📚 Year 7 WJEC Business: Core Knowledge Review | Year 7 WJEC 商务：核心知识点梳理
Welcome to your Year 7 WJEC Business revision guide. This article brings together all the essential topics you need to know at Key Stage 3, from what business really means to how companies make a profit. Each concept is explained in clear English and Chinese, helping you build a strong foundation in business studies.
欢迎阅读你的 Year 7 WJEC 商务复习指南。本文梳理了 Key Stage 3 必须掌握的所有核心知识点，从商务的真正含义到企业如何盈利。每个概念都配有清晰的中英文解释，帮助你打下坚实的商务学习基础。
1. What is Business? | 什么是商务？
A business is any organisation that provides goods or services to customers in order to satisfy their needs and wants. The main purpose of most businesses is to earn a profit, which is the money left over after all costs have been paid.
商务是指任何为顾客提供商品或服务，以满足其需求与欲望的组织。大多数企业的主要目的是赚取利润，即支付所有成本后剩余的金额。
Businesses can be tiny, like a local bakery run by one person, or huge, like a global smartphone manufacturer. All businesses, regardless of size, must make decisions about what to produce, how to produce it and for whom.
企业规模可大可小，小到个人经营的面包店，大到全球性的智能手机制造商。无论规模大小，所有企业都必须决定生产什么、如何生产以及为谁生产。
2. Needs and Wants | 需求与欲望
A need is something you must have to survive, such as food, water, shelter and basic clothing. A want is something you would like to have but is not essential for survival, such as a video game, a designer handbag or a holiday abroad.
需求是你生存所必需的东西，例如食物、水、住所和基本衣物。欲望是你想要但并非生存必需品的东西，例如电子游戏、名牌手袋或出国度假。
Understanding the difference between needs and wants helps businesses decide what products to offer. While everyone needs food, a business might choose to sell luxury ice cream that appeals to people’s wants rather than a basic loaf of bread.
理解需求与欲望的区别，有助于企业决定提供什么产品。虽然人人都需要食物，但企业可能选择销售吸引人们欲望的奢华冰淇淋，而非普通面包。
3. Goods and Services | 商品与服务
Goods are physical, tangible items that you can see, touch and own. Examples include books, bicycles and smartphones. Services are intangible activities that someone performs for you, such as haircuts, medical check-ups or music streaming.
商品是有形、看得见摸得着并且可以拥有的实物，例如书本、自行车和智能手机。服务是他人为你提供的无形活动，例如理发、体检或音乐流媒体。
Many businesses provide a combination of both. A restaurant offers the physical good (the meal) along with the service (a waiter serving you). This blend is common in the modern economy.
许多企业同时提供商品和服务。餐厅既提供实物商品（餐食），也提供服务（服务员为你上菜）。这种结合在现代经济中很常见。
4. Factors of Production | 生产要素
To produce goods and services, businesses need resources. These are grouped into four factors of production:
要生产商品和服务，企业需要资源。这些资源被归纳为四种生产要素：
- Land – all natural resources such as soil, water, forests and minerals. 土地 – 所有自然资源，如土壤、水、森林和矿产。
- Labour – the human effort, both physical and mental, used in production. 劳动 – 生产中投入的人力，包括体力和脑力。
- Capital – man-made items used to produce more goods, like machinery, tools and factories. 资本 – 用于生产更多商品的人造物品，如机器、工具和厂房。
- Enterprise – the ability to bring the other three factors together, taking risks to start and run a business. 企业精神 – 将其他三种要素组合起来的能力，承担风险去创业和经营企业。
A farmer uses land (fields), labour (workers), capital (tractors) and enterprise (the decision to grow organic crops) to run a farm business.
农民利用土地（田地）、劳动（工人）、资本（拖拉机）和企业精神（种植有机作物的决策）来经营农场。
5. Types of Business | 企业类型
In Year 7, you learn about the main legal structures a business can take. Each type has different features in terms of ownership and responsibility.
