📚 Year 7 WJEC Art: Quick Vocabulary Terminology Guide | Year 7 WJEC 艺术：词汇术语速记指南
Building a strong art vocabulary is the first step to thinking and communicating like a young artist. In Year 7 WJEC Art, you will need to describe, analyse, and create artworks using the right terms. This guide collects the essential terminology you must know, with clear definitions and Chinese translations, to help you memorise them quickly and apply them confidently in your sketchbook, discussions, and assessments.
建立扎实的艺术词汇库是像年轻艺术家那样思考和交流的第一步。在 Year 7 WJEC 艺术课程中，你需要使用恰当的术语来描述、分析和创作艺术品。本指南汇集了你必须掌握的核心术语，并配有清晰的定义和中文翻译，帮助你快速记忆，并自信地运用于速写本、课堂讨论和评估之中。
1. The Elements of Art | 艺术的基本元素
The elements of art are the visual building blocks that artists use to create any artwork. Think of them as the ingredients in a recipe - they can be combined in endless ways. In WJEC Art, these seven elements are the foundation of all your practical work and analysis: line, shape, form, colour, texture, space, and tone (often called value).
艺术元素是艺术家用来创作任何艺术品的视觉基石。把它们想象成食谱中的原料——它们可以以无穷无尽的方式组合。在 WJEC 艺术课程中，这七种元素是你所有实践作品和分析的基础：线条、形状、形体、色彩、质感、空间和色调（常被称为明度）。
Line: A mark with greater length than width. Lines can be straight, curved, thick, thin, broken or continuous. They are used to define edges, express movement and create texture.
线条：长度大于宽度的标记。线条可以是直的、弯曲的、粗的、细的、断开的或连续的。它们用于界定边缘、表现动感和创造质感。
Shape: A flat, enclosed area created when a line meets itself, or through changes in colour, texture or value. Shapes are two-dimensional (2D) and can be geometric (like circles and squares) or organic (freeform, like leaves).
形状：当线条首尾相连，或通过色彩、质感、明度的变化而形成的平面封闭区域。形状是二维的，可以是几何形（如圆形、方形）或有机形（自由形，如树叶）。
Form: A three-dimensional (3D) object that has height, width and depth. While a shape is flat, a form looks as though it occupies space and can be viewed from different angles. Sculpture and modelled clay are examples of form in art.
形体：具有高度、宽度和深度的三维物体。形状是平面的，而形体看起来占据了空间，可以从不同角度观看。雕塑和泥塑就是艺术中形体的例子。
Colour: The visual sensation produced by light reflecting off a surface. Colour is described by its hue (name, such as red), saturation (intensity) and tone (lightness or darkness). It can create mood, contrast and emphasis.
色彩：光线从表面反射而产生的视觉感受。色彩由其色相（名称，如红色）、饱和度（鲜艳程度）和色调（明暗）来描述。它可以营造氛围、对比和强调。
Texture: The surface quality of an object that can be felt (actual texture) or visually implied (implied texture). Words like rough, smooth, bumpy, soft or shiny are used to describe texture.
质感：物体的表面品质，可以实际触摸到（真实质感）或视觉上感受到（视觉质感）。描述质感的词语包括粗糙、光滑、凹凸不平、柔软或闪亮。
Space: The area around, between or inside objects. Space can be positive (the main subjects or shapes) or negative (the empty or background areas). Artists use techniques such as overlapping and perspective to create a sense of depth in 2D artworks.
空间：物体周围、之间或内部的区域。空间可以是正空间（主要题材或形状）或负空间（空白或背景区域）。艺术家使用重叠和透视等技法，在二维作品中营造深度感。
Tone (Value): The lightness or darkness of a colour. Adding white creates a tint, while adding black creates a shade. Tonal contrast helps to make objects look three-dimensional and adds drama.
