📚 Year 7 WJEC Music: Core Knowledge Organiser | 七年级WJEC音乐：核心知识点梳理
Welcome to your Year 7 WJEC Music journey. This organiser brings together all the key terms and ideas you will meet in the first year of secondary music. Use it to revise, to remind yourself of lesson content and to build your musical vocabulary. Whether you are listening, performing or composing, a clear understanding of the building blocks will help you make progress and enjoy music even more.
欢迎踏上七年级WJEC音乐学习之旅。这份知识梳理汇集了你将在中学第一年遇到的所有关键术语和概念。你可以用它来复习、回顾课堂内容，并积累自己的音乐词汇。无论你是在聆听、表演还是创作，清晰地理解这些基础构件都将帮助你不断进步，更深入地享受音乐。
1. The Elements of Music | 音乐的元素
Music is built from several basic building blocks called the elements of music. They help us describe, analyse and create music in any style. The main elements you will explore in WJEC are pitch, rhythm, dynamics, timbre, texture, structure and harmony.
音乐由几个基本的组成部分构成，这些被称为音乐的元素。它们帮助我们描述、分析和创作任何风格的音乐。在WJEC课程中，你将重点探索以下元素：音高、节奏、力度、音色、织体、结构和和声。
Every piece of music you hear can be discussed using these elements. For example, a quiet, slow melody played on a flute has specific pitch, dynamics and timbre. As you progress, you will learn to identify how composers combine these elements to create different moods and effects.
你听到的每一首乐曲都可以运用这些元素来讨论。例如，一支用长笛演奏的安静缓慢的旋律，就有着明确的音高、力度和音色特点。随着学习的深入，你将学会辨别作曲家如何组合这些元素来营造不同的情绪和效果。
2. Rhythm, Beat and Tempo | 节奏、节拍与速度
Rhythm is the pattern of long and short sounds and silences in music. It gives a piece its drive and character. Beat is the steady pulse you can tap your foot to, like a heartbeat running through the music. Tempo tells us how fast or slow the beat moves.
节奏是音乐中长音、短音以及休止的组合模式，它赋予乐曲动力和性格。节拍则是你可以用脚打拍子的稳定脉动，如同贯穿音乐的心跳。速度则告诉我们节拍行进得有多快或多慢。
Common tempo markings include Largo (very slow), Andante (walking pace), Moderato (moderate), Allegro (fast) and Presto (very fast). The time signature tells you how many beats are in each bar and what type of beat counts. For example, 4/4 has four crotchet beats per bar.
常见的速度标记包括 Largo（广板，很慢）、Andante（行板，行走的速度）、Moderato（中板，中等速度）、Allegro（快板，快速）和 Presto（急板，非常快）。拍号告诉你每小节有几拍以及以何种音符为一拍。例如，4/4 拍表示每小节有四拍，以四分音符为一拍。
Note values show how long a sound or silence lasts. The main note values you need to know are: semibreve (4 beats), minim (2 beats), crotchet (1 beat), quaver (½ beat) and semiquaver (¼ beat). Rests have the same values and indicate silence.
音符时值表示声音或休止持续的长短。你需要掌握的主要音符时值有：全音符（4拍）、二分音符（2拍）、四分音符（1拍）、八分音符（½拍）和十六分音符（¼拍）。休止符具有相同的时值，表示静默。
3. Pitch and Melody | 音高与旋律
Pitch refers to how high or low a sound is. In written music, pitch is shown by the position of a note on the stave. The treble clef is used for higher-pitched instruments and voices. The notes on the lines of the treble stave are E, G, B, D, F (Every Good Boy Deserves Football), and the spaces spell F, A, C, E.
音高指的是声音的高低。在记谱中，音高由音符在五线谱上的位置表示。高音谱号用于较高音域的乐器和人声。高音谱表线上的音符依次是 E、G、B、D、F（可用“Every Good Boy Deserves Football”记忆），间里的音符拼成 F、A、C、E（FACE）。
A melody is a sequence of pitches that sound like a tune. Melodies can move by step (conjunct) or by leap (disjunct). A phrase is a musical sentence, often ending with a cadence. Melodies can also include accidentals: a sharp (♯) raises a note by a semitone, a flat (♭) lowers it, and a natural (♮) cancels a previous sharp or flat.
