated, viewed from any angle and rendered.
三维建模 – 构建物体三维数字模型的过程，可旋转、从任意角度查看并进行渲染。
Extrude – a CAD function that takes a 2D sketch and pulls it into the third dimension, creating a solid shape with a constant cross-section.
拉伸 – 一种CAD功能，将二维草图拉入第三维度，生成横截面一致的实体形状。
Chamfer – a command that cuts a straight, angled edge along a sharp corner, often used to remove sharp burrs or improve appearance.
倒角 – 沿尖角处切出平直斜边的命令，常用于去除毛刺或改善外观。
Rendering – the final stage of CAD presentation where realistic surface textures, lighting and shadows are applied to visualise what the product will look like.
渲染 – CAD展示的最后阶段，通过添加逼真的表面纹理、光照和阴影，可视化产品的外观效果。
9. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Tension – the pulling force transmitted through a string, cable or chain when it is stretched tight; bridges often use tension in their cables.
拉力 – 通过拉直的绳索、缆线或链条传递的拉伸力；桥梁常利用缆索中的拉力。
Compression – the pushing force that squeezes a material together, making it shorter and sometimes deforming it; columns in buildings experience compression.
压力 – 将材料互相挤压在一起的推力，使其缩短并可能变形；建筑物的柱子承受压力。
Shear force – a force that acts parallel to the surface of a material, causing layers to slide against each other, like scissors cutting paper.
剪切力 – 平行于材料表面作用的力，导致材料层相互滑动，就像剪刀剪纸一样。
Torsion – a twisting force that causes rotation; a screwdriver blade is subjected to torsion when you drive a screw.
扭力 – 引起旋转的扭转力；旋紧螺钉时，螺丝刀杆受到扭力作用。
Friction – the resistance that surfaces encounter when moving over one another; it can be useful for grip but wastes energy as heat.
摩擦力 – 表面相互滑动时遇到的阻力；它利于抓握，但会以热量形式消耗能量。
10. Quality Control | 质量控制
Tolerance – with a tolerance of ±0.5 mm can be 0.5 mm longer or shorter than the specified dimension.
公差 – 测量中允许的误差范围；公差为±0.5 mm的零件可以比规定尺寸长或短0.5 mm。
Inspection – the systematic checking of materials, dimensions and finish against a specification or drawing to identify defects.
检验 – 根据规格或图纸对材料、尺寸和表面处理进行系统检查，以识别缺陷。
Vernier calliper – a precision measuring instrument with a main scale and a sliding vernier scale, capable of measuring internal, external and depth dimensions to an accuracy of 0.1 mm.
游标卡尺 – 一种带有主尺和可滑动游标尺的精密测量仪器，能以内、外、深度测量形式精确至0.1 mm。
Micrometer – a screw-gauge device that measures thicknesses and diameters to an even higher precision, often 0.01 mm.
千分尺 – 一种螺旋测微装置，测量厚度和直径的精度更高，常达0.01 mm。
Benchmark – a reference point or standard against which the quality of a finished product is compared; it ensures consistency across batches.
基准 – 用于比较成品质量的参考点或标准；它能确保各批次产品的一致性。
Published by TutorHao | Engineering Revision Series | aleveler.com
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