色调（明度）：色彩的明暗程度。加入白色产生浅调，加入黑色产生深调。色调对比有助于让物体看起来有立体感，并增加戏剧效果。
2. Exploring Line | 探索线条
Line is one of the most immediate and expressive elements. In Year 7 you will experiment with different line qualities and use precise vocabulary to describe them. Recognising these terms will help you analyse drawings by other artists and improve your own mark-making.
线条是最直接、最具表现力的元素之一。在 Year 7，你将尝试不同的线条特性，并使用精确的词汇来描述它们。识别这些术语有助于你分析其他艺术家的素描，并改进自己的笔触。
Contour line: A line that carefully follows the outer edges and important inner ridges of a subject. Contour drawing helps you observe closely without focusing on shading.
轮廓线：仔细跟随对象外部边缘和重要内部起伏的线条。轮廓绘画帮助你仔细观察而不去关注明暗。
Gesture line: A quick, fluid line that captures movement, posture and energy rather than detailed accuracy. Gesture drawing is often used as a warm-up exercise.
动态线：一种快速流畅的线条，用于捕捉动作、姿势和能量，而非细节的准确性。动态素描常被用作热身练习。
Hatching: A shading technique using closely spaced parallel lines. The closer the lines, the darker the tone appears.
排线：使用紧密排列的平行线条来表现明暗的技巧。线条越密集，色调看起来越深。
Cross-hatching: Layers of hatching lines drawn at different angles on top of each other to build up darker tones and a sense of volume.
交叉排线：在不同角度叠加多层排线，以营造更深的色调和立体感。
Implied line: A line that is not actually drawn, but suggested by the direction of a gaze, a pointing finger, or an alignment of shapes. The viewer's eye completes the line.
暗示线：实际上并未画出的线条，而是通过视线的方向、手指的指向或形状的排列来暗示。观者的眼睛会补全这条线。
Descriptive terms for line: thick, thin, bold, delicate, broken, continuous, zigzag, wavy, spiral, angular, flowing.
描述线条的词语：粗、细、大胆、纤细、断开的、连续的、锯齿形、波浪形、螺旋形、棱角分明、流畅的。
3. Shape and Form | 形状与形体
Understanding the difference between shape and form is essential for making your artwork feel three-dimensional. Shape is 2D and flat, while form is 3D and has volume. In WJEC Year 7 projects, you will learn to turn simple shapes into convincing forms using shading and perspective.
理解形状与形体的区别对于让你的艺术作品呈现三维感至关重要。形状是二维的、平面的，而形体是三维的、有体积的。在 WJEC Year 7 的项目中，你将学习如何通过明暗和透视将简单形状转化为逼真的形体。
Geometric shapes: Precise, regular shapes that can be described using mathematical terms, such as circles, squares, rectangles and triangles. They often appear in man-made objects.
几何形状：精确、规则的形状，可以用数学术语描述，如圆形、正方形、长方形和三角形。它们常出现在人造物体中。
Organic shapes: Irregular, freeform shapes often found in nature, like the silhouette of a leaf, a puddle or a cloud. They tend to be curvy and unpredictable.
有机形状：不规则、自由的形状，常见于自然界，如树叶的剪影、水洼或云朵。它们往往弯曲而难以预测。
Positive shape: The main subject or objects in an artwork - the solid forms that first attract your attention.
正形状：艺术作品中的主要题材或物体——首先吸引你注意的实体形状。
Negative shape: The space surrounding the main subject. Training yourself to see negative shapes helps improve your drawing accuracy.
负形状：包围主要题材的空间。训练自己观察负形状有助于提高绘画的准确性。
Form vocabulary: sphere, cube, cylinder, cone, pyramid. These are basic 3D primitives that can be combined to build more complex objects.
形体词汇：球体、立方体、圆柱体、圆锥体、棱锥体。这些是基本的三维原型，可以组合构建更复杂的物体。
4. Colour Theory Essentials | 色彩理论精要
Colour theory helps you mix paints, choose harmonious palettes and create specific moods. In Year 7, you are expected to recognise the colour wheel and use basic colour relationships confidently.
