📚 Year 7 WJEC Science: Transition to Secondary School Guide | 七年级 WJEC 科学：升学衔接指南
Moving from primary to secondary school is an exciting step, and science in Year 7 becomes more structured, hands‑on, and inquiry‑based. This guide helps you understand what to expect in your WJEC science lessons, how to build strong foundations, and how to approach practical work, new topics, and assessments with confidence. You will explore biology, chemistry, and physics through real‑world contexts and begin to think and work like a real scientist.
从小学升入中学是令人激动的一步，七年级的科学课会更有条理、更注重动手操作和探究式学习。这份指南帮助你了解 WJEC 科学课的期待、如何打下扎实基础，以及如何自信地应对实验、新课题和评估。你将通过真实情境探索生物、化学和物理，并开始像真正的科学家一样思考和工作。
1. What Changes in Secondary Science? | 中学科学有什么不同？
In primary school, science is often integrated into topic work. In Year 7, you will have dedicated science lessons with specialist teachers and use laboratories equipped with Bunsen burners, glassware, and measuring instruments. The subject is now divided clearly into biology, chemistry, and physics, although WJEC often links them through themes such as energy, materials, and living systems. You will keep a lab book, write up experiments, and be assessed through practical skills checks and end‑of‑topic tests.
在小学，科学常融入主题教学中。到了七年级，你们会有专门的科学课，由专业老师授课，并使用配备本生灯、玻璃器皿和测量仪器的实验室。学科现在明确划分为生物、化学和物理，尽管 WJEC 常通过能量、材料和生命系统等主题将它们联系起来。你需要记录实验、撰写实验报告，并通过实验技能检查和单元末测试接受评估。
2. Safety in the Science Lab | 实验室安全
The most important first lesson is lab safety. You must wear safety goggles whenever heating, mixing chemicals, or working with living specimens. Long hair should be tied back, and bags must be kept away from walkways. Learn to recognise hazard symbols such as flammable, corrosive, and harmful to the environment. Always read the risk assessment before an experiment, and never eat or drink in the lab. If something spills or breaks, tell your teacher immediately.
最重要的第一课就是实验室安全。在加热、混合化学试剂或处理活体样本时，必须佩戴护目镜。长发应束起，书包必须远离走道。学会识别危险标志，如易燃、腐蚀性和对环境有害。每次实验前务必阅读风险评估，严禁在实验室饮食。一旦有东西洒落或打碎，要立刻报告老师。
3. Working Scientifically – The Inquiry Cycle | 科学探究 – 探究循环
WJEC expects you to think like a scientist. The inquiry cycle begins with a question or hypothesis. You then plan a fair test, changing only one independent variable while measuring the dependent variable. Control variables must be kept the same. After collecting data in a table, you present results in a graph, identify patterns, and write a conclusion that links back to the hypothesis. You also evaluate your method, pointing out any sources of error and suggesting improvements.
WJEC 期待你像科学家一样思考。探究循环始于问题或假设。接着你设计一个公平测试，只改变一个自变量，同时测量因变量。控制变量必须保持不变。收集数据列表后，用图表呈现结果，找出规律，并写出与假设相联系的结论。你还要评估方法，指出误差来源并建议改进措施。
pendent variable → change; Dependent variable → measure; Control variables → keep the same
自变量 → 改变；因变量 → 测量；控制变量 → 保持不变
4. Measuring and Units | 测量与单位
Accurate measurement is key. In Year 7 you will use stopwatches (seconds), thermometers (degrees Celsius, °C), measuring cylinders (millilitres, mL or cm³), rulers (millimetres, mm and metres, m), and digital balances (grams, g). Always read the scale at eye level to avoid parallax error. When recording mass, remember to subtract the mass of the container (tare). In WJEC assessments, using the correct unit and appropriate precision earns marks.
