📚 Year 7 WJEC Art: Quick-Reference Handbook of Formulas and Theorems | 七年级 WJEC 艺术：公式定理速查手册
Art might not feel like a subject full of formulas and theorems, but every masterpiece is built on a hidden set of rules. This handbook turns the essential Elements of Art and Principles of Design into friendly 'formulas' you can learn, remember, and use in your own creative work. Keep it close whenever you sketch, paint, collage or sculpt for your Year 7 WJEC Art projects.
艺术或许不像一门满是公式与定理的学科，但每一件杰作都建立在一套隐藏的规则之上。这本手册把基础的艺术元素与设计原则变成了好记又好用的“公式”，帮助你在创作草图、绘画、拼贴或雕塑时得心应手。在完成七年级 WJEC 艺术作业的任何时候，都可以随时翻阅。
1. The Line Equation | 线条公式
A line is simply a point that has decided to go for a walk. The character of a line depends on its path, pressure and speed. Thick lines feel heavy and bold; thin lines appear delicate and precise. A straight line suggests order, while a curving line feels organic and playful. Zigzag lines create tension and energy, and dotted lines invite the eye to jump along a suggested path.
线条不过是一个决定去散步的点。线的性格由它的路径、压力与速度决定。粗线显得厚重大胆，细线则呈现出精致与精确。直线暗示秩序，而曲线给人有机、活泼的感觉。锯齿线制造紧张与能量，虚线则邀请眼睛沿着暗示的路径跳跃。
Try this formula: repetition. To show calm water, use long, horizontal, thin lines repeated gently. To show anger, press harder with short, diagonal, jagged strokes clustered together.
试试这个公式： 情绪 = (线条粗细 × 方向) + 重复。表现平静的水面，用长而细的水平线轻柔重复；表现愤怒，则用短而倾斜、锯齿状的笔触用力密集地排列。
2. The Shape Rule | 形状法则
When a line returns to its starting point, it creates a shape — a flat, two-dimensional area with clear boundaries. Shapes are divided into geometric (squares, circles, triangles) and organic (freeform, like puddles or leaves). The shape rule reminds us that the arrangement of shapes can change the whole feel of an artwork. Geometric shapes communicate structure and human-made order; organic shapes suggest nature, movement and irregularity.
当一条线回到起点，它就形成了一个形状——一个具有清晰边界的平面二维区域。形状分为几何形（正方形、圆形、三角形）和有机形（自由形，如水洼或树叶）。形状法则提醒我们，形状的安排方式足以改变整幅作品的感受。几何形传达结构与人为秩序，有机形则暗示自然、运动与不规则性。
Quick-check theorem: Positive shapes are the objects themselves; negative shapes are the spaces around and between them. A strong composition pays equal attention to both. If the negative spaces look interesting, the positive shapes are likely working well.
速查定理： 正形是物体本身，负形是物体周围及其之间的空间。有力的构图对正负形给予同等关注。如果负空间读起来有趣，那么正形通常也是成功的。
3. The Colour Wheel Theorem | 色轮定理
The colour wheel is your compass for mixing and matching. It organizes 12 hues in a circle, starting with the three primary colours: red, yellow and blue. Mix any two primaries and you get secondary colours: orange, green and violet. Mix a primary with a secondary next to it and you create tertiary colours, such as yellow-orange or blue-green.
色轮是你调色和配色的指南针。它把 12 种色相排列成一个圆，从三原色开始：红、黄、蓝。任意两种原色相混合，得到间色：橙、绿、紫。原色与它相邻的间色混合，则产生复色，如黄橙或蓝绿。
Harmony formulas: Complementary colours sit opposite each other on the wheel (red ↔ green, blue ↔ orange, yellow ↔ violet). Placed side by side, they make each other look brighter. Analogous colours sit next to each other and create calm, unified schemes. Triadic harmonies take three colours equally spaced, giving balanced contrast.
谐调公式： 互补色在色轮上相对（红↔绿、蓝↔橙、黄↔紫）。它们并置时会彼此增亮。邻近色相邻而坐，营造宁静统一的方案。三角色搭配选取均匀分布的三种颜色，提供均衡的对比。
4. The Tone Formula | 明暗公式
imple: light source + surface angle = perceived value. Areas facing the light source are highlighted; areas turning away fall into shadow; and the transition between them is mid-tone. Cast shadows project onto other surfaces and are usually darker and sharper near the object.
明暗描述颜色或表面呈现的明暗程度。哪怕是一个鲜艳的红色，也包含着从粉红到深栗色的一系列明暗层次。明暗公式很简单：光源 + 表面角度 = 感知到的明度。面向光源的区域是高光；背离光源的区域落入阴影；两者之间是中间调。投影落在其他表面上，通常在物体附近更深、更锐利。
Shading technique reminder: Use hatching (parallel lines), cross-hatching (overlapping lines), stippling (dots) or blending. For a smooth sphere illusion, start with lightest highlight, then even mid-tone, then gradual shadow, and finish with a small reflected light on the shadow side.