旋律是一系列音高构成的曲调。旋律可以级进（conjunct）或跳进（disjunct）进行。乐句就像音乐中的句子，常常以终止式结束。旋律中还可以包含临时记号：升号（♯）将音符升高半音，降号（♭）将音符降低半音，还原号（♮）则取消之前的升或降。
Scales are patterns of notes that form the basis of melodies. A major scale sounds bright and happy, while a minor scale often sounds sadder or more serious. The pentatonic scale (five notes) is used in many folk traditions around the world.
音阶是构成旋律基础的音符模式。大调音阶听起来明亮欢快，而小调音阶往往听起来更忧伤或更严肃。五声音阶（五个音）被用于世界各地的许多民间音乐传统中。
4. Dynamics and Articulation | 力度与发音
Dynamics describe how loud or soft the music is played. Italian terms are used universally: pianissimo (pp) very quiet, piano (p) quiet, mezzo piano (mp) moderately quiet, mezzo forte (mf) moderately loud, forte (f) loud, fortissimo (ff) very loud. Gradual changes include crescendo (getting louder) and diminuendo (getting softer).
力度描述音乐演奏得有多响亮或多轻柔。通用意大利术语包括：pianissimo (pp) 很弱，piano (p) 弱，mezzo piano (mp) 中弱，mezzo forte (mf) 中强，forte (f) 强，fortissimo (ff) 很强。渐强（crescendo）表示逐渐变强，渐弱（diminuendo）表示逐渐变轻。
Articulation tells us how individual notes are played or sung. Staccato means short and detached (shown by a dot above or below the note). Legato means smooth and connected (shown by a slur line). Accents (>) tell the performer to stress a particular note.
发音法告诉我们如何演奏或演唱单个音符。Staccato（断奏）意为短促而分离（由音符上方或下方的小圆点表示）。Legato（连奏）意为平滑连贯（由连线表示）。重音记号（>）告诉演奏者要强调某个特定的音符。
5. Timbre and Instrument Families | 音色与乐器家族
Timbre (pronounced ‘tam-br’) is the quality of a sound that makes one instrument or voice sound different from another, even when playing the same pitch. It is often described using words like bright, warm, nasal, breathy, harsh or mellow.
音色（Timbre，读作‘tam-br’）是指使一件乐器或嗓音区别于另一件的音质特点，即使它们演奏相同的音高。通常用明亮、温暖、鼻音感、气息感、刺耳或圆润等词汇来描述。
Instruments are grouped into families based on how they produce sound. The string family includes the violin, viola, cello and double bass. They are played with a bow (arco) or by plucking (pizzicato). The harp is also a member, with strings plucked by the fingers.
乐器根据发声方式划分家族。弦乐家族包括小提琴、中提琴、大提琴和低音提琴。它们用弓拉奏（arco）或拨奏（pizzicato）。竖琴也属于弦乐，用手指拨动琴弦发声。
The woodwind family includes the flute, clarinet, oboe and bassoon. Sound is produced by blowing across an edge or through a reed. The saxophone is sometimes grouped here but is made of brass; it uses a reed. The brass family includes the trumpet, French horn, trombone and tuba. Players buzz their lips into a mouthpiece.
木管乐器家族包括长笛、单簧管、双簧管和大管。通过吹气经过边棱或簧片发声。萨克斯管通常归入此类，但管身为金属，它使用簧片。铜管乐器家族包括小号、法国圆号、长号和低音号。演奏者通过嘴唇振动在号嘴里发声。
The percussion family includes instruments that are struck, shaken or scraped. Pitched percussion (e.g. xylophone, timpani) can play melodies; unpitched percussion (e.g. snare drum, triangle, cymbals) provide rhythm and effects. Keyboard instruments like the piano and organ can belong to several families depending on how their sound is produced.
打击乐器家族包括通过敲击、摇动或刮擦发声的乐器。有音高的打击乐器（如木琴、定音鼓）能演奏旋律；无音高的打击乐器（如小军鼓、三角铁、钹）则提供节奏和效果。如钢琴和管风琴等键盘乐器，根据其发声方式可归属于多个家族。
6. Texture | 织体
Texture describes how many layers of sound are heard at once and how they relate to each other. A monophonic texture has a single melody line with no accompaniment. This can be one performer alone or many playing the same tune in unison.
