📚 Year 7 WJEC Business: Summer Preview & Bridging Course | 七年级 WJEC 商务：暑期预习与衔接课程
Starting secondary school brings exciting new subjects, and Business Studies is one that opens doors to understanding the world around you. This summer bridging guide will introduce you to the key ideas in the WJEC Year 7 Business curriculum, helping you feel confident and prepared before your first lesson. Whether you dream of launching your own brand or simply want to know how shops decide what to sell, this article will give you a friendly head start.
进入中学意味着接触许多令人兴奋的新学科，商务研究就是其中一扇让你了解身边世界的大门。这份暑期衔接指南将带你提前了解 WJEC 七年级商务课程的核心概念，帮助你在第一节课前就充满自信、做好准备。无论你是梦想创立自己的品牌，还是仅仅好奇商店如何决定卖什么，这篇文章都会给你一个友好的起步助力。
1. Welcome to Business Studies | 欢迎来到商务研究
Business Studies is more than just learning about money. It explores how companies start, grow, and succeed while meeting the needs of customers. You will investigate real-life examples, from local corner shops to global brands like Apple and Nike, and discover what makes them tick. The subject combines creativity, maths, communication, and decision-making skills that you already use every day.
商务研究不仅仅是学习关于钱的知识。它探讨企业如何创立、成长并成功满足顾客的需求。你将研究真实的案例，从街角小店到像苹果、耐克这样的全球品牌，发现它们运转的奥秘。这门学科融合了创造力、数学、沟通和决策技能，而这些技能你每天都在使用。
The WJEC Year 7 course is designed to be interactive and enjoyable. You will take part in group projects, design your own products, and even pitch ideas just like an entrepreneur on a TV show. Before the term begins, simply bringing your curiosity is the best preparation.
WJEC 七年级课程设计得既互动又有趣。你将参与小组项目，设计自己的产品，甚至像电视节目中的创业者那样推介创意。在学期开始前，带着好奇心就是最好的准备。
2. Why Study Business? | 为什么学习商务？
Understanding business helps you make sense of everyday life. When you see an advert, choose a snack, or wonder why some products cost more than others, you are already thinking like a business student. The subject explains how prices are set, how companies persuade people to buy, and why some inventions become bestselling products while others fail.
理解商务能帮助你明白日常生活中的种种现象。当你看到一则广告、选择一款零食，或者好奇为什么某些产品比其他产品更贵时，你已经像一名商务学生那样思考了。这门学科解释了价格如何制定、公司如何说服人们购买，以及为何有些发明成为畅销产品而另一些却失败了。
It also builds transferable skills for any future career. You will practise budgeting, teamwork, leadership, and analysing information. Even if you do not plan to run a company, these abilities are valuable in medicine, engineering, arts, and public services.
它还能为任何未来职业培养可迁移的技能。你将练习预算、团队合作、领导力和信息分析。即使你不打算经营公司，这些能力在医学、工程、艺术和公共服务领域同样宝贵。
3. What is a Business? | 什么是企业？
A business is any organisation that provides goods or services to customers in return for payment. Goods are physical items you can touch, such as books, trainers, or smartphones. Services are actions done for you, like a haircut, a bus journey, or a streaming subscription. The main goal of most businesses is to make a profit, but some also aim to help society or protect the environment.
企业是任何向顾客提供商品或服务以换取报酬的组织。商品是你能触摸到的实物，比如书籍、运动鞋或智能手机。服务则是为你完成的行为，如理发、乘坐公交车或流媒体订阅。大多数企业的主要目标是赚取利润，但也有一些致力于帮助社会或保护环境。
In Year 7, you will learn to distinguish between different types of businesses, including sole traders (one person running a business alone), partnerships (two or more people sharing ownership), and larger companies. You will even discuss the role of social enterprises that reinvest their profits into a cause, such as fair-trade chocolate companies.
