📚 Year 7 WJEC English Literature: Quick-Reference Handbook of Formulas and Theorems | Year 7 WJEC 英语文学：公式定理速查手册
Welcome to your pocket handbook for literary 'formulas' and 'theorems' – the essential patterns, techniques, and structures that appear throughout English Literature. Just as mathematics uses formulas to solve problems, literary analysis uses these building blocks to uncover meaning in poems, stories, and plays. This guide provides clear definitions, memorable examples, and simple 'how-to-analyse' steps for every key concept in the Year 7 WJEC curriculum.
欢迎使用这本文学“公式定理”速查手册——这里汇集了英语文学中反复出现的基本模式、技巧和结构。就像数学运用公式解题一样，文学分析也需要这些基础模块来发掘诗歌、故事和戏剧中的深意。本指南为 WJEC 七年级课程中的每个核心概念提供了清晰的定义、难忘的例子和简单的“如何分析”步骤。
1. Simile | 明喻
A simile compares two different things using 'like' or 'as'. Think of it as a bridge connecting an idea to a familiar image. Formula: [Thing A] is like/as [Thing B].
明喻用“像”、“如同”等词将两种不同的事物进行比较。可以把它想象成一座桥梁，将抽象概念与熟悉的画面连接起来。公式：[事物A] 像/如同 [事物B]。
Example: 'The moon shone like a silver coin in the sky.' Here, the moon is compared to a coin to emphasise its brightness and roundness. To analyse, ask: What qualities does the image (silver coin) share with the original thing (moon)?
例如：“月亮如同天空中的一枚银币闪耀。”这里将月亮比作银币，突出其明亮与圆润。分析时问自己：这个意象（银币）与原始事物（月亮）共享哪些特质？
In your WJEC exam, when you spot a simile, name it, quote it, and explain the effect. Does it make the description more vivid, create a mood, or reveal a character's feelings?
在 WJEC 考试中，当你发现明喻时，要指出它、引用它并解释其效果。它是否让描写更生动，营造了氛围，还是揭示了角色的感受？
2. Metaphor | 暗喻
A metaphor states that something is something else, without using 'like' or 'as'. It is a direct identification. Formula: [Thing A] is [Thing B].
暗喻直接称某事物就是另一事物，不使用“像”之类的词，是一种直接的等同。公式：[事物A] 是 [事物B]。
Example: 'The classroom was a zoo.' This does not mean there were animals, but rather that it was noisy and chaotic. Metaphors compress meaning powerfully.
例如：“教室是个动物园。”不是说真有动物，而是形容喧闹混乱。暗喻能有力地浓缩意义。
When analysing a metaphor, consider what the writer gains by making this direct leap. What connotations does the metaphor carry? Does it surprise the reader or reinforce a theme?
分析暗喻时，思考作者通过这种直接跳跃获得了什么。暗喻带有怎样的联想意义？它是否让读者惊讶或强化了主题？
3. Personification | 拟人
Personification gives human qualities, emotions, or actions to non-human things. Formula: [Non-human object] + [human verb/emotion].
拟人赋予非人事物以人的特征、情感或行为。公式：[非人对象] + [人的动词/情感]。
Example: 'The angry wind howled through the trees.' Wind cannot feel anger, but this makes the weather seem threatening and alive.
例如：“愤怒的风在树林中咆哮。”风不会愤怒，但这使天气显得有威胁性且充满生机。
This technique creates atmosphere and helps readers connect emotionally with objects or nature. In analysis, always link the human attribute to the intended mood.
这一技巧营造氛围，帮助读者在情感上与物品或自然产生共鸣。分析时，务必将赋予的人性特点与意图营造的情绪联系起来。
4. Alliteration | 头韵
Alliteration is the repetition of the same consonant sound at the start of nearby words. Formula: [Sound S] at the beginning of two or more close words.
头韵指相邻单词开头辅音重复。公式：两个或多个相邻单词以相同的 [声音S] 开头。
Example: 'Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.' The repeated 'p' sound creates a playful, tongue-twisting rhythm.
例如：“Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.”重复的“p”音创造了俏皮饶舌的节奏。
Writers use alliteration to draw attention to a phrase, emphasise meaning, or create musicality. When you encounter it, consider the sound's effect – hard sounds like 'b', 'd', 'g' can suggest abruptness, while soft sounds like 's', 'l', 'm' may soothe.
作者使用头韵来吸引注意力、强调意义或创造音乐感。遇到头韵时，考虑声音的效果——如“b”、“d”、“g”等硬音可暗示突兀，而“s”、“l”、“m”等软音则令人舒缓。
5. Onomatopoeia | 拟声词
matopoeia is when a word imitates the sound it represents. Formula: Word = Sound it makes.
拟声词指词语模仿其所代表的声音。公式：词语 = 它发出的声音。
Examples include 'buzz', 'hiss', 'bang', and 'sizzle'. These words make descriptions more immersive and sensory.
例如“嗡嗡”、“嘶嘶”、“砰”、“咝咝”。这些词让描写更具沉浸感和感官性。
In poetry and prose, onomatopoeia adds a layer of realism. In your response, identify the sound and explain how it enhances the scene – does it build tension, create comedy, or mimic nature?
在诗歌和散文中，拟声词增添了真实感。回答时，指出声音并解释它如何增强场景——它是否制造紧张、营造喜剧效果或模仿自然？
6. Rhyme Scheme | 押韵格式
A rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhymes at the end of lines in a poem. It is like a blueprint of sounds. Formula: Assign a new letter (A, B, C…) to each end sound.