准确测量是关键。七年级你会用到秒表（秒）、温度计（摄氏度，°C）、量筒（毫升，mL 或 cm³）、直尺（毫米 mm 和米 m）以及电子天平（克 g）。读数时视线要与刻度平行以避免视差。记录质量时，记住要扣除容器的质量（归零）。在 WJEC 测评中，使用正确单位和合适的精确度可以获得分数。
5. Cells – The Building Blocks of Life | 细胞 – 生命的基本单位
All living organisms are made of cells. In Year 7, you learn to use a light microscope to view onion epidermis and cheek cells. You must be able to label a plant cell (nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuole) and an animal cell (nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane). Know that chloroplasts absorb light for photosynthesis, and the cell wall gives plant cells a rigid shape. You will also observe that unicellular organisms like amoeba carry out all life processes in one cell.
所有生物都由细胞组成。七年级你会学习使用光学显微镜观察洋葱表皮细胞和口腔上皮细胞。必须能标注植物细胞（细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜、细胞壁、叶绿体、液泡）和动物细胞（细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜）。知道叶绿体吸收光能进行光合作用，细胞壁使植物细胞保持坚挺。你还会观察到像变形虫这样的单细胞生物在一个细胞内完成所有生命活动。
6. Particles and States of Matter | 粒子与物质状态
Chemistry begins with the particle model. All substances are made of tiny particles that are constantly moving. In solids, particles are closely packed in a regular pattern and vibrate in fixed positions. In liquids, particles are still close but can slide past each other. In gases, particles are far apart and move rapidly in all directions. Changing state – melting, freezing, boiling, condensing – is a physical change, not a chemical one. Diffusion, or the movement of particles from high to low concentration, explains how smells spread.
化学始于粒子模型。所有物质都由不断运动的微小粒子组成。固体中粒子紧密排列且形状规则，在固定位置振动；液体中粒子仍然靠近但能相互滑动；气体中粒子相距很远，向各方向快速运动。物质状态的改变——熔化、凝固、沸腾、冷凝——是物理变化而非化学变化。扩散，即粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域移动，解释了气味如何传播。
7. Energy, Forces and Electricity | 能量、力与电
Energy is a central theme. You will learn that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or stored. Recognise energy stores such as kinetic, thermal, chemical, elastic potential, and gravitational potential. Forces are measured in newtons (N) and can be contact (friction, air resistance) or non‑contact (gravity, magnetism). In electricity, you will build simple series circuits using cells, wires, bulbs, and switches. If one bulb breaks in a series circuit, all bulbs go out because there is only one loop.
能量是核心主题。你将学习能量既不能创生也不能消灭，只能转移或储存。识别动能、热能、化学能、弹性势能和重力势能等能量储存形式。力以牛顿（N）为单位，可分为接触力（摩擦力、空气阻力）和非接触力（重力、磁力）。在电学中，你将用电池、导线、灯泡和开关搭建简单的串联电路。串联电路中若一个灯泡损坏，所有灯泡都会熄灭，因为只有一条回路。
8. Representing Data – Tables and Graphs | 数据呈现 – 表格与图表
Pupils often lose marks on graph skills. Use a sharp pencil and ruler. Draw axes with the independent variable on the horizontal (x) axis and the dependent variable on the vertical (y) axis. Label each axis with the quantity and unit, for example, 'Time (s)'. Choose a sensible scale that uses more than half the graph paper. Plot points with small neat crosses, then draw a line of best fit – not dot‑to‑dot. If the points form a straight line through the origin, we say the variables are directly proportional.