在七年级，你将学会区分不同类型的企业，包括个体经营者（一个人独自经营）、合伙企业（两个或更多人共同拥有）以及较大的公司。你甚至会讨论那些把利润再投入到某项事业中的社会企业，例如公平贸易巧克力公司。
4. Entrepreneurs and Enterprise | 企业家与创业精神
Entrepreneurs are people who take risks to start and run a new business. They spot opportunities, gather resources, and turn ideas into reality. Famous entrepreneurs like James Dyson or Deborah Meaden show qualities such as determination, creativity, and resilience. You might have already shown these traits when organising a school fundraiser or selling homemade crafts.
企业家是那些承担风险去创办和经营新企业的人。他们发现机会，整合资源，并把创意变成现实。像詹姆斯·戴森或黛博拉·米登这样的著名企业家展现出了决心、创造力和韧性等品质。当你组织学校募捐或售卖自制手工艺品时，你可能已经表现出了这些特质。
Enterprise is the skill of turning an idea into a successful project, even inside an existing company. In the classroom, you will undertake an enterprise challenge: perhaps designing a new healthy drink or planning a mini pop-up shop. This hands-on experience teaches you that failure is part of learning and that good ideas need careful planning.
创业精神是把创意转化为成功项目的技能，即使是在现有公司内部也可以这么做。在课堂上，你将接受一项创业挑战：也许是设计一款新的健康饮品，或者策划一个迷你快闪店。这种动手实践的经历会教会你，失败是学习的一部分，而好点子需要精心规划。
5. Needs and Wants | 需要与想要
Every customer has needs and wants. A need is something essential for survival, such as food, water, shelter, and clothing. A want is something you desire but could live without, like a video game, designer trainers, or a holiday abroad. Businesses study the difference carefully so they can target their products effectively.
每位顾客都有需要与想要。需要是生存所必需的东西，例如食物、水、住所和衣物。想要是你渴望但可以没有的东西，比如电子游戏、名牌运动鞋或海外度假。企业会仔细研究这两者的区别，以便有效地定位自己的产品。
In WJEC Business, you will learn how companies satisfy needs and wants through different goods and services. A bakery meets a basic need for food, but it can also satisfy a want for a luxury cake if it adds special ingredients. Marketing often focuses on turning wants into perceived needs, which is why adverts make us feel that we ‘must have’ the latest phone.
在 WJEC 商务课程中，你将学习企业如何通过不同的商品和服务来满足需要与想要。一家面包店满足了人们对食物的基本需要，但如果加入特殊配料，它也能满足人们对豪华蛋糕的想要。市场营销常常聚焦于把想要转变为感知的需要，这就是为什么广告让我们觉得“必须拥有”最新款的手机。
6. Factors of Production | 生产要素
To produce any good or service, a business needs resources known as the four factors of production: land, labour, capital, and enterprise. Land includes all natural resources like water, minerals, and land itself. Labour refers to the workforce — the people who make or sell the product. Capital is the machinery, tools, and money needed for production. Finally, enterprise ties everything together through the skills of the entrepreneur who coordinates the other three.
要生产任何商品或服务，企业需要被称为“四大生产要素”的资源：土地、劳动力、资本和创业精神。土地包括所有自然资源，如水、矿产和土地本身。劳动力指劳动队伍——即制造或销售产品的人。资本是生产所需的机器、工具和资金。最后，创业精神通过企业家的技能将其他三者整合在一起。
You can remember these with the simple acronym CELL (Capital, Enterprise, Land, Labour). Imagine a pizza restaurant: land supplies the wheat and tomatoes; labour cooks and serves; capital includes the oven and delivery bike; enterprise is the manager who brings the idea to life. This concept helps you appreciate that every product has a hidden story of resources behind it.
