📚 Year 7 WJEC Sociology: Experiment & Practical Assessment Key Points | 七年级 WJEC 社会学：实验与实践考核要点
In Year 7 WJEC Sociology, you will begin to explore how sociologists study society. One powerful research method is the experiment. This article will guide you through the key points you need to know for your practical assessments, whether you are designing a simple experiment, identifying variables, or evaluating ethical considerations. Let us dive into the world of sociological experiments and build your confidence for the exam.
在七年级 WJEC 社会学课程中，你将开始探索社会学家如何研究社会。一种强有力的研究方法是实验。本文将带你了解实践考核所需的要点，无论你是设计一个简单的实验、识别变量，还是评估伦理考量。让我们一起进入社会学实验的世界，为考试建立信心。
1. What is a Sociological Experiment? | 什么是社会学实验？
A sociological experiment is a research method where a researcher changes one factor (the independent variable) to see its effect on another factor (the dependent variable) while keeping other conditions controlled. Unlike natural science experiments, sociological experiments usually involve people and social behaviour. For example, a sociologist might test whether positive feedback improves students' participation in class.
社会学实验是一种研究方法，研究者改变一个因素（自变量），观察它对另一个因素（因变量）的影响，同时控制其他条件。与自然科学实验不同，社会学实验通常涉及人和他们的社会行为。例如，一位社会学家可能测试积极反馈是否能提高学生在课堂上的参与度。
2. Key Features of Experiments | 实验的关键特征
Independent Variable (IV): The factor that is deliberately changed by the researcher. Example: the amount of praise given to students.
自变量： 研究者有意改变的因素。例如：给予学生的表扬量。
Dependent Variable (DV): The factor that is measured; it may change in response to the IV. Example: test scores or participation rates.
因变量： 被测量的因素；它可能随自变量变化。例如：考试成绩或参与率。
Control Group: The group that does not receive the experimental treatment, used for comparison.
控制组： 不接受实验处理的一组，用于比较。
Experimental Group: The group that receives the treatment (the changed IV).
实验组： 接受处理（被改变的自变量）的一组。
Standardised Procedures: Steps are kept the same for all participants to ensure fairness and reliability.
标准化程序： 所有参与者的步骤保持一致，以确保公平性和可靠性。
3. Steps in Conducting an Experiment | 进行实验的步骤
Step 1: Form a research question or hypothesis. Decide what you want to test. For instance, 'Students who receive a sticker for correct answers will answer more questions.'
第一步：提出研究问题或假设。 确定你要测试的内容。例如，“回答正确获得贴纸的学生会回答更多问题。”
Step 2: Identify your IV and DV. IV = sticker reward; DV = number of questions answered.
第二步：确定自变量和因变量。 自变量 = 贴纸奖励；因变量 = 回答问题的数量。
Step 3: Select participants and assign them to groups. Use random assignment to avoid bias.
第三步：选择参与者并分组。 使用随机分配以避免偏见。
Step 4: Carry out the experiment, keeping conditions the same for both groups except for the IV.
第四步：进行实验，除自变量外，两组条件保持一致。
Step 5: Collect and analyse the data. Compare the DV between groups.
第五步：收集并分析数据。 比较两组的因变量。
Step 6: Draw a conclusion linked to your hypothesis.
第六步：得出与假设相关的结论。
4. Laboratory vs. Field Experiments | 实验室实验与实地实验
Sociologists use two main types of experiments:
社会学家使用两种主要类型的实验：
Laboratory Experiment: Takes place in a controlled, artificial setting. The researcher can control variables easily. Example: a university lab where participants interact under strict guidelines.
实验室实验： 在受控的人工环境中进行。研究者可以轻松控制变量。例如：参与者按照严格指导在大学实验室中互动。
Field Experiment: Takes place in a real-world setting, like a school or workplace. Participants often do not know they are in an experiment. This makes behaviour more natural but control over variables is weaker.
实地实验： 在真实环境中进行，比如学校或工作场所。参与者通常不知道自己在实验中。这使得行为更自然，但对变量的控制较弱。
In WJEC assessments, you may be asked to compare these or decide which is more suitable for a given scenario.
在 WJEC 考核中，你可能需要比较这两种实验，或判断哪种更适合给定的情景。
5. Advantages of Experiments | 实验的优点
Cause and Effect: Experiments are the best method to establish a causal relationship because the researcher manipulates the IV. If the DV changes, we can be fairly confident the IV caused it.
因果关系： 实验是建立因果关系的最佳方法，因为研究者操控自变量。如果因变量发生变化，我们可以比较确定是自变量引起的。
Replicability: Controlled conditions and standardised procedures mean other researchers can repeat the experiment to verify results. This increases reliability.
可复制性： 受控条件和标准化程序意味着其他研究者可以重复实验以验证结果。这提高了可靠性。
Precision: Variables can be isolated and measured accurately.
精确性： 变量可以被隔离并准确测量。
For Year 7 practical tasks, showing that you understand these strengths will earn you marks.
对于七年级的实践任务而言，表现出你理解这些优点将为你赢得分数。
6. Disadvantages of Experiments | 实验的缺点
Artificiality: Laboratory settings may feel unnatural, so participants might behave differently than they would in real life. This lowers ecological validity.
人工性： 实验室环境可能让人感觉不自然，因此参与者的行为可能与实际生活不同。这降低了生态效度。
Ethical Problems: Manipulating people or deceiving them without consent is ethically questionable. We must protect participants from harm.
伦理问题： 在未同意的情况下操控或欺骗人们，在伦理上是有问题的。我们必须保护参与者免受伤害。
Limited Scope: Some social issues like poverty cannot be studied by experiment because you cannot randomly assign people to be poor.
范围有限： 某些社会问题，如贫困，不能用实验来研究，因为你无法随机安排一些人变穷。
Hawthorne Effect: People may change their behaviour simply because they know they are being observed.
霍桑效应： 人们可能仅仅因为知道被观察而改变行为。
7. Ethical Issues in Social Experiments | 社会实验中的伦理问题
When designing an experiment, sociologists must follow ethical guidelines. Key principles include:
在设计实验时，社会学家必须遵循伦理准则。关键原则包括：
Informed Consent: Participants should know what the experiment involves and agree to take part. However, in some field experiments, consent is not obtained to avoid influencing behaviour.
知情同意： 参与者应了解实验内容并同意参加。然而，在一些实地实验中，为了避免影响行为，不会获取同意。
Confidentiality: Personal data must be kept private.
保密性： 个人数据必须保密。
Right to Withdraw: Participants can leave the experiment at any time.
退出权： 参与者可以随时退出实验。
Protection from Harm: No physical or psychological harm should come to participants
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