织体描述同时听到多少声音层次，以及它们之间的关系。单音织体（monophonic）只有一条旋律线，没有伴奏。可以是单独一个演奏者，也可以是多人齐奏同一曲调。
Homophonic texture features a main melody accompanied by chords. This is the most common texture in pop songs, hymns and much classical music. The melody stands out while the other parts support it harmonically.
主调织体（homophonic）拥有一条主要旋律，并由和弦伴奏。这是流行歌曲、赞美诗和许多古典音乐中最常见的织体。旋律突出，其他声部作和声支撑。
Polyphonic texture consists of two or more independent melodies woven together. Each line is equally important. Rounds, canons and fugues are polyphonic. When everyone sings exactly the same melody but starts at different times (like 'London's Burning'), you create a canon.
复调织体（polyphonic）由两条或更多独立的旋律交织而成。每一条旋律线都同等重要。轮唱、卡农和赋格都是复调织体。当所有人演唱同一旋律但不同时间进入（如《伦敦桥》轮唱），你就在创造一种卡农。
7. Structure and Form | 结构与曲式
Structure is how a piece of music is organised into sections. Recognising structures helps performers know what to play and helps listeners follow the story of the music. Sections are labelled with letters: A, B, C, etc.
结构是指一首乐曲如何组织成不同的部分。辨认结构能帮助演奏者知道该演奏什么，也能帮助听众跟上音乐的叙说。各部分用字母标示：A、B、C等。
Binary form (AB) has two contrasting sections. Ternary form (ABA) has a first section that returns after a contrasting middle section. Rondo form (ABACA) keeps returning to a main A theme between contrasting episodes. Many pop songs use verse-chorus form, where verses tell the story and the chorus repeats the main hook.
二部曲式（AB）有两个对比的乐段。三部曲式（ABA）在对比的中段之后，第一段会回归。回旋曲式（ABACA）在不同的插部之间不断回到主题A。许多流行歌曲采用主歌-副歌曲式，主歌叙述故事，副歌重复核心记忆点。
Theme and variations takes a main theme and repeats it several times, each time changing the melody, rhythm, harmony or instrumentation in creative ways. An introduction sets the mood, and a coda rounds off the piece.
主题与变奏曲式以一个主题为基础，将其重复数次，每一次都以富有创意的方式改变旋律、节奏、和声或配器。引子（introduction）设定情绪，尾声（coda）则收束乐曲。
8. Harmony and Chords | 和声与和弦
Harmony occurs when two or more different pitches sound at the same time. A chord is a group of notes played together, usually three or more. The most basic chord is a triad, built from the root, third and fifth notes of a scale.
和声发生在两个或更多不同音高同时发声时。和弦是一组同时演奏的音符，通常为三个或更多。最基本的和弦是三和弦，由音阶的根音、三音和五音构成。
Triads can be major (happy sounding) or minor (sad sounding). Consonant harmonies sound pleasant and stable, while dissonant harmonies create tension that often resolves to a consonant chord. A chord progression is a sequence of chords, often shown using Roman numerals (e.g. I, IV, V, vi).
三和弦可以是大三和弦（听起来开心）或小三和弦（听起来忧伤）。协和和声听起来悦耳而稳定，不协和和声则制造紧张感，通常要解决到一个协和和弦上。和弦进行是一系列和弦的连续，常用罗马数字表示（如 I、IV、V、vi）。
WJEC Year 7 students often experiment with simple chord progressions such as C–G–Am–F on keyboards or ukuleles. Understanding harmony helps you to compose accompaniments and to analyse how songs create feeling.
WJEC七年级学生常常用键盘或尤克里里尝试简单的和弦进行，如 C–G–Am–F。理解和声有助于你创作伴奏，并分析歌曲如何营造情感。
9. Notation and The Stave | 记谱法与五线谱
The stave (or staff) consists of five lines and four spaces on which notes are written. A clef at the start fixes the pitch of the notes. In Year 7 you will work mainly with the treble clef. Notes can be placed on ledger lines when they go beyond the stave.
五线谱由五条线和四个间组成，音符写在上面。谱号位于开头，固定了音符的音高。七年级主要使用高音谱号。当音符超出五线谱范围时，可以使用加线记录。
Each note has a note head, a stem and sometimes a tail or beam. The position on the stave tells you the pitch; the shape and shading tell you the duration. Bar lines separate the music into bars (measures), and a double bar line marks the end.
