📚 Year 7 WJEC Science Practical Assessment Key Points | 七年级 WJEC 科学实验考核要点
In Year 7 WJEC Science, practical assessments help you develop skills in scientific enquiry. This guide covers the key points you need to know, from safety to evaluation, so you can approach your practical tasks with confidence.
在七年级 WJEC 科学中，实验考核帮助你发展科学探究能力。本指南涵盖从安全到评估的所有关键要点，让你能自信地完成实验任务。
1. Safety in the Laboratory | 实验室安全
Always wear safety goggles to protect your eyes from splashes or fumes.
始终佩戴护目镜，保护眼睛免受飞溅或烟雾伤害。
Tie back long hair and tuck in any loose clothing or ties. Roll up long sleeves if necessary.
把长头发扎起来，并将宽松的衣服或领带塞好。必要时卷起长袖。
Do not taste any chemicals, and never smell a substance directly – waft the vapour towards your nose using your hand.
不要品尝任何化学药品，也不能直接闻气味——要用手扇动气体飘向鼻子。
Report all spills and breakages to your teacher immediately. Do not try to clear up broken glass yourself.
所有泼溅和破损要立即报告老师。不要自己清理碎玻璃。
Know the location of the fire extinguisher, fire blanket, and first aid kit. Check the safety rules posted in the laboratory.
熟悉灭火器、灭火毯和急救箱的位置。查看实验室张贴的安全规则。
2. Common Laboratory Equipment | 常用实验仪器
Common equipment includes beakers for holding, mixing, or heating liquids; measuring cylinders for accurately measuring volumes; and test tubes for carrying out small-scale reactions or heating small amounts with a Bunsen burner.
常用仪器包括用于盛放、混合或加热液体的烧杯；精确量取体积的量筒；以及用于小规模反应或用本生灯加热少量物质的试管。
A tripod and gauze are used to support a beaker or other apparatus above a Bunsen burner. A heat-proof mat protects the bench. Thermometers measure temperature, stopwatches record time, and balances measure mass.
三脚架和石棉网用于在本生灯上方支撑烧杯或其他装置。隔热垫保护实验台面。温度计测量温度，秒表记录时间，天平测量质量。
When using a Bunsen burner, start with the air hole closed to get a yellow safety flame. Then open the air hole for a blue, hotter flame for heating. Always stand up when using the burner.
使用本生灯时，先关闭气孔点燃，得到黄色安全火焰。然后打开气孔获得蓝色高温火焰用于加热。使用本生灯时请始终站立。
3. Identifying Variables | 识别变量
In any experiment, you must identify three types of variable: the independent variable (the one you deliberately change), the dependent variable (the one you measure or observe), and the control variables (the ones you keep the same to make the test fair).
在任何实验中，你必须识别三类变量：独立变量（你刻意改变的量）、因变量（你测量或观察的量）和控制变量（你保持不变的量，以确保实验公平）。
For example, when investigating how the temperature of water affects the time taken for sugar to dissolve, the independent variable is the temperature of the water, the dependent variable is the dissolving time, and control variables include the volume of water, the mass of sugar, and the stirring method.
例如，研究水温如何影响糖溶解所需时间时，独立变量是水温，因变量是溶解时间，控制变量包括水的体积、糖的质量和搅拌方式。
4. Writing a Hypothesis | 书写假设
A hypothesis is a testable prediction. In Year 7, you can use the format 'If … then … because …'. This shows the expected relationship and a scientific reason based on your knowledge.
假设是可验证的预测。在七年级，你可以使用“如果……那么……因为……”的格式。这显示预期的关系以及基于你所学知识的科学依据。
Example: 'If the temperature of water is increased, then the time taken for sugar to dissolve will decrease, because particles move faster and collide more often at higher temperatures, increasing the rate of dissolving.'
示例：“如果水温升高，那么糖溶解所需的时间会减少，因为温度高时粒子运动更快、碰撞更频繁，从而加快了溶解速率。”
5. Planning a Fair Test | 设计公平实验
To plan a fair test, you must change only the independent variable and keep all other variables the same. This ensures that any change in the dependent variable is caused solely by the independent variable.
为了设计公平实验，你只能改变独立变量，其他变量保持不变。这确保因变量的任何变化完全由独立变量引起。
It is also important to repeat your measurements at least two more times and calculate a mean. This helps to identify anomalous results and improves the reliability of your data.
同时，重复测量至少两次并计算平均值也很重要。这有助于识别异常结果，并提高数据的可靠性。
Choose a suitable range and interval for your independent variable. For example, if you are testing temperatures, you might use intervals of 10 °C from 20 °C to 60 °C, with a sensible number of readings.
为独立变量选择合适的范围和间隔。例如，测试温度时，你可以以 10 °C 的间隔从 20 °C 测试到 60 °C，并取得合理数量的读数。
6. Recording Data in Tables | 用表格记录数据
Record your results in a clearly labelled table. The first column shows the independent variable with units, and the following columns show the dependent variable measurements, including repeated trials and a calculated mean.
将结果记录在标注清晰的表格中。第一列显示带单位的独立变量，后续列显示因
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