在 Year 7，你会学习企业可以采取的主要法定结构类型。每种类型在所有权和责任方面特点不同。
| Type 类型 | Ownership 所有权 | Liability 责任 |
|---|---|---|
| Sole trader 个体经营者 | One person 一人 | Unlimited liability (owner is personally responsible for all debts) 无限责任 |
| Partnership 合伙制 | 2 to 20 people 2至20人 | Usually unlimited liability 通常无限责任 |
| Private limited company (Ltd) 私人有限公司 | Shareholders (often family and friends) 股东 | Limited liability (owners risk only the money they invested) 有限责任 |
Sole traders are easy to set up and keep all profits, but they face great risk. A private limited company offers protection through limited liability, meaning personal assets are not at stake if the business fails.
个体经营者容易设立且利润全部归己，但风险很大。私人有限公司通过有限责任提供保护，即企业失败时个人资产不受牵连。
6. Business Sectors | 产业部门
The economy is divided into three sectors that describe the type of activity a business carries out.
经济分为三个部门，描述企业从事的活动类型。
- Primary sector: extracting raw materials directly from nature, e.g., farming, fishing, mining. 第一产业：直接从自然界开采原材料，如农业、渔业、采矿业。
- Secondary sector: manufacturing or construction – turning raw materials into finished goods, e.g., car factories, bakeries, house building. 第二产业：制造或建筑业——将原材料转化为成品，如汽车厂、面包房、房屋建造。
- Tertiary sector: providing services rather than physical products, e.g., shops, schools, transport, banking. 第三产业：提供服务而非实物产品，如商店、学校、交通、银行。
As a country develops, more people tend to work in the tertiary sector. In Wales, for example, a large part of the workforce is employed in tourism, healthcare and retail – all tertiary activities.
随着国家发展，更多人倾向于在第三产业工作。例如在威尔士，很多劳动力受雇于旅游业、医疗保健和零售业——全都是第三产业活动。
7. Enterprise and Entrepreneurs | 企业与企业家精神
An entrepreneur is a person who spots a business opportunity and takes the risk of starting a new venture. Entrepreneurs are often described as creative, determined and willing to take calculated risks.
企业家是发现商机并承担风险创办新企业的人。企业家通常被描述为富有创造力、意志坚定且愿意承担可控风险的人。
Enterprise skills include problem-solving, leadership, teamwork and financial planning. These skills are not just for business owners; they are valuable in any career and in everyday life.
企业技能包括解决问题、领导力、团队合作和财务规划。这些技能不仅对创业者有用，在任何职业和日常生活中都很有价值。
A famous Welsh entrepreneur, Sir Terry Matthews, started a technology business and became one of the UK's most successful business people. His story shows how innovation and persistence can lead to success.
威尔士著名企业家特里·马修斯爵士创办了一家科技企业，成为英国最成功的商人之一。他的故事展示了创新和坚持不懈如何引领成功。
8. Supply and Demand | 供给与需求
Demand is the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to buy at different prices. Generally, as price falls, demand rises, and as price rises, demand falls.
需求是指消费者在不同价格水平下愿意并且能够购买的商品或服务数量。通常，价格下降需求上升，价格上升需求下降。
Supply is the quantity that businesses are willing and able to sell at different prices. Producers usually want to supply more when the price is high, because they can earn greater profits.
供给是指企业在不同价格水平下愿意并且能够销售的数量。价格高时，生产者通常愿意供应更多，因为他们能获得更高的利润。
The point where supply equals demand is called the equilibrium price. A supermarket, for example, might lower the price of strawberries in summer when supply is plentiful, to match the demand.
供给等于需求的点称为均衡价格。例如，超市可能在夏季草莓供应充足时降低价格，以适应需求。
9. Marketing: The 4Ps | 市场营销：4P 组合
Marketing is about identifying customer needs and satisfying them better than competitors. A common way to remember the key elements is the marketing mix, known as the 4Ps.
