📚 Year 7 WJEC Sociology: Formula and Theorem Quick Reference | 7年级WJEC社会学：公式定理速查手册
Sociology is full of patterns and ideas that work like formulas – once you know the building blocks, you can understand how society fits together. This handbook collects the key ‘theorems’ and concept equations you will meet in Year 7 WJEC Sociology, from research steps to family types, all in one place for quick revision.
社会学中充满了像公式一样的模式和思想——一旦你掌握了基本构件，就能理解社会是如何组合在一起的。这本手册汇集了你在7年级WJEC社会学中会遇到的关键‘定理’和概念方程式，从研究步骤到家庭类型，一站式快速复习。
1. The Master Equation of Sociology | 社会学的总公式
Think of society as a system that can be broken down into three elements: structure, culture, and interaction. The basic sociology formula is:
把社会想象成一个可以分解为三个元素的系统：结构、文化和互动。社会学的基本公式是：
Society = Social Structure + Culture + Social Interaction
Social structure means the organised parts of society like families, schools, and the government. Culture covers shared beliefs, values, norms, and language. Social interaction is the way people communicate and behave with each other every day. Together, these three explain how social life works.
社会结构指的是社会中像家庭、学校和政府这样有组织的部分。文化涵盖共同的信仰、价值观、规范和语言。社会互动是人们每天相互交流和行事的方式。这三者结合起来解释了社会生活是如何运作的。
2. The Research Process Theorem | 社会学研究过程的定理
Sociologists follow a logical chain when they investigate questions. Think of it as the scientific method for society. The research theorem looks like this:
社会学家在调查问题时遵循一条逻辑链。可以把它看作是社会领域的科学方法。研究定理如下：
h = Observation → Question → Hypothesis → Method → Data Collection → Analysis → Conclusion
You start by observing something interesting, ask a research question, make a prediction (hypothesis), choose how to gather information (method), collect facts or opinions, analyse what they mean, and draw a conclusion. This step‑by‑step cycle is used in both large‑scale surveys and small interviews.
从观察有趣的现象入手，提出研究问题，作出预测（假设），选择收集信息的方式（方法），收集事实或观点，分析其含义，并得出结论。这种循序渐进的循环既用于大规模问卷调查，也用于小范围访谈。
3. The Socialisation Formula | 社会化的公式
Socialisation is how we learn to be members of society. The formula shows the two stages and the key agents that shape our identity:
社会化是我们学习如何成为社会一员的过程。这个公式展示了两个阶段和塑造我们身份的关键主体：
Primary Socialisation (family) + Secondary Socialisation (school, peers, media, workplace)
Primary socialisation happens in early childhood, mostly through the family, where we learn language, basic norms, and values. Secondary socialisation continues throughout life and is carried out by schools, friendship groups, mass media, and later the workplace. Each agent adds a new layer to who we are.
初级社会化发生在幼儿期，主要通过家庭进行，我们在此学习语言、基本规范和价值观。次级社会化持续一生，由学校、同龄群体、大众传媒以及后来的职场实施。每一个主体都为我们的身份增添新的一层。
4. Family Type Classification Theorem | 家庭类型分类定理
Families come in different shapes. The WJEC syllabus introduces the main types, which you can remember as a simple classification table:
家庭有不同的形态。WJEC教学大纲介绍了主要类型，你可以用一张简单分类表来记忆：
| Family Type / 家庭类型 | Definition / 定义 |
|---|---|
| Nuclear family | Two parents and their children living together. |
| 核心家庭 | 父母与子女同住。 |
| Extended family | Parents, children, and other relatives (grandparents, aunts) under one roof or in very close contact. |
| 扩展家庭 | 父母、子女与其他亲属（祖父母、阿姨等）同住或联系极为紧密。 |
| Single‑parent family | One parent raising children alone. |
| 单亲家庭 | 单独一位家长抚养子女。 |
| Reconstituted family | A new family formed when two adults remarry or cohabit, bringing children from previous relationships. |
| 重组家庭 | 两位成年人再婚或同居，带入各自之前关系中的子女而形成的新家庭。 |
These are not fixed categories – families often move between types over time. Diversity is a normal feature of modern society.
这些并非固定类别——家庭常随时间在不同类型之间转换。多样性是现代社会的正常特征。
5. The Social Stratification Equation | 社会分层方程
Stratification describes the way society is divided into layers or strata. The equation reminds you that stratification is not just about money:
分层描述了社会被划分为不同层级的方式。这个方程提醒你，分层不仅仅涉及金钱：
Social Stratification = Class + Gender + Ethnicity + Age
Class is often linked to occupation and income. Gender affects opportunities and expectations. Ethnicity can shape life chances because of prejudice and discrimination. Age creates differences in power and status, for example between children, adults, and the elderly. These factors often overlap, which is called intersectionality.
阶级通常与职业和收入相关。性别影响机会和期望。族裔可能因为偏见和歧视而塑造人生机会。年龄造成权力和地位的差异，例如儿童、成人和老年人之间的差别。这些因素常相互重叠，被称为交叉性。
6. Weber’s Theorem of Authority | 韦伯的权威定理
Max Weber, a founding sociologist, explained that authority – power people see as legitimate – comes in three pure types. This is one of sociology’s most important ‘theorems’:
社会学奠基人马克斯·韦伯解释说，权威——即被人们视为合法的权力——有三种纯粹类型。这是社会学最重要的‘定理’之一：
Authority = Traditional + Charismatic + Legal‑rational
- Traditional authority is based on long‑standing customs and habits, like the power of a king or tribal elder. / 传统型权威基于悠久的习俗和习惯，如国王或部落长老的权力。
- Charismatic authority comes from the personal qualities of a leader who inspires devotion, for example a revolutionary or a popular activist. / 魅力型权威源于领袖的个人品质，能激发追随者的忠诚，例如革命者或广受欢迎的活动家。
- Legal‑rational authority is founded on formal rules and laws, such as the power of a prime minister or a headteacher who is elected or appointed according to a legal system. / 法理型权威建立在正式的规则和法律之上，比如根据法律制度选举或任命的首相或校长的权力。
In real life, authority can be a mixture of these types, but the model helps you analyse why people obey.
