📚 Year 7 WJEC Engineering: Core Knowledge Points Review | Year 7 WJEC 工程：核心知识点梳理
Welcome to your Year 7 WJEC Engineering core knowledge review. This guide covers the essential topics you will encounter in your introduction to engineering, from understanding the design process and selecting materials to building simple circuits, working safely in the workshop, and considering the environmental impact of your designs.
欢迎阅读 Year 7 WJEC 工程核心知识梳理。本指南涵盖你在工程入门阶段会遇到的基本主题，从理解设计流程和材料选择，到搭建简单电路、在车间安全操作，以及考虑设计对环境的影响。
1. What Is Engineering? | 什么是工程？
Engineering is the practical application of science and mathematics to solve problems. Engineers design, build, and test everything from bridges and vehicles to smartphones and medical devices. The goal is to create solutions that are safe, efficient, and reliable.
工程是科学和数学的实际应用，用于解决问题。工程师设计、建造并测试从桥梁、车辆到智能手机和医疗设备的一切事物。其目标是创造安全、高效且可靠的解决方案。
Engineering is divided into several branches. Civil engineering deals with infrastructure such as roads and dams. Mechanical engineering focuses on moving parts and machines. Electrical engineering involves circuits and power systems. As a Year 7 student, you will sample elements from all of these areas.
工程分为多个分支。土木工程涉及道路和水坝等基础设施。机械工程专注于运动部件和机械。电气工程则与电路和电力系统有关。作为 Year 7 学生，你将初步接触这些领域的基础元素。
Engineers rely on creativity, teamwork, and communication. They must be able to sketch ideas, build prototypes, and explain their thinking clearly to colleagues and clients.
工程师需要依靠创造力、团队合作和沟通能力。他们必须能够绘制草图、制作原型，并向同事和客户清晰地解释自己的思路。
2. The Engineering Design Process | 工程设计流程
Every engineering project follows a structured design process. It usually begins by identifying a problem or need, for example, designing a more comfortable bicycle seat or a bridge that can withstand flooding.
每个工程项目都遵循一个结构化的设计流程。它通常从识别问题或需求开始，例如设计更舒适的自行车座或能承受洪水的桥梁。
After research and brainstorming, engineers develop possible solutions and choose the most promising one. They then create detailed drawings or computer models, build a prototype, and test it rigorously. Testing often reveals weaknesses, so the design is refined again and again – an approach called iterative design.
在研究和头脑风暴之后，工程师会开发可能的解决方案，并选择最有前景的一个。然后他们会创建详细的图纸或计算机模型，制作原型并严格测试。测试通常会暴露弱点，因此设计会被反复改进——这种方法称为迭代设计。
The final stage is sharing results and evaluating the finished product. Engineers ask: does it meet the original brief? Could materials be reduced? Is the product safe? These questions help them learn and improve future work.
最后阶段是分享结果并评估成品。工程师会问：它是否符合最初的设计概要？材料是否可以减少？产品是否安全？这些问题有助于他们学习并改进未来的工作。
3. Materials in Engineering | 工程材料
Choosing the right material is crucial. Common engineering materials include metals (steel, aluminium), polymers (acrylic, polythene), woods (pine, plywood), and composites (carbon fibre, concrete). Each has different working properties.
选择合适的材料至关重要。常见的工程材料包括金属（钢、铝）、聚合物（亚克力、聚乙烯）、木材（松木、胶合板）和复合材料（碳纤维、混凝土）。每种材料都有不同的加工性能。
Key material properties include strength – the ability to resist breaking under force; hardness – resistance to surface indentation or scratching; toughness – the ability to absorb impact without fracturing; and conductivity – how well the material carries heat or electricity. For example, copper is chosen for wires because of its excellent electrical conductivity.
关键的材料性能包括：强度——在受力时抵抗断裂的能力；硬度——抵抗表面压痕或划痕的能力；韧性——吸收冲击而不破裂的能力；以及导热/导电性——材料传导热量或电流的能力。例如，由于铜具有出色的导电性，因此被选用来制作导线。
Density and cost also influence material selection. Engineers often use tables and databases to compare properties before making a decision. In Year 7, you will learn to test materials yourself using simple experiments like stretching, bending, and scratching samples.
密度和成本也会影响材料的选择。工程师在做出决定之前，常常会使用表格和数据库来比较各项性能。在 Year 7，你将学会通过拉伸、弯曲和划痕等简单实验亲自测试材料。
4. Forces and Structures | 力与结构
Forces act on every structure. Tension pulls materials apart, compression pushes them together, bending combines both, torsion twists them, and shear causes layers to slide past each other. Understanding these forces helps engineers design structures that stay standing.