色彩理论帮助你调配颜料、选择和谐的色彩搭配并营造特定的氛围。在 Year 7，你需要认识色轮并能自信地运用基本的色彩关系。
Primary colours: Red, yellow and blue. These cannot be created by mixing other colours; all other colours are derived from them.
三原色：红色、黄色和蓝色。它们无法通过混合其他颜色产生；所有其他颜色都源于它们。
Secondary colours: Green, orange and violet. Each is made by mixing two primary colours.
间色：绿色、橙色和紫色。每种间色都是由两种原色混合而成。
Tertiary colours: Colours made by mixing a primary with a neighbouring secondary, such as yellow-green or blue-violet.
复色：将一种原色与相邻的间色混合而成的颜色，如黄绿色或蓝紫色。
Complementary colours: Colours that sit opposite each other on the colour wheel, such as red and green, or blue and orange. They create strong contrast when placed side by side.
互补色：在色轮上相对位置的颜色，如红色与绿色，或蓝色与橙色。它们并置时能产生强烈对比。
Analogous colours: Colours that sit next to each other on the colour wheel, such as blue, blue-green and green. They create calm, harmonious schemes.
类似色：在色轮上相邻的颜色，如蓝色、蓝绿色和绿色。它们营造出宁静、和谐的色彩方案。
Warm and cool colours: Warm colours (red, orange, yellow) remind us of heat and sunlight and tend to advance in a painting. Cool colours (blue, green, violet) suggest coolness and calm, and often recede.
暖色与冷色：暖色（红、橙、黄）让我们联想到热量和阳光，在画面中显得向前突出。冷色（蓝、绿、紫）暗示凉爽和平静，往往向后退缩。
Hue, tint, shade and tone: Hue is the pure colour. Tint is hue + white. Shade is hue + black. Tone is hue + grey (or both black and white).
色相、浅调、深调与色调：色相是纯色。浅调是色相加白。深调是色相加黑。色调是色相加灰（或同时加黑和白）。
5. Texture and Space | 质感与空间
Texture and space work together to make a flat surface feel real and engaging. Texture appeals to our sense of touch, while space organises the composition and creates depth. Year 7 students should be able to identify and create both real and visual qualities of texture and depth.
质感与空间共同作用，使平面显得真实而引人入胜。质感诉诸我们的触觉，而空间则组织构图并营造深度。Year 7 的学生应当能够识别并创造真实的和视觉上的质感与深度。
Actual texture: The real, physical surface you can feel by touching, such as thick impasto paint, rough sandpaper, or smooth glazed ceramic.
真实质感：你可以通过触摸感受到的真实物理表面，如厚涂的颜料、粗糙的砂纸或光滑的釉面陶瓷。
Implied (visual) texture: An illusion of texture created using drawing, painting or printing techniques. For example, drawing tiny dots and lines can make a surface look furry or rough.
视觉质感（暗示质感）：通过素描、绘画或版画技法创造的质感错觉。例如，画小点和线条可以使表面看起来毛茸茸或粗糙。
Foreground, middle ground and background: These are the three main depth zones in a landscape or composition. The foreground is closest to the viewer, the background is farthest away, and the middle ground sits between them.
前景、中景和背景：风景画或构图中三个主要的深度区域。前景离观者最近，背景最远，中景介于两者之间。
Overlapping: A technique where one object covers part of another to show which is in front, creating an immediate sense of depth.
重叠：一种技法，让一个物体遮住另一个物体的一部分，以显示哪个在前，从而立刻营造出深度感。
Positive and negative space: Positive space is occupied by the main subject; negative space is the empty area around it. Balancing both creates a strong composition.
正空间与负空间：正空间由主要题材占据；负空间是它周围的空白区域。平衡两者可以创造强有力的构图。
Placement and scale: Objects placed higher in the picture plane often appear farther away, while larger objects feel closer. This simple perspective trick helps show depth without using a ruler.