市场营销是关于识别顾客需求，并比竞争对手更好地满足这些需求。记住关键要素的常用方法是营销组合，即4P。
| Element 要素 | Description 描述 | Example 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| Product 产品 | The good or service offered to meet customer needs 满足顾客需求的商品或服务 | A smartphone with a high-quality camera 拥有高质量相机的智能手机 |
| Price 价格 | The amount customers pay; must reflect costs, competition and value 顾客支付的金额；需反映成本、竞争与价值 | Setting a competitive price lower than rivals 设定低于竞争对手的价格 |
| Place 渠道 | Where and how the product is sold and distributed 产品销售与分销的地点及方式 | Selling online through a website and in high-street shops 通过网站和实体店销售 |
| Promotion 促销 | Activities to communicate with customers and persuade them to buy 与顾客沟通并说服他们购买的活动 | Social media adverts, buy-one-get-one-free offers 社交媒体广告、买一赠一优惠 |
All four elements must work together. Even a brilliant product will fail if priced too high, sold in the wrong place or promoted poorly.
四个要素必须协同配合。如果定价过高、销售地点不当或促销不力，再好的产品也会失败。
10. Revenue, Costs and Profit | 收入、成本与利润
Revenue is the money a business earns from selling its goods or services. It is calculated by multiplying the selling price by the quantity sold. Costs are the expenses the business must pay to operate, such as rent, wages and raw materials.
收入是企业销售商品或服务所赚取的金钱。计算方法是销售单价乘以销售数量。成本是企业运营必须支付的费用，如租金、工资和原材料。
Businesses want revenue to be greater than costs, so they make a profit. The basic profit equation is:
企业希望收入大于成本，从而获得利润。基本的利润公式为：
Profit = Total Revenue − Total Costs
利润 = 总收入 − 总成本
A café that sells 50 cups of coffee at £3 each has revenue of £150. If the costs for coffee beans, milk, cups and staff total £90, the profit for the day is £60. Understanding these numbers helps owners decide whether the business is healthy.
一家咖啡馆以每杯3英镑卖出50杯咖啡，收入为150英镑。如果咖啡豆、牛奶、杯子和员工的成本总计90英镑，当天利润为60英镑。理解这些数字有助于经营者判断企业状况是否良好。
11. Customer Service | 客户服务
Customer service is the support and advice a business provides to people who buy its products. Good customer service means listening to customers, dealing with problems quickly and being polite and helpful.
客户服务是企业为购买其产品的顾客提供的支持和建议。优质客户服务意味着倾听顾客意见、快速处理问题，并且礼貌助人。
Happy customers are more likely to come back and recommend the business to others. Poor service, on the other hand, can damage a company’s reputation and cause sales to fall. Even a small shop can gain a loyal following by remembering regulars’ names and preferences.
满意的顾客更有可能再次光顾并向他人推荐。相反，糟糕的服务会损害企业声誉，导致销量下降。即使是一家小店，也能通过记住常客的名字和喜好赢得忠实粉丝。
12. Sustainability in Business | 商业中的可持续发展
Sustainability means meeting today’s needs without harming the ability of future generations to meet theirs. For businesses, this often involves reducing waste, using renewable energy and sourcing materials responsibly.
可持续发展指满足当代需求，同时不损害后代满足其需求的能力。对企业而言，这通常意味着减少浪费、使用可再生能源和负责任地采购材料。
Many companies now design packaging that can be recycled or use less plastic. A café might switch to biodegradable cups, and a clothing brand might use organic cotton. Sustainable practices not only protect the planet but can also attract customers who care about the environment.
许多公司现在设计可回收或使用更少塑料的包装。咖啡馆可能改用可生物降解的杯子，服装品牌可能使用有机棉花。可持续实践不仅保护地球，还能吸引关心环境的顾客。
Businesses that ignore sustainability face risks, such as fines and losing environmentally conscious buyers. Learning to balance profit with planet is a key challenge for today’s entrepreneurs.
忽视可持续发展的企业面临罚款和失去环保意识买家的风险。学会在利润与地球之间取得平衡，是当今年轻企业家面临的重要挑战。
Published by TutorHao | Business Revision Series | aleveler.com
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