学生在图表技能上常会丢分。使用削尖的铅笔和直尺。画出坐标轴，自变量放在水平（x）轴，因变量放在垂直（y）轴。每个轴标出物理量和单位，例如“时间（s）”。选择合理的刻度，使图形占据一半以上的图纸。用小而清晰的十字标记数据点，然后画一条最佳拟合线——而不是逐点连线。如果各点成一条通过原点的直线，我们说两个变量成正比。
| Graph Type | When to Use |
|---|---|
| Line Graph | Continuous data, e.g. temperature change over time |
| Bar Chart | Categories or discrete data, e.g. number of each leaf type |
| 图表类型 | 使用时机 |
|---|---|
| 折线图 | 连续数据，如温度随时间变化 |
| 条形图 | 分类或离散数据，如每种树叶的数量 |
9. Key Vocabulary and Literacy in Science | 科学中的关键词汇与读写
Science has its own language. Confident use of terms like 'hypothesis', 'variable', 'reproducible', and 'anomaly' will raise the quality of your written work. WJEC mark schemes reward scientific vocabulary used correctly. Keep a glossary at the back of your exercise book. For bilingual learners, noting the Welsh term alongside English can help – WJEC supports both languages. Use connectives such as 'because', 'therefore', and 'as a result' to structure conclusions clearly.
科学有自己的语言。自信地使用“假设”“变量”“可重复”和“异常值”等术语能提升书面作业的质量。WJEC 评分方案奖励正确使用科学词汇。在练习本后设置词汇表。对于双语学习者，同时记下威尔士语术语对学习很有帮助——WJEC 支持两种语言。使用“因为”“因此”“结果是”等连接词，让结论结构清晰。
10. Nutrition and Digestion – Fuel for the Body | 营养与消化 – 身体的燃料
Biology includes the study of how our bodies obtain energy. A balanced diet contains carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats), vitamins, minerals, fibre, and water. You will use food tests: iodine turns blue‑black for starch; Benedict's solution turns brick‑red for reducing sugars when heated; biuret test turns purple for proteins. The digestive system breaks food into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the blood. Enzymes speed up digestion, and villi in the small intestine increase the surface area for absorption.
生物学习涵盖身体如何获取能量。均衡饮食包含碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂类（脂肪）、维生素、矿物质、膳食纤维和水。你将进行食物检验：碘液遇淀粉变蓝黑色；本尼迪克特试剂加热后遇还原糖变砖红色；双缩脲试验遇蛋白质变紫色。消化系统将食物分解成可溶小分子以便吸收进入血液。酶加速消化过程，小肠绒毛增大了吸收表面积。
11. Acids, Alkalis and Neutralisation | 酸、碱与中和
Chemicals can be acidic, alkaline, or neutral. You will use indicators such as litmus paper and universal indicator. The pH scale runs from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very alkaline), with 7 as neutral. Acids taste sour and turn blue litmus red; alkalis feel soapy and turn red litmus blue. When an acid and alkali mix, they neutralise each other, producing a salt and water. This reaction is important in everyday life, from treating indigestion with antacids to managing soil pH for crops.
化学物质可以是酸性、碱性或中性。你将使用石蕊试纸和通用指示剂。pH 标度从 0（强酸性）到 14（强碱性），7 为中性。酸尝起来有酸味并使蓝色石蕊变红；碱摸起来滑腻并使红色石蕊变蓝。酸碱混合时发生中和反应，生成盐和水。这种反应在日常生活中很重要，从用抗酸剂治疗消化不良到调节作物土壤的 pH 值都有应用。
acid + alkali → salt + water | 酸 + 碱 → 盐 + 水
12. How to Revise for Year 7 WJEC Science | 如何复习七年级 WJEC 科学
Effective revision does not mean just reading notes. Create mind maps linking key ideas across biology, chemistry, and physics. Use flashcards for vocabulary and equations. Practise drawing and labelling diagrams of cells, circuits, and the particle model. Complete past‑paper style questions and always use the mark scheme to check your answers. Explain concepts to a friend or family member – if you can teach it, you know it. Keep a revision timetable and mix topics to strengthen memory.
有效复习不等于只读笔记。绘制思维导图，联系生物、化学和物理的核心概念。利用闪卡记忆词汇和公式。练习绘制并标注细胞、电路和粒子模型图示。完成类似往年试题的练习，并总是用评分方案核对答案。向朋友或家人讲解概念——能教给别人说明你真的掌握了。制定复习时间表并交叉复习不同主题，以巩固记忆。
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