塑造明暗技巧提示： 使用排线（平行线）、交叉排线（重叠线条）、点画（点）或涂抹。要制造光滑球体的错觉，从最亮的高光开始，然后均匀的中间调，接着渐变的阴影，最后在暗面留一点反光。
5. The Texture Principle | 肌理原则
Texture is the way a surface feels or looks as though it would feel. Actual texture is real and can be touched (rough bark, smooth glass, fluffy fabric). Implied texture is an illusion created with lines, dots, shading or colour, making a flat drawing or painting appear rough, shiny, soft or prickly.
肌理是表面摸起来的感觉或看上去应有的感觉。实际肌理是真实的，可以被触摸（粗糙的树皮、光滑的玻璃、毛绒的面料）。模拟肌理则是利用线条、点、明暗或色彩制造错觉，让平面的绘画看起来粗糙、闪亮、柔软或扎手。
Texture-building theorem: To imply a tree bark texture, combine irregular vertical lines, broken curves and dark crevices. For fur, use many short, overlapping strokes following the direction of growth. The more you vary line length, thickness and spacing, the richer the texture becomes.
肌理构筑定理： 要表现树皮质感，组合不规则的竖线、断裂的曲线与暗色裂缝。表现毛皮，用许多短而重叠的笔触，顺着生长方向绘制。线条长短、粗细与间距变化越多，肌理就越丰富。
6. The Space Theory | 空间理论
Space is the area within, around, between, above or below objects. In two-dimensional art, we use tricks to suggest depth on a flat page. The space theory includes six key depth cues: overlapping (one object covers part of another), placement (objects higher on the picture plane seem further away), size (distant objects are drawn smaller), detail (closer objects show more texture and detail), colour (distant objects appear lighter and cooler) and linear perspective (parallel lines converge towards a vanishing point).
空间是物体内部、周围、之间、上方或下方的区域。在二维艺术中，我们运用技巧在平面纸张上暗示深度。空间理论包含六条关键深度线索：重叠（一个物体遮挡另一物体的一部分）、位置（画面上方的物体显得较远）、大小（远处的物体画得更小）、细节（近处的物体呈现更多肌理与细节）、色彩（远处物体显得更浅更冷）和线性透视（平行线汇聚于消失点）。
Foreground, middle ground, background formula: Divide your picture into three bands. Place large, detailed, warm-coloured objects in the foreground. Put less detailed, medium-sized forms in the middle ground. Keep the background small, pale, cool and simple. This instantly creates believable depth.
前景、中景、背景公式： 将画面分成三个层次。前景放置较大、细节丰富、暖色物体。中景安放细节较少、中等大小的形体。背景保持小巧、浅淡、偏冷而简单。这能立刻制造出可信的深度。
7. The Form Construction | 形体构建
Form refers to three-dimensional shapes that have height, width and depth. In drawing, we construct form using basic geometric solids as building blocks: cube, sphere, cylinder, cone and pyramid. Almost any object can be broken down into these primitives. A watering can might start with a cylinder body, a cone spout and a curved handle.
形体指具有高度、宽度与深度的三维形状。在绘画中，我们以基本几何体为搭建单元构建形体：立方体、球体、圆柱、圆锥与棱锥。几乎任何物体都可以分解为这些基础几何体。一个洒水壶可以始于圆柱主体、圆锥壶嘴和弧形把手。
Light-on-form theorem: Each basic solid has a predictable light pattern. A sphere shows a highlight, lit side, core shadow, reflected light and cast shadow. Understanding this for a sphere helps you shade an apple, a face or a planet convincingly. Practise shading each primitive form under a single light source until it becomes automatic.
形体布光定理： 每个基础几何体都有可预测的受光模式。球体呈现高光、亮面、明暗交界线、反光与投影。理解了球体的明暗，就能令人信服地描绘苹果、面孔或行星。在单一光源下练习给每个几何体上调子，直到成为本能。
8. The Balance Law | 平衡定律
Balance is the distribution of visual weight in an artwork. Imagine each shape, colour and texture has a weight. A large dark shape feels heavier than a small pale shape. Symmetrical balance is like a mirror image — identical or very similar elements repeated on both sides of a central axis. It creates a calm, formal, stable mood. Asymmetrical balance arranges different elements that still achieve visual equilibrium, often through counterbalancing a large light area with a small dark accent. Radial balance radiates out from a central point like a sunflower or a mandala.
平衡是艺术作品中视觉重量的分布。想象每个形状、颜色和纹理都有重量。一个又大又深的形状感觉重于一个又小又浅的形状。对称平衡如同镜像——相同或非常相似的元素沿中轴线两侧重复，营造宁静、正式、稳定的氛围。不对称平衡则安排不同的元素，仍能达到视觉均衡，常用一个大的浅色区域与一个小而深的亮点来彼此制衡。放射平衡自中心点向外辐射，如同向日葵或曼荼罗。
Balance check formula: Squint your eyes at your composition. If it tips to one side or feels like it might slide off the page, adjust elements until the overall distribution feels settled. Even a powerful dynamic movement needs a sense of visual stability somewhere.
