📚 Year 7 WJEC English: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Guide | Year 7 WJEC 英语：公式定理速查手册
Welcome to your Year 7 WJEC English quick reference guide. Think of the rules and patterns you learn in English as 'formulas' and 'theorems' that help you write, read, and speak with confidence. This handbook gathers the essential building blocks of language and literature, from paragraph structures to punctuation rules, all presented in clear, bilingual explanations. Use it to revise, to check your understanding, or to boost your classroom work.
欢迎使用你的 Year 7 WJEC 英语速查手册。你可以把英语学习中遇到的规则和模式想象成“公式”和“定理”，它们能帮助你自信地写作、阅读和表达。本手册整理了语言与文学的基本构件，从段落结构到标点规则，全部采用清晰的双语解释。你可以用它来复习、检验理解，或为课堂作业助力。
1. The PEEL Paragraph Formula | PEEL 段落公式
PEEL is a powerful formula for writing analytical paragraphs. It stands for Point, Evidence, Explanation, and Link. This four-step structure ensures your ideas are clear and well-supported, particularly in essays and reading responses.
PEEL 是撰写分析性段落的有力公式。它代表 Point（观点）、Evidence（证据）、Explanation（解释）和 Link（联系）。这四个步骤的结构能确保你的想法清晰且有据可依，尤其适用于论文和阅读答题。
Begin with your Point – a strong topic sentence that presents the main idea of the paragraph. For example, 'The poet uses violent imagery to convey the storm's power.' Next, provide Evidence: a direct quotation, a specific event, or a statistic that backs up your point.
从一个明确的观点开始——这是一个有力的主题句，提出段落的主要论点。例如，“诗人运用暴力意象来传达风暴的力量”。接下来，提供证据：一段直接引语、一个具体事件或支持你观点的统计数据。
Then comes the Explanation. This is where you 'unpack' the evidence and show how it proves your point. You might analyse individual words, techniques, or effects. Finally, add a Link to round off the paragraph. The link can tie back to the question, connect to the next paragraph, or summarise the key insight.
然后是解释部分。这里你要“拆解”证据，展示它如何证明了你的观点。你可以分析个别词语、技巧或效果。最后，加上一个联系来收尾段落。这个联系可以回扣题目、过渡到下一段或总结关键见解。
2. Sentence Structure Formulas: Simple, Compound, Complex | 句子结构公式：简单句、并列句、复合句
Sentences are built from clauses, and understanding three key formulas gives you control over your writing. A simple sentence contains one independent clause: Subject + Verb + (Object). For instance, 'The dragon slept.' This formula is perfect for creating tension or clarity.
句子是由分句构建的，理解三个关键公式可以让你掌控写作。简单句包含一个独立分句：主语 + 谓语 + （宾语）。例如，“那条龙睡着了”。这个公式非常适合营造紧张感或表达清晰。
A compound sentence joins two independent clauses with a coordinating conjunction such as 'and', 'but', or 'or'. The formula is: Independent Clause + , + Conjunction + Independent Clause. For example, 'The dragon slept, but the knight crept closer.' Compound sentences help you connect related ideas smoothly.
并列句使用“and”、“but”或“or”等并列连词连接两个独立分句。公式是：独立分句 + , + 并列连词 + 独立分句。例如，“龙睡着了，但骑士却悄悄靠近”。并列句能让你顺畅地连接相关的想法。
A complex sentence combines one independent clause with at least one dependent clause. The dependent clause often starts with a subordinating conjunction like 'although', 'because', or 'when'. The formula can be: Dependent Clause + , + Independent Clause. 'Although the dragon slept, the knight was still afraid.' This formula adds depth and variety to your writing.
复合句将一个独立分句与至少一个从属分句组合在一起。从属分句通常以“although”、“because”或“when”等从属连词开头。公式可以是：从属分句 + , + 独立分句。“尽管龙睡着了，骑士仍然害怕”。这个公式为你的写作增添了深度和变化。
3. Punctuation Formulas: Ending Sentences and Separating Ideas | 标点符号公式：结束句子与分隔想法
Punctuation marks are like traffic signals for your reader. Mastering the basic 'end marks' is the first formula. A full stop (.) signals the end of a statement or command. A question mark (?) ends a direct question. An exclamation mark (!) expresses strong emotion or urgency, but use it sparingly in formal school writing.