每个结构上都作用着各种力。拉力将材料拉开，压力将其压合，弯曲结合了拉力和压力，扭力使其扭转，剪切力则导致层间滑动。理解这些力有助于工程师设计出能保持稳固的结构。
Structural elements such as beams, columns, trusses, and cantilevers are used to manage forces. A beam carries loads across a gap; a column supports weight vertically. Trusses make structures both light and strong by using triangles. The Eiffel Tower is a famous example of a truss structure.
梁、柱、桁架和悬臂等结构构件被用来应对不同的力。梁跨越空隙承受负载；柱垂直地支撑重量。桁架利用三角形使结构既轻盈又坚固。埃菲尔铁塔就是桁架结构的一个著名实例。
You will explore forces and structures by building models from straws, spaghetti, or cardboard. Testing them to destruction lets you see where the weakest points are and how failure occurs, which is a valuable part of the engineering process.
你将通过用吸管、意大利面或卡纸搭建模型来探索力与结构。通过破坏性测试，你可以观察到最薄弱的环节和失效的方式，这是工程过程中宝贵的一部分。
5. Simple Mechanisms | 简单机械装置
Mechanisms change the type, direction, or magnitude of a force. Levers, gears, pulleys, cams, and linkages are all examples. They allow a small input movement to create a larger or different output movement, providing mechanical advantage.
机械装置能改变力的类型、方向或大小。杠杆、齿轮、滑轮、凸轮和连杆机构都是常见的例子。它们可以通过较小的输入运动产生更大或不同的输出运动，从而提供机械效益。
A lever rotates around a fixed point called the fulcrum. Gears are toothed wheels that mesh together; a small gear driving a larger one decreases speed but increases torque. Pulleys use ropes and wheels to lift heavy loads more easily.
杠杆绕着一个称为支点的固定点旋转。齿轮是啮合在一起的带齿轮子；小齿轮驱动大齿轮会降低转速但增大扭矩。滑轮利用绳索和轮子来更容易地吊起重物。
In class, you might build a simple cam and follower system, observing how rotary motion is converted into linear up-and-down motion. This principle is used in many machines, from automated packaging to car engines.
在课堂上，你可能会制作一个简单的凸轮和从动件系统，观察旋转运动如何转化为线性的上下运动。这一原理被用于许多机器中，从自动包装设备到汽车发动机。
6. Basic Electrical Circuits | 基础电路
A circuit is a closed loop that allows electricity to flow. The key components include a power source (battery), conductors (wires), a load (such as a lamp or motor), and a switch to control the flow. If the circuit is broken, the current stops.
电路是一个允许电流流动的闭合环路。关键组件包括电源（电池）、导体（导线）、负载（如灯泡或电机）以及控制通断的开关。如果电路断开，电流就会停止。
In a series circuit, components are connected end-to-end, so current follows a single path. In a parallel circuit, each component has its own separate path. If one bulb fails in a series circuit, all bulbs go out; in a parallel circuit, the others stay on.
在串联电路中，元件首尾相连，因此电流只有一条路径。在并联电路中，每个元件都有自己独立的路径。如果串联电路中的一个灯泡坏了，所有灯泡都会熄灭；而在并联电路中，其他的灯泡会继续亮着。
Ohm's law is a fundamental rule:
Voltage (V) = Current (I) × Resistance (R)
欧姆定律是一个基本规律：
电压 (V) = 电流 (I) × 电阻 (R)
Even at Year 7 level, you will measure voltage and current with a multimeter and test how adding more bulbs affects brightness in different circuit arrangements.
即使在 Year 7 阶段，你也将学会用万用表测量电压和电流，并测试增加更多灯泡在不同电路连接方式下对亮度的影响。
7. Safe Workshop Practices | 车间安全规范
Safety is the first priority in any workshop. You must always wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): safety goggles to shield your eyes from debris, aprons to protect your clothes and skin, and ear defenders when using noisy machinery.
安全是任何车间的第一要务。你必须始终佩戴适当的个人防护装备（PPE）：安全护目镜可保护眼睛免受碎屑伤害，围裙可以保护衣服和皮肤，在使用嘈杂机器时要佩戴护耳器。
Tools must be used correctly. Carry sharp tools like chisels or screwdrivers with the point facing down, and always cut away from your body. When using machines such as pillar drills or sanders, check that guards are in place and that you have received proper instruction.
