📚 Year 7 WJEC English: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | 七年级 WJEC 英语：公式定理速查手册
In English, just like in maths or science, there are core rules and structures that work like formulas. Once you learn them, you can build sentences, analyse texts, and write confidently. This quick reference handbook gathers all the essential "formulas" and "theorems" for Year 7 WJEC English, from parts of speech to writing a perfect paragraph. Keep it handy whenever you read or write.
英语也像数学或科学一样，有一些核心规则和结构，就像公式一样。一旦掌握它们，你就能构建句子、分析文本并且自信地写作。这份速查手册汇集了七年级 WJEC 英语所有关键的“公式”和“定理”，从词类到写出完美的段落。无论阅读还是写作，都可以随时参考。
1. Parts of Speech: The Word Formulas | 词类：词汇公式
Every word in English belongs to a category, or part of speech. Think of these as the building-block formulas for language.
英语中的每个词都属于某一种词类。把这些当作构成语言的基本公式。
Noun formula: A noun names a person, place, thing or idea. E.g., 'dog', 'London', 'freedom'.
名词公式：名词表示人、地点、事物或概念。例如 'dog','London','freedom'。
Verb formula: A verb shows action or a state of being. E.g., 'run', 'is', 'become'.
动词公式：动词表示动作或状态。例如 'run','is','become'。
Adjective formula: An adjective describes a noun. E.g., 'happy', 'blue', 'tall'.
形容词公式：形容词修饰名词。例如 'happy','blue','tall'。
Adverb formula: An adverb describes a verb, adjective or another adverb. It often tells how, when or where. E.g., 'quickly', 'very', 'outside'.
副词公式：副词修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，常说明方式、时间或地点。例如 'quickly','very','outside'。
Pronoun formula: A pronoun replaces a noun. E.g., 'he', 'she', 'it', 'they'.
代词公式：代词代替名词。例如 'he','she','it','they'。
Preposition formula: A preposition shows the relationship between a noun and another word. E.g., 'in', 'on', 'under', 'between'.
介词公式：介词表示名词与其他词的关系。例如 'in','on','under','between'。
Conjunction formula: A conjunction connects words, phrases or clauses. Coordinating conjunctions can be remembered with FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
连词公式：连词连接单词、短语或句子。并列连词可用 FANBOYS 来记忆：for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so。
2. Sentence Structures: The Sentence Formulas | 句子结构：句式公式
Sentences are built from clauses. These structures are the grammar formulas that help you vary your writing.
句子由分句构成。这些结构是帮助写作多变的语法公式。
Simple Sentence = Independent Clause
简单句 = 独立分句
A simple sentence has one subject and one verb (or verb phrase) and expresses a complete thought. Example: 'The cat slept.'
简单句有一个主语和一个动词（或动词短语），表达完整的意思。例如：'The cat slept.'。
Compound Sentence = Independent Clause + , FANBOYS + Independent Clause
并列句 = 独立分句 + , 并列连词 + 独立分句
A compound sentence joins two independent clauses with a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, etc.) and usually a comma. Example: 'She wanted to go outside, but it was raining.'
并列句用并列连词（and, but, or 等）连接两个独立分句，连词前通常加逗号。例如：'She wanted to go outside, but it was raining.'。
Complex Sentence = Independent Clause + Dependent Clause
复合句 = 独立分句 + 从属分句
A complex sentence contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with a subordinating conjunction like because, although, when, if. Example: 'Although she was tired, she finished her homework.'
复合句包含一个独立分句和至少一个从属分句。从属分句以从属连词开头，如 because, although, when, if。例如：'Although she was tired, she finished her homework.'。
3. Punctuation: The Visual Formulas | 标点符号：视觉公式
Punctuation marks are the signals that guide the reader. Learning their rules is essential for clear writing.
标点符号是指引读者的信号。学习其规则对清晰写作至关重要。
Full stop formula (.) : Use at the end of a statement or command.
句号公式 (. )：用于陈述句或祈使句末尾。
Question mark (?) : Use at the end of a direct question. E.g., 'What time is it?'
问号 (? )：用于直接问句末尾。例如：'What time is it?'
Exclamation mark (!) : Use to show strong emotion or surprise. Avoid overusing it in formal writing.
感叹号 (! )：用于表达强烈情感或惊讶。正式写作中避免滥用。
Comma formula (,): Use commas to separate items in a list, after introductory phrases, before a FANBOYS joining two independent clauses, and to set off extra information. E.g., 'We bought apples, bananas, and oranges.'
逗号公式 (,)：逗号用于分隔列表项、在引导性短语之后、连接两个独立分句的 FANBOYS 之前，以及隔开补充信息。例如：'We bought apples, bananas, and oranges.'。
Apostrophe formula ('): Apostrophes show possession (the girl's book) or indicate a contraction (it's = it is). Do not use an apostrophe for simple plurals.