标点符号就像给读者的交通信号。掌握基本的“结束符号”是第一条公式。句号（.）表示陈述句或命令句的结束。问号（?）结束一个直接问句。感叹号（!）表达强烈的情感或紧迫感，但在正式的学校写作中要谨慎使用。
The comma (,) is a versatile separator. Its main formulas include: separating items in a list (apples, bananas, and oranges); setting off introductory words or dependent clauses (After the storm, we went outside); and adding extra information with a pair of commas around a non-defining relative clause (Mr Jones, who is our headteacher, gave a speech).
逗号（,）是一个多用途的分隔符。其主要公式包括：分隔列表中的项目（apples, bananas, and oranges）；在引导词或从属分句后设置停顿（After the storm, we went outside）；用一对逗号插入非限定性关系从句的额外信息（Mr Jones, who is our headteacher, gave a speech）。
4. Figurative Language Formulas: Simile, Metaphor, Personification | 修辞手法公式：明喻、暗喻、拟人
Figurative language turns ordinary descriptions into vivid images. A simile compares two things using 'like' or 'as'. The formula is: Thing A + is like/as + Thing B. 'The moon was like a silver coin in the sky.' This helps the reader picture the scene through familiar objects.
修辞手法能将普通的描述变成生动的图像。明喻使用“像”或“如同”将两个事物进行比较。公式是：事物 A + 像/如同 + 事物 B。“月亮像天空中的一枚银币”。这能帮助读者通过熟悉的对象来想象场景。
A metaphor is a stronger comparison. It states that one thing is another. The formula is: Thing A + is + Thing B. 'The classroom was a zoo.' Metaphors create powerful, direct images without using comparison words.
暗喻则是一种更强烈的比喻。它直接说某事物就是另一事物。公式是：事物 A + 是 + 事物 B。“教室是一个动物园”。暗喻不使用比较词，却能创造出强烈、直接的意象。
Personification gives human qualities or actions to non-human things. The formula is: Non-human Thing + Human Action/Quality. 'The wind whispered through the trees.' This technique makes descriptions feel alive and emotional.
拟人赋予非人类事物以人类的品质或行为。公式是：非人类事物 + 人类行为/品质。“风在树间低语”。这种技巧让描述充满生命力和情感。
5. Story Opening Formulas: Hooking the Reader | 故事开头公式：吸引读者
A gripping opening pulls the reader into your story instantly. There are four classic formulas you can follow. The Action Opening plunges the reader straight into a dramatic event: 'As the alarm blared, Maya grabbed the backpack and ran.'
一个引人入胜的开头能立刻将读者拉进你的故事。有四种经典公式可供遵循。动作式开头让读者直接进入一个戏剧性事件：“警报响起，玛雅抓起背包就跑。”
The Dialogue Opening starts with a character speaking, revealing personality or conflict: ''You can't go in there,' warned Sam. 'It's forbidden.'' This creates immediacy and curiosity.
对话式开头以人物说话开始，揭示其个性或冲突：“‘你不能进去，’萨姆警告说，‘那是禁区。’”这能创造出即时感和好奇心。
The Question Opening poses a thought-provoking question: 'Have you ever wondered what it feels like to fly?' This directly engages the reader's own memory and imagination. The Setting Description Opening paints a vivid picture using sensory details: 'The old house squatted on the hill, its windows like empty eye sockets.'
提问式开头提出一个发人深省的问题：“你是否曾想过飞翔是什么感觉？”这直接调动了读者自己的记忆与想象。环境描写式开头运用感官细节描绘出生动的画面：“老房子蹲踞在山丘上，窗户像空荡荡的眼窝。”
6. Persuasive Writing Formulas: AFOREST | 说服性写作公式：AFOREST
When you need to persuade your reader, the AFOREST acronym gives you a checklist of powerful techniques. A stands for Alliteration: repeating initial consonant sounds to make phrases memorable, like 'safe and sound'. F is for Facts and figures that provide solid backing.
当需要说服读者时，AFOREST 缩略词为你提供了一份强有力的技巧清单。A 代表 Alliteration（头韵）：重复词语开头的辅音，使短语朗朗上口，如“safe and sound”。F 代表事实和数据，它们提供坚实支撑。
O means Opinion – present your view as if it is widely accepted wisdom. R is for Rhetorical question: a question asked for effect, not for an answer ('How can we ignore this crisis?'). E stands for Emotive language, words that stir up feelings like 'tragic', 'heartbreaking', or 'glorious'.