押韵格式是诗行末尾押韵的模式，如同声音的蓝图。公式：为每个末尾韵脚分配一个新字母（A, B, C…）。
Example: In 'Twinkle, twinkle, little star, / How I wonder what you are,' the scheme is AABB because 'star' and 'are' rhyme. Analysing scheme helps uncover structure, predict flow, and understand tone.
例如：“一闪一闪小星星，/ 我想知道你是谁”，格式是 AABB，因为“star”和“are”押韵。分析格式有助于揭示结构、预测流畅度并理解语气。
Different schemes (couplets AABB, alternate ABAB) give different energies. A steady AABB can feel cheerful and simple, while ABAB might feel more reflective. Link the scheme to the poem's mood.
不同的格式（对句 AABB，交替 ABAB）赋予诗歌不同的活力。稳定的 AABB 显得欢快简单，而 ABAB 可能更富沉思感。将格式与诗歌情绪联系起来。
7. Stanza Structure | 诗节结构
mula: Number of lines + their arrangement = Stanza type (couplet, tercet, quatrain, etc.).
诗节是诗歌中一组行，类似于散文中的段落。公式：行数 + 其排列 = 诗节类型（对句、三行诗、四行诗等）。
A couplet has 2 lines, a tercet has 3, a quatrain has 4. Stanzas organise ideas and create breathing space. The choice of stanza form can reflect the poem's theme – for instance, regular quatrains might suggest order, while irregular stanzas can imply chaos.
对句有 2 行，三行诗有 3 行，四行诗有 4 行。诗节组织思想并创造喘息空间。诗节形式的选择可以反映诗歌主题——例如，整齐的四行诗可能暗示秩序，而不规则的诗节则暗示混乱。
8. Plot Diagram | 情节结构图
The plot diagram is a classic 'formula' for narrative structure. It includes exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution. Think of it as a story mountain.
情节结构图是叙事结构的经典“公式”，包括开端、发展、高潮、结局和收场。把它想象成故事山。
Exposition introduces characters and setting. Rising action builds tension through conflicts. The climax is the turning point. Falling action shows consequences, and resolution ties up loose ends. Analysing this shape helps you understand how a story creates suspense and delivers satisfaction.
开端介绍人物和背景。发展通过冲突营造张力。高潮是转折点。结局展示后果，收场解开未了结。分析这一结构有助于理解故事如何制造悬念并令人满意。
9. Character Archetypes | 角色原型
Archetypes are recurring character templates that carry symbolic weight. Formula: Character follows the pattern of [Archetype] – hero, mentor, trickster, villain, innocent, etc.
原型是重复出现的人物模板，具有象征意义。公式：角色遵循[原型]模式——英雄、导师、捣蛋鬼、恶棍、天真者等。
The hero embarks on a journey, the mentor provides wisdom, the villain opposes. Recognising these patterns allows you to predict behaviour and explore deeper themes about good, evil, and growth.
英雄踏上旅程，导师提供智慧，恶棍进行阻挠。识别这些模式可让你预测行为并探索关于善恶、成长等更深层主题。
In your analysis, identify which archetype a character fits and how the author may subvert or confirm the pattern to make a point.
在分析中，识别角色属于哪个原型，以及作者如何颠覆或确认该模式以表达观点。
10. Narrative Point of View | 叙述视角
ator = [First person (I), Second person (you), Third person limited (he/she, one character's thoughts), Third person omniscient (all-knowing)].
叙述视角指故事讲述的立场。公式：叙述者 = [第一人称（我）、第二人称（你）、第三人称有限（他/她，单个人物的思想）、第三人称全知（无所不知）]。
First person creates intimacy but can be unreliable. Third person limited follows one character closely; omniscient hops between minds. POV shapes the reader's trust and the amount of information revealed.
第一人称创造亲密感但可能不可靠。第三人称有限紧紧跟随一个角色；全知视角则在不同思想间跳跃。视角塑造读者的信任和揭示的信息量。
When analysing, discuss why the author chose this POV and how it influences your sympathy or understanding of events.
分析时，讨论作者为何选择这种视角，以及它如何影响你对事件的同情或理解。
11. Theme Identification Formula | 主题识别公式
iversal idea, lesson, or message explored in a text. Formula: Theme = (Big Idea) + (Author's comment on it). Big ideas include love, friendship, courage, betrayal.
主题是文本中探讨的普遍性观念、教训或信息。公式：主题 = （宏大概念） + （作者对其的评价）。宏大概念包括爱、友谊、勇气、背叛等。
For example, theme is not just 'love' but 'love can overcome social barriers.' To find it, track recurring motifs, character growth, and resolution. Always phrase themes as complete statements.
例如，主题不仅仅是“爱”，而是“爱能克服社会障碍”。要找到主题，追踪反复出现的母题、角色成长和结局。始终将主题表述为完整陈述句。
In WJEC responses, state the theme clearly and support it with evidence from the plot and language. Themes connect the story to the reader's own world.
在 WJEC 回答中，清晰陈述主题并用情节和语言证据来支撑。主题将故事与读者的世界连接起来。
12. Tone and Mood | 语气与氛围
Tone is the author' d style. Mood is the feeling the reader gets. Formula: Tone = [adjective describing author's voice]; Mood = [adjective describing atmosphere].
语气是作者对主题的态度，通过选词和风格传达。氛围是读者获得的感受。公式：语气 = [描述作者口吻的形容词]；氛围 = [描述气氛的形容词]。
Example: A sarcastic tone might create a humorous mood. Diction (word choice) is key: 'slim' has a positive tone, 'skinny' a negative one. Analyse by picking out emotive words and sentence rhythms.
例如：讽刺的语气能营造幽默的氛围。用词是关键：“苗条”带有积极语气，“皮包骨”则消极。分析时，挑选带有感情色彩的词语和句子节奏。
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