位置与比例：放置在画面较高处的物体通常显得更远，而较大的物体感觉更近。这个简单的透视技巧能在不使用尺子的情况下表现深度。
6. Principles of Design | 设计原则
While the elements are the ingredients, the principles of design are the rules for how to use them. These principles help you organise your artwork so it is visually engaging and communicates effectively. In WJEC, you will be asked to discuss how an artist has used principles such as balance, contrast and emphasis.
如果说元素是原料，那么设计原则就是使用它们的规则。这些原则帮助你组织艺术品，使其在视觉上引人入胜并且有效地传达信息。在 WJEC 课程中，你将被要求讨论艺术家如何运用平衡、对比和强调等原则。
Balance: The distribution of visual weight in an artwork. Symmetrical balance is like a mirror image; asymmetrical balance uses different objects that have equal visual pull; radial balance arranges elements around a central point.
平衡：艺术作品中视觉重量的分布。对称平衡像镜像一样；不对称平衡使用具有同等视觉拉力的不同物体；放射状平衡将所有元素围绕一个中心点排列。
Contrast: A strong difference between elements - light vs dark, rough vs smooth, large vs small. High contrast makes certain areas stand out and adds excitement.
对比：元素之间的强烈差异——明与暗、粗糙与光滑、大与小。高对比度使某些区域突出，并增添兴奋感。
Emphasis (focal point): The part of an artwork that catches the viewer's eye first. Artists create emphasis through colour, contrast, placement or size.
强调（焦点）：艺术作品中首先吸引观者目光的部分。艺术家通过色彩、对比、位置或大小来制造强调。
Movement: The path the viewer's eye follows through an artwork. Lines, edges and the arrangement of shapes can all create a sense of visual flow.
动势：观者的目光在艺术品中移动的路径。线条、边缘和形状的排列都能营造出视觉上的流动感。
Pattern and repetition: A repeating design, motif or mark. Patterns can be regular and predictable or more random, adding rhythm and unity to a work.
图案与重复：重复的设计、图形或笔触。图案可以规律可预测，也可以更加随意，为作品增添节奏感和统一感。
Unity and variety: Unity gives the sense that everything belongs together; variety adds interest through differences. A successful artwork balances both.
统一与变化：统一给人一切和谐一体的感觉；变化则通过差异增添趣味。一件成功的艺术品在这两者之间取得平衡。
7. Drawing and Mark-Making Techniques | 素描与笔触技法
Sketching is not just about making an accurate outline; it involves a whole range of mark-making techniques that give your drawings texture, tone and expression. Year 7 students should practise and name these techniques when annotating their own work or discussing artists.
素描不仅仅是画出精确的轮廓，它还涉及一系列笔触技法，为你的画作赋予质感、色调和表现力。Year 7 的学生在评注自己的作品或讨论艺术家时，应当练习并说出这些技法的名称。
Stippling: Using many tiny dots to build up tone and texture. The closer the dots, the darker the area appears.
点画：使用许多小点来表现色调和质感。点越密集，区域看起来越暗。
Scumbling: A series of small, overlapping circular or scribbled marks. Often used to build up soft, textured areas in pencil or charcoal.
揉擦涂鸦：一系列小而重叠的圆圈或乱线笔触。常用于铅笔或炭笔中营造柔和有质感的区域。
Blending: Smoothing out marks to create a gradual transition between tones. This can be done with a blending stump, a finger (though this can transfer oils), or tissue.
涂抹：将笔触抹平以营造色调之间的渐变过渡。可以使用纸擦笔、手指（但这会传递油脂）或面巾纸完成。
Sgraffito: A technique where one layer of colour is scratched away to reveal a different layer underneath, often used with oil pastels or wax crayons.
刮画：一种刮掉一层颜色以露出下面不同颜色层的技法，常用于油画棒或蜡笔画。
Continuous line drawing: Drawing without lifting the pencil from the paper, encouraging free observation and fluidity.
连续线条绘画：不抬起铅笔的绘画方式，促进自由观察和流畅性。
Blind contour drawing: Drawing the contour of a subject while looking only at the subject and not at the paper. It trains your eye-hand coordination.
