📚 WJEC Year 7 Sociology: Key Terms & Definitions Quick-Memorise Guide | WJEC 7年级社会学：关键术语快速记忆指南
Welcome to your quick-memorise guide for WJEC Year 7 Sociology. Mastering key terminology is the first step to understanding how society works. This guide pairs each term with a clear definition and a simple memory trick, presented in both English and Chinese to help bilingual learners lock in the concepts fast. Use the tips to build mental pictures – once you can explain a term to a friend, you truly know it.
欢迎使用 WJEC 7 年级社会学快速记忆指南。掌握关键术语是理解社会运作的第一步。本指南为每个术语配上了清晰的定义和简单的记忆技巧，采用中英双语呈现，帮助双语学习者快速牢记这些概念。利用这些窍门在脑海中建立画面——当你能向朋友解释一个术语时，你就真正掌握了它。
1. What is Sociology? | 什么是社会学？
Society: A group of people who live in a defined territory, interact with one another, and share a common culture and identity. Memory: Think of 'society' as a giant team on a football pitch – everyone has a position but follows shared rules.
社会: 居住在一定地域、彼此互动并共享文化与身份的一群人。记忆：把“社会”想象成足球场上的巨型团队——人人有位置，都遵守共同规则。
ture = the invisible scaffolding that holds up a building; without it society would collapse.
社会结构: 塑造社会的有组织的关系与制度框架，好比体内的骨架。记忆：结构 = 支撑大楼的无形脚手架；没有它社会就会崩塌。
Social institution: An established and enduring system that meets basic societal needs, e.g. the family, education, religion. Memory: Institutions are like factory machines – each one produces something essential (care, knowledge, belief).
社会制度: 满足社会基本需求的既定持久系统，如家庭、教育、宗教。记忆：制度就像工厂里的机器——每台都生产必需品（关怀、知识、信仰）。
2. Socialisation | 社会化
Primary socialisation: The earliest process of learning norms and values, usually within the family during childhood. Memory: 'Primary' sounds like 'primero' – the first school is your home.
初级社会化: 最早学习规范与价值观的过程，通常发生在儿童时期的家庭内部。记忆：“初级”就像“第一课”——家是你最初的学校。
Secondary socialisation: The continuation of socialisation through wider agents such as school, peer groups, media and religion. Memory: After primary school comes secondary school – you learn from the wider world.
次级社会化: 通过更广泛的机构（如学校、同伴群体、媒体和宗教）继续进行的社会化。记忆：小学之后上中学——你从更广阔的世界中学习。
Agents of socialisation: The individuals, groups and institutions that teach us how to behave, e.g. family, schools, peers, mass media. Memory: Think of 'agents' as secret agents delivering packages of rules and values.
社会化机构: 教导我们如何行事的个人、群体和制度，如家庭、学校、同伴、大众媒体。记忆：把“机构”想象成秘密特工，传递着一盒盒规则与价值观。
3. Culture and Norms | 文化与规范
Culture: The whole way of life of a society, including language, beliefs, customs, fashion and food. Memory: Culture is like an iceberg – visible clothes and food above water, hidden beliefs and values below.
文化: 一个社会的全部生活方式，包括语言、信仰、习俗、时尚和食物。记忆：文化就像冰山——水面之上是可见的服饰和食物，水面之下是隐藏的信仰和价值观。
Norms: The unwritten rules of behaviour considered 'normal' in a particular culture, such as queuing or saying 'please'. Memory: Norms = 'normal' behaviours – if you break a norm, people stare.
规范: 特定文化中被视为“正常”的不成文行为规则，如排队或说“请”。记忆：规范 = “正常”行为——一旦破坏，就会引来凝视。
Values: The deeply held ideas about what is right, wrong and important, e.g. honesty, respect, freedom. Memory: Values are your moral compass – they guide your decisions like a north arrow.