你可以用简单的首字母缩略词 CELL（资本、创业精神、土地、劳动力）来记住它们。想象一家披萨店：土地提供小麦和番茄；劳动力负责烹饪和服务；资本包括烤箱和送餐自行车；创业精神则是那位把创意变为现实的经理。这个概念能让你认识到，每件产品背后都有一段关于资源的隐藏故事。
7. Introduction to Marketing | 市场营销入门
Marketing is everything a business does to identify customer needs and then design, promote, and sell products to meet those needs. It is not just advertising — it also involves researching what people like, setting a price that attracts buyers, and choosing where to sell. The famous ‘marketing mix’ is often summarised as the 4Ps: Product, Price, Place, and Promotion.
市场营销是企业为识别顾客需求，进而设计、推广并销售产品以满足这些需求所做的一切。它不仅是广告——还包括研究人们喜欢什么、设定吸引买家的价格，以及选择销售地点。著名的“营销组合”常被概括为 4P：产品、价格、渠道和促销。
During Year 7, you will apply the 4Ps to your own business idea. You might design a new cereal brand, decide how much to charge, suggest which supermarkets should stock it, and dream up a catchy advertisement. This hands-on task shows how businesses balance these four elements to create a product that customers truly want.
在七年级期间，你将把 4P 应用到你自己的商业创意中。你可能会设计一款新的麦片品牌，决定收取多少费用，建议哪些超市应该上架，并构思一则吸引人的广告。这项实践任务展示了企业如何平衡这四个要素，创造出顾客真正想要的产品。
8. Introduction to Finance | 财务入门
ing in (revenue) and money going out (costs). A simple profit formula is: Profit = Revenue – oss. Even successful businesses monitor cash flow carefully to avoid running out of money.
财务是商业的语言。它帮助所有者记录进来（收入）和出去（成本）的钱。一个简单的利润公式是：利润 = 收入 – 成本。当收入大于成本时，企业就盈利；当成本更高时，它就亏损。即便是成功的企业，也会仔细监控现金流，避免资金耗尽。
In your first year, you will not need to master complex accounts, but you will learn to draft a basic budget for a school event or enterprise project. You will discover how small changes in price or cost can dramatically affect profit, and why businesses must keep accurate financial records. These lessons build strong numeracy skills in a real-world context.
在第一年，你不需要掌握复杂的会计，但你会为学校活动或创业项目草拟一份基本预算。你会发现价格或成本的微小变化会如何极大地影响利润，以及为什么企业必须保留准确的财务记录。这些课程能在真实情境中培养强大的计算能力。
9. Business Sectors | 商业部门
The economy is divided into three main sectors: primary, secondary, and tertiary. The primary sector extracts raw materials — think farming, fishing, and mining. The secondary sector manufactures goods by turning those raw materials into products, such as car factories or bakeries. The tertiary sector provides services — shops, hospitals, transport, and education all belong here.
经济分为三个主要部门：第一产业、第二产业和第三产业。第一产业开采原材料——想想农业、渔业和采矿业。第二产业通过将原材料转化为产品来制造商品，比如汽车工厂或面包店。第三产业提供服务——商店、医院、交通和教育都属于这一范畴。
WJEC encourages you to look at your local area and identify businesses from each sector. Perhaps there is a farm (primary), a furniture workshop (secondary), and a cinema (tertiary). This exercise helps you see how interconnected the business world is — a milk producer supplies a cheese factory, which sells to a supermarket, which then serves you.
WJEC 鼓励你观察自己所在的地区，找出每个部门的企业。也许有一个农场（第一产业）、一个家具作坊（第二产业）和一家电影院（第三产业）。这个练习能帮助你看到商业世界是如何相互关联的——一家牛奶生产商供应给一家奶酪工厂，奶酪工厂卖给超市，超市再为你提供服务。
10. How to Prepare Over Summer | 暑期如何准备
You do not need any special equipment or textbooks for September. Instead, train your business brain with simple activities. Visit a local shop and notice the layout — why are snacks placed at child eye level? Watch adverts and ask yourself who the target audience is. Discuss with your family why some cafes are always busy while others are empty.