在现实生活中，权威可能是这些类型的混合体，但该模型有助于你分析人们为何服从。
7. Deviance and Labelling Theorem | 越轨与标签定理
Deviance simply means behaviour that goes against society’s norms. Sociologists are especially interested in why some acts are labelled as deviant. The labelling theorem states:
越轨简单来说就是违背社会规范的行为。社会学家尤其关注为何某些行为被贴上越轨的标签。标签定理指出：
Deviance = Action + Social Reaction (label) → Master Status → Self‑fulfilling Prophecy
An action (e.g. skipping school) only becomes deviant when people react to it and call it wrong. Once a person is publicly labelled as a ‘troublemaker’, that label can become their master status – the main way they are seen. This may lead to a self‑fulfilling prophecy where the person starts acting according to the label because they feel they have no other choice. This theorem helps explain how social control can actually create more rule‑breaking.
一个行为（例如逃学）只有在人们作出反应并称之为错误时才会变成越轨。一旦一个人被公开贴上‘捣蛋鬼’的标签，该标签就可能成为他们的主要身份——看待他们的主要方式。这可能导致自我实现预言，即此人开始按照标签行事，因为他们觉得自己别无选择。这一定理有助于解释社会控制实际上如何造成更多的违规。
8. Research Methods Formula: Quantitative vs Qualitative | 研究方法公式：定量与定性
When collecting data, sociologists choose between two broad approaches. Think of them as two different toolkits, each giving a different form of evidence:
在收集数据时，社会学家在两大研究方式之间作出选择。可以把它们想象成两套不同的工具箱，各自提供不同形式的证据：
| Quantitative / 定量 | Qualitative / 定性 |
|---|---|
| Focuses on numbers and statistics. | Focuses on words, meanings, and experiences. |
| 关注数字和统计。 | 关注话语、意义和体验。 |
| Methods: questionnaires with closed questions, structured interviews, official statistics. | Methods: in‑depth interviews, participant observation, open‑ended questionnaires. |
| 方法：封闭式问卷、结构式访谈、官方统计数据。 | 方法：深度访谈、参与观察、开放式问卷。 |
| Advantage: easy to compare and spot patterns; generalisable. | Advantage: rich, deep understanding; captures people’s real voices. |
| 优点：易于比较和发现模式；可推广。 | 优点：理解丰富深入；捕捉人们真实的声音。 |
| Disadvantage: may miss the reasons behind behaviour. | Disadvantage: harder to generalise; smaller samples. |
| 缺点：可能遗漏行为背后的原因。 | 缺点：较难推广；样本较小。 |
Many sociologists use a mixed‑methods approach – combining both formulas – to get a fuller picture.
许多社会学家使用混合方法——将这两种公式结合起来——以获得更全面的图景。
9. The Sampling Selection Theorem | 抽样选择定理
Sociologists rarely study every single person in a group. Instead, they select a sample. The sampling theorem helps you recall the main strategies:
社会学家很少研究群体中的每一个人。相反，他们选择样本。抽样定理帮助你回想主要策略：
Sample = Random / Stratified / Convenience / Snowball
- Random sampling: Everyone in the population has an equal chance of being picked – like pulling names from a hat. / 随机抽样：总体中每个人都有同等被选中的机会——就像从帽子里抽名字。
- Stratified sampling: The population is divided into groups (strata, e.g. by age or gender), then a random sample is taken from each group in proportion to its size. / 分层抽样：将总体分成不同组别（阶层，例如按年龄或性别），然后按比例从每组中随机抽取样本。
- Convenience sampling: Researchers choose people who are easy to reach – quick but often unrepresentative. / 便利抽样：研究者选择容易接触到的人——快捷但往往缺乏代表性。
- Snowball sampling: One participant recommends another, and so on. Useful for hidden populations. / 滚雪球抽样：一位参与者推荐下一位，如此接力。适用于隐藏群体。
The choice of sampling method affects how valid and reliable the research findings are.
抽样方法的选择会影响研究结果的有效性和可靠性。
10. Ethical Principles Formula for Sociological Research | 社会学研究的伦理原则公式
When doing research with people, sociologists must follow ethical rules. You can remember them as a short checklist formula:
在对人做研究时，社会学家必须遵守伦理规则。你可以把它们记作一个简短清单公式：
Informed Consent + Confidentiality + Anonymity + Right to Withdraw + Protection from Harm
- Informed consent: Participants must know what the research is about and agree to take part. / 知情同意：参与者必须了解研究内容并同意参加。
- Confidentiality: Personal information should not be shared outside the research team. / 保密：个人信息不应在研究团队以外分享。
- Anonymity: In published findings, real names are replaced with fake names or codes. / 匿名：在发表的研究结果中，真实姓名用化名或代码代替。
- Right to withdraw: Anyone can leave the study at any time without giving a reason. / 退出权：任何人可随时退出研究，无需给出理由。
- Protection from harm: Researchers must ensure that no one suffers physical or psychological harm. / 免受伤害：研究者必须确保无人遭受身体或心理伤害。
Without ethics, research loses its integrity and can harm people. This formula is applied before, during, and after every study.
没有伦理，研究就会失去诚信，并可能对人造成伤害。这一公式在每项研究的开始、进行中和结束后都得到应用。
Published by TutorHao | WJEC Sociology Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图