撇号公式 (')：撇号表示所有格 (the girl's book) 或缩写 (it's = it is)。简单复数不加撇号。
4. Figurative Language: The Creativity Formulas | 修辞手法：创意公式
Writers use figurative language to create vivid images. These formulas compare or exaggerate to make writing more interesting.
作者使用修辞手法营造生动的画面。这些公式通过比较或夸张让文字更有趣。
Simile formula: A simile compares two things using 'like' or 'as'. E.g., 'as brave as a lion', 'shines like a diamond'.
明喻公式：用 'like' 或 'as' 比较两样事物。例如 'as brave as a lion','shines like a diamond'。
Metaphor formula: A metaphor says one thing IS another, without using 'like' or 'as'. E.g., 'The classroom was a zoo.'
暗喻公式：不用 'like' 或 'as'，直接说甲事物就是乙事物。例如 'The classroom was a zoo.'。
Personification formula: Give human qualities to non-human things. E.g., 'The wind whispered through the trees.'
拟人公式：赋予非人事物以人的特征。例如 'The wind whispered through the trees.'。
Onomatopoeia formula: Words that imitate sounds. E.g., 'buzz', 'crash', 'sizzle'.
拟声词公式：模仿声音的词汇。例如 'buzz','crash','sizzle'。
Hyperbole formula: Extreme exaggeration for effect. E.g., 'I've told you a million times.'
夸张公式：极度夸大以达到效果。例如 'I've told you a million times.'。
5. Literary Devices: The Analysis Tools | 文学手法：分析工具
When studying stories and poems, you need to recognise the devices writers use. These are the detective formulas for English.
学习故事和诗歌时，需要识别作者使用的技巧。这就是英语中侦探般的公式。
Alliteration: The repetition of the same sound at the start of nearby words. E.g., 'Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.'
头韵：相邻单词开头重复相同的音。例如：'Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.'。
Rhyme: Words with the same ending sound, often used in poetry. E.g., 'cat' and 'hat'.
押韵：结尾音相同的词，常用于诗歌。例如 'cat' 和 'hat'。
Imagery: Descriptive language that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste). E.g., 'The sweet, sticky honey dripped from the spoon.'
意象：调动感官（视觉、听觉、嗅觉、触觉、味觉）的描述性语言。例如 'The sweet, sticky honey dripped from the spoon.'。
Repetition: Repeating a word or phrase for emphasis. E.g., 'Never, never, never give up.'
重复：重复词语或短语以强调。例如 'Never, never, never give up.'。
6. Text Types and Purposes: The Genre Formulas | 文本类型与目的：体裁公式
Every text is written with a purpose in mind. Remember the acronym PIE: Persuade, Inform, Entertain. Different text types follow specific formulas.
每篇文章都有写作目的。记住缩写 PIE：说服 (Persuade)、告知 (Inform)、娱乐 (Entertain)。不同文本类型遵循特定公式。
Narrative formula: A story with characters, setting, conflict and resolution. It aims to entertain.
叙事文公式：有角色、背景、冲突和结局的故事。旨在娱乐。
Persuasive writing formula: Uses rhetorical questions, emotive language, facts and a clear opinion to convince the reader. E.g., adverts, speeches.
说服性写作公式：运用反问、感性语言、事实和明确的观点来说服读者。例如广告、演讲。
Informative writing formula: Offers facts, explanations and details without giving an opinion. E.g., news reports, textbooks.
信息性写作公式：提供事实、解释和细节，不掺杂个人观点。例如新闻报道、教材。
Recount formula: Retells events in chronological order. Often uses time connectives like 'first', 'then', 'after'.
记叙文公式：按时间顺序复述事件。常使用时间连接词，如 'first','then','after'。
7. Paragraph Structures: The PEEL Formula | 段落结构：PEEL 公式
Structuring a paragraph well is like following a recipe. The PEEL formula is one of the most effective ways to build a strong paragraph, especially in analytical writing.
好的段落结构就像遵循食谱。PEEL 公式是构建强有力段落最有效的方法之一，尤其适用于分析性写作。
PEEL = Point + Evidence + Explanation + Link
PEEL = 观点 + 证据 + 解释 + 衔接
Point: Start with a clear topic sentence that states the main idea of the paragraph. E.g., 'The author uses alliteration to create a sense of urgency.'
观点：以清晰的主题句开头，表明段落的主要观点。例如：'The author uses alliteration to create a sense of urgency.'。
Evidence: Provide a quotation or specific example from the text to support your point. E.g., 'The words "wild winds whipped" demonstrate this.'
证据：从文中引用原文或给出具体例子来支持观点。例如：'The words "wild winds whipped" demonstrate this.'。
Explanation: Explain what the evidence shows and why it is effective. Discuss the effect on the reader. E.g., 'The repeated 'w' sound mimics the howling of the storm, making the scene feel violent and immediate.'