价值观: 关于是非和重要性的深层观念，如诚实、尊重、自由。记忆：价值观是你的道德指南针——像北极星一样指引决定。
lture, with its own distinct norms and values, e.g. skaters, goths. Memory: Subculture = a 'submarine' culture – it runs under the surface of mainstream society.
亚文化: 更大文化内部的小型文化群体，拥有自身独特的规范和价值观，如滑板族、哥特族。记忆：亚文化 = “潜水艇”文化——在主流社会表面之下运行。
4. Roles and Status | 角色与地位
ough effort (e.g. student, athlete). Memory: Ascribed = assigned, Achieved = accomplished.
地位: 一个人拥有的社会位置或等级。先赋地位是天生的（如王子、女儿），自致地位是通过努力获得的（如学生、运动员）。记忆：先赋 = 被分配，自致 = 自己达成。
Role: The set of expectations, behaviours and duties attached to a status. A teacher's role includes instructing, marking and mentoring. Memory: Role is your 'script' – the lines you are expected to say and do.
角色: 附属于某个地位的一系列期望、行为和职责。教师的角色包括授课、批改作业和辅导。记忆：角色就是你的“剧本”——你要说和做的台词。
Role conflict: When the demands of two or more roles clash, e.g. being a student and a part-time worker during exam season. Memory: Two scripts are placed in front of you at the same time – which one do you follow?
角色冲突: 当两个或更多角色的要求发生冲突，例如考试季同时当学生和兼职员工。记忆：两份剧本同时放在你面前——你按哪个演？
5. Identity and Self | 身份与自我
Social identity: The part of our self-concept that comes from the groups we belong to, such as nationality, religion, or friendship circles. Memory: Your ID card shows the groups you are part of – nation, school, club.
社会身份: 我们自我概念中来自所归属群体的部分，如国籍、宗教或朋友圈。记忆：你的身份证显示了你所属的群体——国家、学校、社团。
Self-concept: The overall idea we have about who we are, built from experiences, feedback and self-reflection. Memory: Self-concept is the story you tell yourself about YOU.
自我概念: 我们对自己是谁的整体看法，由经历、反馈和自我反思构建而成。记忆：自我概念就是你给自己讲的关于“你”的故事。
Looking-glass self: Charles Cooley's idea that we develop our sense of self based on how we think others see us. Memory: Imagine a mirror – you see yourself through the eyes of others.
镜中我: 查尔斯·库利提出的观点：我们根据自己认为别人如何看待我们来形成自我感觉。记忆：想象一面镜子——你通过他人的眼睛看自己。
6. Social Stratification | 社会分层
Social stratification: The hierarchical arrangement of individuals into layers (strata) based on factors like wealth, power and prestige. Memory: Stratification sounds like 'strata' – layers of a cake, with some layers having more icing.
社会分层: 根据财富、权力和声望等因素将个人分成等级层次（阶层）的安排。记忆：分层（stratification）听起来像“strata”——蛋糕的层次，有些层糖霜更多。
sition in society, often defined by occupation, income and education. Memory: Class = your 'economic shelf' in the social supermarket – top shelf, middle shelf, bottom shelf.
社会阶级: 在社会中经济地位相近的一群人，通常由职业、收入和教育界定。记忆：阶级 = 在社会超市里的“经济货架”——上层、中层、下层。
Life chances: The opportunities each individual has to improve their quality of life, influenced by class, gender and ethnicity. Memory: Life chances are like tickets – some people get front-row seats, others are at the back.
生活机遇: 每个人提升生活品质的机会，受阶级、性别和种族影响。记忆：生活机遇就像入场券——有些人得到前排座位，有些人坐在后排。
7. Gender and Ethnicity | 性别与种族
es between males and females, determined by chromosomes and anatomy. Memory: Sex = biology – think of 'XX' or 'XY'.