每个音符包括符头、符干，有时还有符尾或符杠。在五线谱上的位置告诉你音高，音符的形状和填色告诉你时值。小节线将音乐划分成小节，双纵线表示乐曲的结束。
Time signatures appear after the clef. The top number shows how many beats per bar; the bottom number shows the type of beat. 4/4 (four crotchet beats) and 3/4 (three crotchet beats) are very common. Rests mirror note values: semibreve rest (hanging from the 4th line), minim rest (sitting on the 3rd line) and others.
拍号出现在谱号之后。上方数字表示每小节有几拍，下方数字表示以哪种音符为一拍。4/4（每小节四个四分音符）和3/4（每小节三个四分音符）非常普遍。休止符与音符时值对应：全休止符（悬挂在第四线下方）、二分休止符（位于第三线上）等。
10. Music of Wales and the World | 威尔士与世界音乐
WJEC encourages you to explore the rich musical traditions of Wales. Cerdd Dant is a unique Welsh tradition where a harp plays a melody while a singer performs a counter-melody with different words. Penillion singing involves improvising a poem above a harp melody. The crwth is an ancient Welsh string instrument, and the pibgorn is a traditional reed pipe.
WJEC鼓励你探索威尔士丰富的音乐传统。Cerdd Dant 是一种独特的威尔士传统，竖琴演奏旋律的同时，歌手用不同的歌词演唱对位旋律。Penillion 演唱包含在竖琴曲调上即兴吟唱诗歌。Crwth 是一种古老的威尔士弦乐器，而 pibgorn 是一种传统的簧片管乐器。
Looking further afield, you will encounter world music styles such as African drumming (using djembe and polyrhythms), Indian raga (melody based on a scale and mood) and Gamelan from Indonesia (gongs and metallophones). These traditions often feature cyclic structures and oral learning rather than written notation.
放眼更广阔的世界，你会接触到非洲鼓乐（使用金贝鼓和复合节奏）、印度拉格（基于特定音阶和情绪的旋律）以及印度尼西亚的甘美兰（使用锣和金属排琴）。这些传统常常具有循环结构，并依赖口传心授而非书面记谱。
The pentatonic scale is a key feature of Chinese, Japanese and many folk traditions. By comparing music from Wales and other cultures, you will develop a broader appreciation of how people use the elements of music in different ways.
五声音阶是中国、日本及许多民间传统音乐的显著特征。通过比较威尔士与其他文化的音乐，你将更深地体会到人们如何以不同方式运用音乐元素。
11. Listening, Performing and Composing | 聆听、表演与创作
In WJEC Music, the three core activities are listening, performing and composing. Listening and appraising means using your knowledge of the elements to describe what you hear. Use accurate musical vocabulary and comment on how instruments and elements work together to create effects.
在WJEC音乐课程中，三项核心活动是聆听、表演和创作。聆听与评价意味着运用你对音乐元素的了解来描述所听到的内容。要使用准确的音乐词汇，评论乐器与元素如何协同营造效果。
When performing, focus on fluency, accuracy of pitch and rhythm, expression and control. Whether you sing or play an instrument, work on maintaining a steady beat, playing in tune and using dynamics and articulation to bring the music to life. Regular practice and performing with others will build your confidence.
表演时要注重流畅性、音高和节奏的准确性、表现力与控制力。无论你是在唱歌还是演奏乐器，都要努力保持稳定的节拍，音准准确，并运用力度和发音法让音乐生动起来。经常练习并与他人合奏将逐步建立你的信心。
Composing in Year 7 usually starts with short melodies and chord sequences. You might create a rhythm piece using percussion, write a melody over a given chord pattern, or build a piece in ternary form. Use your knowledge of structure, texture and harmony to make your compositions interesting.
七年级的创作通常从短小的旋律和和弦序列开始。你可能会用打击乐创作一段节奏作品，在给定和弦模式下写一条旋律，或以三部曲式写一首乐曲。运用你对结构、织体与和声的理解，让你的作品更加有趣。
Keep a musical diary or log to record your ideas and progress. Listening widely to music from different genres and cultures will inspire your own creativity and deepen your understanding of the WJEC curriculum.
保持一本音乐日志或记录本，记录你的想法与进步。广泛聆听不同体裁和文化的音乐，将激发你的创作力，并加深你对WJEC课程的理解。
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