必须正确使用工具。携带凿子或螺丝刀等锋利工具时，尖端应朝下，且切割方向要远离身体。使用台钻或砂光机等机器时，应检查防护罩是否就位，并确保已接受过正确的操作指导。
Keep your workspace clean and tidy. Report any spillages, damaged tools, or unsafe conditions to your teacher immediately. These habits build a mindset of responsibility that professional engineers follow every day.
保持工作区域整洁有序。任何溢出物、损坏的工具或不安全状况都应立即向老师报告。这些习惯能培养一种责任感，这也是专业工程师每天遵循的思维模式。
8. Measurement and Units | 测量与单位
Accurate measurement is essential in engineering. The International System of Units (SI) is used worldwide. Common SI base units include the metre (m) for length, kilogram (kg) for mass, second (s) for time, and ampere (A) for electric current.
精确测量在工程中至关重要。国际单位制（SI）在全球范围内使用。常见的 SI 基本单位包括：米 (m) 表示长度，千克 (kg) 表示质量，秒 (s) 表示时间，安培 (A) 表示电流。
You will use a range of measuring tools. A steel rule or tape measure is suitable for longer lengths, while vernier calipers and micrometres provide finer accuracy for small components, such as the diameter of a rod or the thickness of a sheet. Area is measured in square metres (m²) and volume in cubic metres (m³).
你将使用多种测量工具。钢尺或卷尺适用于较长的长度，而游标卡尺和千分尺能为小零件（如杆的直径或板的厚度）提供更精细的精度。面积以平方米 (m²) 为单位，体积以立方米 (m³) 为单位。
No measurement is ever perfect; there is always a degree of uncertainty, known as tolerance. Engineers decide on an acceptable tolerance range and ensure parts fit together within those limits. A good engineer always double-checks readings.
任何测量都不可能是完美的；总会存在一定的不确定性，这被称为公差。工程师会确定一个可接受的公差范围，并确保零件在这些限度内配合。一名优秀的工程师总会反复核对读数。
9. Introduction to CAD | 计算机辅助设计入门
CAD (Computer-Aided Design) is the use of software to create precise 2D drawings and 3D models of components and products. Instead of drawing only by hand, engineers can use CAD to visualise shapes, test fits, and make changes quickly.
CAD（计算机辅助设计）是使用软件来创建零部件和产品的精确2D 图纸和3D 模型。工程师不必只靠手绘，可以利用 CAD 来可视化形状、测试装配并快速做出修改。
Popular CAD programs include Tinkercad and Fusion 360 for beginners and professionals alike. In Year 7, you are likely to start with a simple block-based CAD tool or even virtual LEGO-style modelling to learn the basics of dimensions, scaling, and assembling parts.
流行的 CAD 程序包括 Tinkercad 和 Fusion 360，适用于初学者和专业人士。在 Year 7，你很可能从简单的模块化 CAD 工具甚至虚拟乐高式建模开始，学习尺寸、缩放和零件装配的基础知识。
CAD files can be sent directly to machines like 3D printers and laser cutters, turning a digital design into a physical prototype. This integration between design and manufacturing is a cornerstone of modern engineering.
CAD 文件可以直接发送到 3D 打印机和激光切割机等设备，将数字设计转化为实物原型。这种设计与制造之间的集成是现代工程的一个基石。
10. Sustainability in Engineering | 工程中的可持续性
Sustainability means meeting our needs without harming the ability of future generations to meet theirs. Engineers have a huge responsibility to design products that use fewer raw materials, consume less energy during manufacture and use, and can be repaired or recycled at end of life.
可持续性意味着满足我们的需求而不损害后代满足其自身需求的能力。工程师肩负着巨大的责任，所设计的产品需要使用更少的原材料，在制造和使用过程中消耗更少的能源，并在使用寿命结束时能够被维修或回收。
The '6Rs' framework helps guide sustainable design: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Repair, Refuse, and Rethink. For example, you might reduce material by hollowing out a part, reuse a component from an old appliance, or choose a plastic that is easy to recycle at local facilities.
“6R”框架有助于指导可持续设计：减少、再利用、回收、维修、拒绝和反思。例如，你可以通过将零件挖空来减少材料，重复使用旧电器中的组件，或者选择一种在当地设施中易于回收的塑料。
Life cycle assessment looks at the environmental impact of a product from 'cradle to grave' – mining raw materials, manufacturing, transport, use, and disposal. Engineers are also turning to renewable energy sources like wind and solar to power factories and homes, further reducing carbon footprints.
生命周期评估关注产品从“摇篮到坟墓”的环境影响——包括原材料开采、制造、运输、使用和处置。工程师们还在利用风能和太阳能等可再生能源为工厂和家庭供电，从而进一步减少碳足迹。
Published by TutorHao | Engineering Revision Series | aleveler.com
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