你不需要为九月份准备任何特殊设备或教科书。相反，通过简单的活动来训练你的商业头脑。逛一逛本地商店，观察其布局——为什么零食被放在与儿童视线齐平的位置？看广告时问自己目标受众是谁。与家人讨论为什么有些咖啡馆总是客满，而另一些却空无一人。
Keep a ‘business diary’ during the summer break. Every time you spot an interesting enterprise, jot it down and try to figure out its business model. You could also listen to business-related podcasts for young people or watch programmes like BBC’s Dragon’s Den. Reading the business section of a children’s news website builds vocabulary and keeps you informed about real-world companies.
在暑假期间，写一本“商业日记”。每当你看到一个有趣的企业，就把它记下来，并试着弄清它的商业模式。你也可以收听面向青少年的商业播客，或者观看像 BBC Dragon’s Den 这样的节目。阅读儿童新闻网站的商业板块，可以积累词汇，并让你了解现实世界中的公司。
| Activity | Skill Developed |
|---|---|
| 观察商店布局 | 识别营销策略 |
| 分析广告 | 理解目标市场与说服技巧 |
| 写商业日记 | 观察能力与批判性思维 |
| 讨论家庭预算 | 财务意识 |
11. Key Terms to Learn | 需要学习的关键术语
Familiarising yourself with a few core terms can ease the transition into secondary Business. Here is a starter list. You do not need to memorise everything, but reading through them will make classroom language feel familiar.
提前熟悉一些核心术语可以让你更顺畅地过渡到中学商务课程。这里有一份初学者清单。你不需要背下所有内容，但浏览一遍会让课堂用语听起来更熟悉。
- Revenue — Money coming into the business from sales. / 收入 —— 企业从销售中获得的钱。
- Costs — Money the business spends on resources like ingredients or wages. / 成本 —— 企业在原料或工资等资源上的花费。
- Profit — Revenue minus costs; the financial gain. / 利润 —— 收入减去成本；财务收益。
- Customer — The person who buys the product. / 顾客 —— 购买产品的人。
- Consumer — The person who actually uses the product (may differ from the customer). / 消费者 —— 实际使用产品的人（可能与顾客不同）。
- Entrepreneur — A person who sets up a business, taking on risk. / 企业家 —— 创立企业并承担风险的人。
- Marketing mix — The 4Ps: Product, Price, Place, Promotion. / 营销组合 —— 4P：产品、价格、渠道、促销。
- Profit formula — Profit = Revenue – Costs. / 利润公式 —— 利润 = 收入 – 成本。
12. Your Year 7 Journey Ahead | 即将开启的七年级旅程
Starting Business Studies is a fantastic opportunity to see the world through a new lens. You will discover that behind every app, every shop, and every brand, there are fascinating decisions about resources, customers, and creativity. The subject rewards curiosity, teamwork, and a willingness to share your own ideas.
开启商务研究的学习是一个绝佳的机会，让你以新的视角看待世界。你会发现，在每一款应用程序、每一家商店和每一个品牌的背后，都有着关于资源、顾客和创造力的迷人决策。这门学科奖励好奇心、团队合作精神，以及分享自己想法的意愿。
Be excited about making mistakes, because in business lessons, a ‘failed’ idea often teaches the most valuable lesson. Your teacher will encourage you to think independently and to support your classmates’ ventures too. Approach every project with an open mind, and you will build a strong foundation for GCSE and beyond.
对犯错要感到兴奋，因为在商务课上，一个“失败”的点子往往能带来最有价值的一课。你的老师会鼓励你独立思考，也会支持你同学们的创业活动。以开放的心态对待每一个项目，你将为 GCSE 及以后的学习打下坚实的基础。
Published by TutorHao | WJEC Business Revision Series | aleveler.com
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