生理性别: 男性和女性之间的生物学和身体差异，由染色体和解剖结构决定。记忆：生理性别 = 生物学——想想“XX”或“XY”。
Gender: The socially constructed roles, behaviours and expectations associated with being masculine or feminine. Memory: Gender is what society adds on top of sex – like a costume you are taught to wear.
社会性别: 社会建构的与男性气质或女性气质相关的角色、行为和期望。记忆：社会性别是在生理性别之上添加的东西——像社会教给你穿的一套服装。
Ethnicity: A shared cultural heritage, language, religion and traditions that bind a group together. Memory: Ethnicity is the cultural 'flavour' of your background – food, festivals, language.
种族/民族: 将一群人联系在一起的共同文化遗产、语言、宗教和传统。记忆：种族是你背景的文化“风味”——食物、节日、语言。
Stereotype: A simplified, often exaggerated idea about a whole group of people, e.g. 'all teenagers are lazy'. Memory: Stereotype = a stamp that prints the same image on every member of a group.
刻板印象: 对整个群体过于简化、常被夸大的想法，例如“所有青少年都很懒”。记忆：刻板印象 = 一个印章，在每个群体成员身上印上相同的图像。
8. Family and Household | 家庭与户
Nuclear family: A family unit consisting of two parents and their dependent children living together. Memory: 'Nuclear' suggests a tight core – just the immediate orbit of parents and kids.
核心家庭: 由两位父母及其需抚养子女共同居住的家庭单位。记忆：“核心”意味着紧密的中心——只有父母和子女的直接轨道。
Extended family: A family that includes relatives beyond the nuclear family, such as grandparents, aunts and uncles, often living nearby or together. Memory: Extend your arms – the family grows wider and includes more loved ones.
扩展家庭: 超出核心家庭的亲属组成的家庭，包括祖父母、姑姨叔舅，常同住或邻近。记忆：伸开双臂——家庭变宽了，包含了更多爱的人。
may or may not be related. Memory: Household = whoever shares your fridge and front door.
户: 独居者或共享住宿与家务安排的一群人，可能有亲属关系也可能没有。记忆：户 = 所有和你共用一个冰箱和一道大门的人。
9. Education and Schooling | 教育与学校
ing a set curriculum. Memory: Formal = a set menu in a restaurant; you follow the courses.
正规教育: 在学校、学院和大学中进行的有组织的教学，遵循既定课程。记忆：正规 = 餐厅里的套餐菜单；你按课程顺序学习。
Hidden curriculum: The informal lessons taught in school beyond the official subjects, such as punctuality, obedience and competition. Memory: It is 'hidden' because no one writes it on the timetable, but you learn it every day.
隐性课程: 学校在正式科目之外传授的非正式课程，如守时、服从和竞争。记忆：“隐性”是因为没人把它写在课表上，但你每天都在学。
education, this means grades reflect ability and hard work. Memory: Merit = earned; think 'you merit your place'.
功绩主义: 认为成功和奖励应基于个人才能与努力而非出身的理念。在教育中，这意味着成绩反映能力和努力。记忆：功绩 = 自己赢得的；想“你凭本事获得位置”。
10. Media and Technology | 媒体与科技
net. Memory: Mass = massive audience; media = the middle messenger between events and you.
大众媒体: 能同时触及大量受众的传播形式，如电视、广播、报纸和互联网。记忆：大众 = 大量受众；媒体 = 事件与你之间的中间信使。
media, video streaming, podcasts. Memory: Digital = digits 0 and 1; media in your pocket.
数字媒体: 使用数字技术创建、分发和存储的电子内容，如社交媒体、视频流媒体、播客。记忆：数字 = 0和1；口袋里的媒体。
Representation: How media portray particular groups, events or issues, which can shape public perception and reinforce stereotypes. Memory: Re-presentation – the media shows you a version of reality, not reality itself.
再现: 媒体如何描绘特定群体、事件或议题，会影响公众认知并强化刻板印象。记忆：再现（Re-presentation）——媒体展示的是现实的某个版本，而非现实本身。
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