O 代表观点——将你的看法表述得如同广泛接受的智慧。R 代表反问：一种为达到效果而非求回答的问题（“我们怎能忽视这场危机？”）。E 代表情感语言，如“悲惨的”、“令人心碎的”或“光荣的”，这些词语能激发情感。
S is for Statistics, which are numerical facts that sound authoritative ('85% of students agree...'). T stands for Triplets, also called the rule of three: listing three adjectives, reasons, or examples to make your argument more rhythmic and convincing ('It is fast, simple, and fun.').
S 代表统计数字，它们听起来有权威性（“85% 的学生同意……”）。T 代表三连词，也称为“三法则”：列举三个形容词、理由或例子，使你的论证更有节奏感和说服力（“它快捷、简单、有趣。”）。
7. Descriptive Writing Formula: Show, Don't Tell | 描述性写作公式：展示而非告知
The golden rule of descriptive writing is 'show, don't tell'. This formula means you should create an experience for the reader through sensory details, actions, and specific images, rather than just stating an emotion or fact. Instead of telling 'He was angry', show: 'His fists clenched and his face flushed crimson.'
描述性写作的黄金法则是“展示，而非告知”。这个公式意味着你应该通过感官细节、动作和具体的画面为读者创造一种体验，而不仅仅是陈述一种情绪或事实。不要告知“他很生气”，而要展示：“他握紧拳头，脸涨得通红。”
Use the five senses as your ingredients. Write what can be seen, heard, smelled, tasted, or touched. An effective showing sentence often contains a strong verb and a precise noun. Telling: 'The room was messy.' Showing: 'Dirty plates tottered in stacks, and a lone sock dangled from the lampshade.'
运用五种感官作为你的素材。写出能被看到、听到、闻到、尝到或触摸到的事物。有效的展示句通常包含一个有力量的动词和一个精确的名词。告知：“房间很乱。” 展示：“脏盘子堆得摇摇欲坠，一只袜子孤零零地挂在灯罩上。”
8. Spelling Rules and Patterns | 拼写规则与模式
English spelling may seem random, but many words follow predictable formulas. One common pattern is the 'i before e' rule: use 'i' before 'e' when the sound is 'ee', except after c. Examples: 'believe', 'chief', but 'receive', 'ceiling'. Remember that there are exceptions like 'weird' and 'seize', so always check.
英语拼写看似随意，但许多单词遵循可预测的公式。一个常见模式是“i before e”规则：当发音为“ee”时，在 c 之后才把 e 写在 i 前，否则 i 在 e 前。例如：believe, chief，但 receive, ceiling。要记住也有例外，如 weird 和 seize，所以要时常检查。
final consonant. Formula: short vowel + single consonant → double the consonant + suffix. 'Hop' becomes 'hopping', 'run' becomes 'running'. For words ending in silent 'e', drop the 'e' before adding a vowel suffix. 'Make' becomes 'making', 'hope' becomes 'hoping'.
当把一个以元音开头的后缀（如 -ing, -ed, -er）加到一个短元音的单音节动词后时，要双写末尾辅音。公式：短元音+单个辅音 → 双写辅音+后缀。Hop 变成 hopping，run 变成 running。对于以不发音的 e 结尾的单词，在加元音后缀时去掉 e。Make 变成 making，hope 变成 hoping。
9. Reading Comprehension Formula: PEE for Analysis | 阅读理解分析公式：PEE
When answering comprehension questions that ask you to analyse a text, use the PEE formula: Point, Evidence, Explanation. It is a close cousin of PEEL but often does not require the final link in shorter responses. It is the backbone of literary analysis.
在回答要求你分析文本的阅读理解题时，请使用 PEE 公式：Point（观点）、Evidence（证据）、Explanation（解释）。它是 PEEL 的近亲，但在较短的答题中通常不需要最后的联系部分。它是文学分析的支柱。
Make a direct Point that answers the question. For example, 'The writer presents the setting as threatening.' Then select a short, powerful piece of Evidence, such as a 'quote from the text'. Finally, provide the Explanation: explain what the words suggest, the effect they create, and how they support your point. 'The word 'sinister' implies hidden danger and makes the reader feel uneasy.'