解释：解释证据说明了什么以及为何有效。讨论对读者的影响。例如：'The repeated 'w' sound mimics the howling of the storm, making the scene feel violent and immediate.'。
Link: Connect back to the main argument or to the next paragraph. E.g., 'This urgency prepares the reader for the danger that follows.'
衔接：回扣主要论点或连接下一段。例如：'This urgency prepares the reader for the danger that follows.'。
8. Spelling Rules: The Sound-to-Letter Formulas | 拼写规则：发音到字母的公式
English spelling can be tricky, but many rules work like formulas. Learning them will improve your writing accuracy.
英语拼写虽然棘手，但许多规则就像公式。学习它们会提高写作准确性。
'i' before 'e' except after 'c' (when the sound is /iː/): E.g., 'believe', 'receive', but 'science' is an exception. Use this as a guide, not an absolute law.
'i' 在前 'e' 在后，除非在 'c' 之后（当发音为 /iː/ 时）：例如 'believe', 'receive'，但 'science' 是例外。作为参考，并非绝对法则。
Doubling consonants before adding -ed or -ing: rd with a short vowel and a single consonant at the end, double the final consonant. E.g., 'hop' → 'hopped', 'hoping'? No, 'hope' has a silent 'e', so it becomes 'hoping' (drop the 'e'). The formula: 1 syllable, short vowel + single consonant → double. E.g., 'sit' → 'sitting'.
加 -ed 或 -ing 前双写辅音：在单音节词中，若结尾是短元音+单个辅音，则双写末尾辅音。例如 'hop' → 'hopped'；'hope' 有哑音 e，变为 'hoping'。公式：单音节，短元音+单个辅音 → 双写。如 'sit' → 'sitting'。
Drop the final 'e' rule: When adding a suffix that starts with a vowel (-ing, -ed, -able), drop the silent 'e'. E.g., 'make' → 'making', 'fame' → 'famous'.
去结尾 'e' 规则：添加以元音开头的后缀（-ing, -ed, -able）时，去掉不发音的 'e'。如 'make' → 'making', 'fame' → 'famous'。
Change 'y' to 'i' rule: If a word ends in a consonant + 'y', change the 'y' to 'i' before adding -es, -ed, -er, -est, -ly. E.g., 'happy' → 'happily', 'carry' → 'carried'. But keep the 'y' before -ing: 'carrying'.
'y' 变 'i' 规则：如果单词以辅音 + 'y' 结尾，添加 -es, -ed, -er, -est, -ly 时，把 'y' 变成 'i'。如 'happy' → 'happily', 'carry' → 'carried'。但在 -ing 前保留 'y'：'carrying'。
9. Reading Skills: The Understanding Formulas | 阅读技能：理解公式
Reading isn't just about decoding words. These strategies help you find information and read between the lines.
阅读不仅仅是解码文字。这些策略帮助你找到信息并体会言外之意。
Skimming formula: Quickly read titles, headings, first sentences and keywords to get the main idea. Use before answering questions.
略读公式：快速阅读标题、小标题、首句和关键词以抓住大意。答题前使用。
Scanning formula: Look for specific information, like a date, name or number. Let your eyes glide over the text until you spot the detail.
扫读公式：寻找具体信息，如日期、人名或数字。让眼睛在文本上快速移动直到发现细节。
Inference formula: edge to work out what the writer means. Formula: Text Clues + Prior Knowledge = Inference.
推断公式：读出言外之意。利用文中线索加上自己的知识，推敲作者的意图。公式：文本线索 + 已有知识 = 推断。
Predicting formula: Use clues from the title, headings and pictures to guess what will happen next. This keeps you engaged.
预测公式：根据标题、小标题和图片的线索猜测接下来会发生什么。这让你保持投入。
10. Writing Process: The Creation Formula | 写作过程：创作公式
Good writing doesn't happen in one step. Follow this four-stage formula to produce your best work.
好的写作并非一步到位。遵循这个四阶段公式，创作出最佳作品。
Plan (Prewriting): Gather ideas using a mind map, bullet points, or a story mountain. Decide on your purpose and audience.
计划（预写）：用思维导图、要点列表或故事山来收集想法。明确写作目的和读者。
Draft: Write the first version without worrying too much about mistakes. Follow your plan and keep the ideas flowing.
起草：写下初稿，无需过分担心错误。按照计划让灵感流动。
Edit and Revise: Check your work. Improve word choices, sentence variety, and make sure the structure is clear. This is where you rearrange sentences and add better vocabulary.
编辑与修改：检查作品。改进词语选择、句式变化，确保结构清晰。此处可调整句子顺序，使用更高级词汇。
Proofread (Publish): Carefully check for spelling, punctuation and grammar errors. Read aloud to catch mistakes. Then write out or type your final neat copy.
校对（发布）：仔细检查拼写、标点和语法错误。大声朗读以发现错误。然后誊写或打印出最终清稿。
Published by TutorHao | English Revision Series | aleveler.com
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