平衡检测公式： 眯起眼睛看你的构图。如果它倾向一侧或仿佛要滑出画面，就调整各个元素，直到整体分布感觉安稳。即便强烈的动态运动，也需要在某个地方具有视觉稳定感。
9. The Contrast Effect | 对比效应
Contrast occurs when two or more elements are strikingly different. High contrast grabs attention, creates drama and defines focus. You can create contrast through light/dark, rough/smooth, large/small, thick/thin, warm/cool, geometric/organic or busy/quiet areas. Without contrast, an artwork can look flat and monotonous; too much contrast everywhere can feel chaotic.
对比发生在两个或多个元素显著不同时。高对比能抓住眼球、制造戏剧效果并界定焦点。你可以通过明与暗、粗糙与光滑、大与小、厚与薄、暖与冷、几何与有机、繁与简等区域来创造对比。没有对比，作品会显得平板单调；但处处高对比又会让人感觉混乱。
Focal-point formula: The area of greatest contrast becomes the focal point. If most of your drawing uses soft greys, a small patch of pure black next to pure white will draw the eye instantly. Use contrast intentionally to guide the viewer through your composition.
焦点公式： 对比最强的区域成为焦点。如果你的画作大部分使用柔和的灰色，一小块纯黑紧挨纯白会立刻吸引视线。有意识地运用对比，引导观众浏览你的构图。
10. The Pattern and Rhythm Connection | 图案与节奏关联
Pattern is a regular repetition of a motif — lines, shapes, colours or textures. Rhythm is the visual tempo created by the way elements repeat and vary. Regular rhythm repeats identical or similar motifs at consistent intervals, like stripes on a scarf. Flowing rhythm uses undulating curves to suggest movement, like waves or hair. Progressive rhythm shows a gradual change in size, shape or colour, leading the eye from one stage to the next.
图案是一个母题的规律重复——线条、形状、色彩或肌理。节奏则是元素重复与变化方式所创造的视觉韵律。规则节奏以一致的间隔重复相同或相似的母题，如同围巾上的条纹。流动节奏用起伏的曲线暗示运动，如波浪或头发。渐次节奏展示大小、形状或色彩上的逐渐变化，引导眼睛从一个阶段移向下一个阶段。
Pattern + rhythm theorem: A powerful pattern becomes even more engaging when rhythm is added. Try repeating a leaf shape but gradually change its size and rotate it slightly each time. The eye will dance across the page, turning a static pattern into a living surface.
图案 + 节奏定理： 一个有力的图案在加入节奏后更引人入胜。尝试重复一片叶子的形状，但每次都逐渐改变它的大小并略微旋转。眼睛就会在画面上跳跃起舞，将静态图案变成生动的表面。
11. The Unity Theorem | 统一性定理
Unity is the feeling that all parts of an artwork fit together and belong. It doesn't mean everything must match; it means there is a coherent overall look. Colour choices, repeating shapes, similar line quality, consistent texture or a shared theme can all contribute to unity. A collage that sticks to a warm, autumnal palette with overlapping leaf shapes feels unified; a randomly assembled collection of unrelated magazine cutouts probably won't.
统一性是指艺术作品中所有部分都相互协调、归属一体的感觉。它并不意味着所有东西都要匹配，而是存在一个连贯的整体风貌。色彩选择、形状重复、相似的线条特质、一致的肌理或共同的主题都有助于形成统一感。一幅拼贴作品若坚持暖色调、秋日色调并叠用叶子形状，就会感觉统一；而一堆互不相关的杂志剪报随机拼凑则不会。
Unity quick-test: If you cover any part of the picture with your hand and the work still feels connected, you've likely achieved unity. One effective technique is to pick a limited colour family and echo key shapes at different scales throughout the work.
统一性速测： 如果你用手遮住画面的任何部分，作品仍然感觉连贯，那么你很可能已实现了统一。一个有效技巧是选取有限的色彩家族，并在整幅作品中以不同尺度呼应的关键形状。
12. The Emphasis Strategy | 强调策略
Emphasis makes one part of an artwork stand out as the main area of interest. Without a clear focal point, the viewer's eye may wander aimlessly. Emphasis can be achieved through contrast (the brightest colour against dull tones), isolation (a single figure standing apart), convergence (lines leading toward a point), or the unusual (one element that breaks an established pattern unexpectedly).
强调让艺术作品的某一部分凸显为主要兴趣区。没有明确的焦点，观众的眼睛可能漫无目的地游走。可以通过对比（最鲜亮的色彩衬托灰暗色调）、孤立（一个单独孤立的人物）、汇聚（线条引向某一点）或异常（一个元素意外打破了既定图案）来实现强调。
Emphasis strategy formula: Decide on your 'hero' element before you start. Then make sure nothing else competes for top attention. If you want the viewer to notice a bird in a tree, keep the branches slightly softer, the surrounding leaves darker and the bird placed near a spotlight area of light. Let everything else play a supporting role.
强调策略公式： 在开始前先确定你的“主角”元素。然后确保没有其他东西争夺最高关注度。如果你想让观众注意到树上的一只鸟，就将树枝画得略微柔和些，周围的树叶偏暗，并把鸟放在接近亮光聚焦的位置。让其他一切扮演支撑角色。
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