给出一个直接回答问题的观点。例如，“作者将场景呈现为充满威胁”。然后选取一个简短有力的证据，如“从文本中引用的一句话”。最后，进行解释：说明这些词语暗示了什么、它们产生了什么效果，以及它们如何支持你的观点。“‘sinister’一词暗示了潜在的危险，让读者感到不安。”
10. Creative Writing Structure Formula: The Story Mountain | 创意写作结构公式：故事山
A powerful story follows a reliable structure known as the Story Mountain. This formula consists of five stages. Exposition introduces the characters, setting, and situation. This is the base of the mountain where you establish normal life.
一个强有力的故事遵循一个被称为“故事山”的可靠结构。这个公式包括五个阶段。开端（Exposition）介绍人物、环境和情境。这是山的底部，在此处建立正常的生活。
Rising Action builds the tension: a problem or conflict develops, and obstacles appear. This is the climb up the mountain. At the Climax, the tension reaches its peak – usually the most exciting moment, such as a confrontation, a discovery, or a narrow escape.
上升阶段（Rising Action）营造紧张感：问题或冲突逐渐发展，障碍出现。这是登山的过程。在高潮（Climax）部分，紧张感达到顶峰——通常是最激动人心的时刻，比如一次对抗、一个发现或一次侥幸逃脱。
After the climax comes the Falling Action, where the conflict begins to resolve and loose ends are tied up. Finally, the Resolution provides a satisfying ending, showing the characters' new normal. Sticking to this formula helps you avoid getting lost in the middle of your story.
高潮之后是下降阶段（Falling Action），冲突开始化解，遗留问题被解决。最后，结局（Resolution）提供一个令人满意的收尾，展示人物的新常态。遵循这个公式能帮助你在故事中段不至于迷失方向。
11. Grammar Theorem: Subject-Verb Agreement | 语法定理：主谓一致
Subject-verb agreement is a fundamental grammar theorem: the verb must match its subject in number. A singular subject takes a singular verb; a plural subject takes a plural verb. The simplest formula is: He/She/It + verb+s (or is/was). They/We + verb without s (or are/were).
主谓一致是一条基本的语法定理：动词必须在数上与其主语相匹配。单数主语用单数动词；复数主语用复数动词。最简单的公式是：He/She/It + 动词+s（或 is/was）。They/We + 无s动词（或 are/were）。
Errors often occur when extra words come between the subject and the verb. Ignore interrupting phrases. 'The box of chocolates is on the table.' (Subject is 'box', not 'chocolates'.) Also watch out for indefinite pronouns: 'everyone', 'somebody', 'each' are singular and take singular verbs. 'Everyone is ready.'
当主语和动词之间插入额外词语时，常会出现错误。忽略那些插入的短语。“The box of chocolates is on the table.”（主语是 box，而非 chocolates。）还要注意不定代词：everyone、somebody、each 是单数，需用单数动词。“Everyone is ready.”
12. The Apostrophe Formula: Possession and Contraction | 撇号公式：所有格与缩略
The apostrophe has two main formulas. For possession, to show that something belongs to someone or something: singular nouns add an apostrophe + s ('s). 'The girl's book' means one girl owns the book. Plural nouns that already end in s just add an apostrophe after the s (s'). 'The girls' books' means several girls own the books.
撇号有两个主要公式。对于所有格，即表示某物属于某人或某物：单数名词加撇号 + s（'s）。“The girl's book” 表示一个女孩的书。已以 s 结尾的复数名词，只在 s 后加撇号（s'）。“The girls' books” 表示几个女孩的书。
For plural nouns that do not end in s, like 'children' or 'people', treat them like singular nouns and add 's: 'children's games'. The second apostrophe formula is for contraction: replacing missing letters in shortened forms. 'Do not' becomes 'don't', 'it is' becomes 'it's'. Be very careful not to confuse 'it's' (it is) with the possessive 'its' (belonging to it), which never has an apostrophe.
对于不以 s 结尾的复数名词，如 children 或 people，将它们当作单数名词处理，加 's：“children's games”。撇号的第二个公式是缩略：代替缩略形式中缺失的字母。Do not 变成 don't，it is 变成 it's。要特别小心，不要将 it's（it is）与所有格 its（属于它）混淆，所有格 its 永远不加撇号。
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