盲画轮廓：只看着对象而不看画纸，画出对象轮廓。这训练眼手协调能力。
8. Art Media and Materials | 艺术媒介与材料
Knowing the names and properties of different art materials helps you choose the best medium for your idea. In Year 7 WJEC, you will explore wet and dry media and learn how each behaves on different surfaces.
了解不同艺术材料的名称和特性有助于你为自己的想法选择最佳媒介。在 Year 7 WJEC，你将探索干性和湿性媒介，并了解它们在不同表面上的表现。
Pencil grades: Pencils range from hard (H) to soft (B). 'H' pencils give light, fine lines for detailed work; 'B' pencils produce darker, softer marks ideal for shading and bold lines.
铅笔硬度等级：铅笔从硬（H）到软（B）排列。H 铅笔产生淡而细的线条，适合细节刻画；B 铅笔产生较深、较软的笔触，是阴影和粗线条的理想选择。
Charcoal: A dry, black drawing medium made from burnt wood. It creates rich, dark marks, blends easily and can be messy but very expressive. Willow and compressed charcoal are common types.
炭笔：一种由烧过的木料制成的黑色干性绘画媒介。它能产生浓郁深色的笔触，容易涂抹，虽然容易弄脏但极具表现力。柳条炭笔和压缩炭笔是常见的类型。
Oil pastel: A soft, waxy colour stick that is oil-based. It blends smoothly, resists water, and can be used for bold, vibrant colour work and sgraffito.
油画棒：一种以油为基料的柔软蜡质色棒。它可以平滑过渡、防水，能用于大胆鲜艳的色彩作品和刮画技法。
Watercolour: A transparent paint mixed with water. It allows light to reflect through the colour from the white paper, giving a luminous, delicate finish. Washes, wet-on-wet and dry brush are key techniques.
水彩：一种用水调和的透明颜料。光线能透过颜色从白纸上反射出来，带来明亮、清透的效果。平涂、湿中湿和干笔法是关键技巧。
Acrylic paint: A fast-drying, water-soluble but water-resistant paint when dry. It is versatile, can be used thickly (impasto) or in thin glazes, and works well on paper, canvas and board.
丙烯颜料：一种快干、可溶于水但干后防水的颜料。它用途广泛，可以厚涂（厚涂法）或以稀薄的透明色层使用，适合在纸、画布和板材上创作。
Collage and mixed media: Combining different materials - such as magazine cut-outs, fabric, textured paper and paint - in one artwork. Used to create contrast, texture and narrative.
拼贴与综合材料：将不同材料（如杂志剪贴、织物、纹理纸和颜料）结合在一件艺术品中。用于创造对比、质感和叙事。
9. Composition and Viewpoint | 构图与视角
Composition is the arrangement of visual elements within the picture plane. A strong composition guides the viewer’s eye and tells the story in the most effective way. Year 7 artists should understand key layout strategies and camera-like viewpoints.
构图是视觉元素在画面中的安排。强有力的构图引导观者的视线，并以最有效的方式讲述故事。Year 7 的艺术家应当理解关键的布局策略和类似镜头的视角。
Rule of thirds: Imagining the picture plane divided into nine equal sections by two horizontal and two vertical lines. Placing the focal point along these lines or at their intersections often creates a more dynamic and pleasing composition than centring the subject.
三分法：想象画面被两条水平线和两条垂直线分成九个相等的部分。将焦点放在这些线条上或其交点上，往往比将题材居中更能创造出动感和悦目的构图。
Focal point: The main area of interest in an artwork. It can be emphasised by contrast, isolation, leading lines, or by placing it at a rule-of-thirds intersection.
焦点：艺术品中最吸引人的主要区域。可以通过对比、孤立、引导线或将其放在三分法交点上进行强调。
Leading lines: Actual or implied lines that lead the viewer's eye into the artwork and towards the focal point, such as a winding path, a fence, or a row of trees.
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