📚 Year 7 WJEC Biology: Summer Preparation and Bridging Course | Year 7 WJEC 生物：暑期预习与衔接课程
Welcome to your summer bridging course for Year 7 WJEC Biology. This guide is designed to help you step confidently into secondary school science by exploring the key ideas you will meet in your first year. You will discover how living organisms are built, how they function, and how scientists investigate the natural world. By the end of this course, you will have a head start in Biology and feel ready to tackle new challenges.
欢迎参加七年级 WJEC 生物的暑期衔接课程。本指南旨在帮你自信地步入中学科学课堂，探索第一年将要学习的核心理念。你将发现生物体是如何构成的、如何运作，以及科学家如何研究自然界。完成本课程后，你将在生物学上领先一步，并为迎接新挑战做好准备。
1. Welcome to Biology | 走进生物学
Biology is the scientific study of life. In your Year 7 WJEC course, you will move from observing nature to explaining how organisms survive, grow, and interact. You will also develop practical skills, learning to use tools like microscopes and to design simple experiments. Biology connects to everyday life, from the food you eat to the way your body stays healthy.
生物学是对生命的科学研究。在七年级 WJEC 课程中，你将从观察自然转向解释生物如何生存、生长和相互作用。你还会发展实践技能，学习使用显微镜等工具并设计简单实验。生物学与日常生活紧密相连，从你吃的食物到你身体的健康维持。
2. What is Life? The Seven Processes | 什么是生命？七大生命过程
To decide if something is alive, biologists look for seven life processes, often remembered by the acronym MRS GREN: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, and Nutrition. All living organisms carry out these processes, although they may do so in different ways.
要判断某物是否具有生命，生物学家会寻找七大生命过程，常用缩写 MRS GREN 来记忆：运动、呼吸作用、感应、生长、繁殖、排泄和营养。所有生物都会进行这些过程，尽管方式可能各不相同。
Movement means being able to change position or move parts of the body. Respiration is the release of energy from food inside cells – not just breathing in and out. Sensitivity is the ability to detect and respond to changes in the surroundings. Growth means increasing in size and often complexity. Reproduction is producing offspring. Excretion is removing waste products made during life processes. Nutrition is obtaining food for energy and building materials.
运动指能改变位置或移动身体各部位。呼吸作用是细胞内部从食物中释放能量——绝不仅仅是吸气呼气。感应是探测并回应周围环境变化的能力。生长意味着体积增大以及复杂性的增加。繁殖是产生后代。排泄是移除生命过程中产生的废物。营养是获取食物以提供能量和构建材料。
3. The Building Blocks: Cells | 生命的基本单位：细胞
All living organisms are made of cells. Cells are the smallest units that can carry out all life processes. Some organisms, such as bacteria, consist of only one cell, while humans are made up of trillions of cells organised into tissues and organs.
所有生物体都由细胞构成。细胞是能够进行所有生命过程的最小单位。一些生物（如细菌）只由一个细胞组成，而人类则由数万亿个细胞组成，这些细胞组织成组织和器官。
Animal cells have several key parts: the cell membrane controls what enters and exits; cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance where chemical reactions happen; the nucleus contains the genetic instructions; and mitochondria release energy during respiration.
动物细胞有几个关键部分：细胞膜控制物质的进出；细胞质是胶状物质，化学反应在此发生；细胞核含有遗传指令；线粒体在呼吸作用中释放能量。
Plant cells share those parts but have three extra structures. A rigid cell wall made of cellulose gives the cell shape and support. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis. A large permanent vacuole stores sap and helps maintain the cell's firmness.
植物细胞也具有上述部分，但多出三种结构。由纤维素组成的坚硬的细胞壁为细胞提供形态和支撑。叶绿体含有叶绿素并进行光合作用。大型中央液泡储存细胞液并帮助细胞保持坚挺。
When viewing cells under a microscope, these structures can be seen with the help of stains. Animal cells usually appear more rounded, while plant cells look more rectangular due to the cell wall.
在显微镜下观察细胞时，借助染色可以看到这些结构。动物细胞通常看起来更圆，而植物细胞由于细胞壁的存在显得更方。
4. Using a Microscope | 显微镜的使用
A microscope is an instrument that magnifies tiny objects so we can see details invisible to the naked eye. In your Year 7 lab, you will learn to use a light microscope safely and to prepare simple slides.
显微镜是一种放大微小物体的仪器，让我们能看到肉眼无法看清的细节。在七年级实验室里，你将学习安全使用光学显微镜并制作简单的玻片标本。
epiece magnifies ×10 and the objective lens is ×40, the total magnification is 10 × 40 = 400 times.
总放大倍数的计算方法是目镜放大倍数乘以物镜放大倍数。举例来说，如果目镜放大 10 倍，物镜放大 40 倍，总放大倍数就是 10 × 40 = 400 倍。
When making a wet mount slide, place a thin specimen in a drop of water on a glass slide, and carefully lower a coverslip at an angle to avoid air bubbles. Always begin focussing using the lowest power objective lens and adjust the fine focus gently.
制作临时装片时，将薄标本放在载玻片的水滴中，然后以一定角度轻轻放下盖玻片以避免气泡。始终先用低倍物镜对焦，再轻轻调节细准焦螺旋。
Always follow safety rules: carry the microscope with two hands, never touch the lenses with your fingers, and clean up any spills. Your teacher will demonstrate correct technique before you start.
始终遵守安全规则：双手搬运显微镜，不要用手指触摸镜头，清理任何泼洒物。开始前你的老师会示范正确操作。
5. From Cells to Organisms | 从细胞到生物体
Cells do not usually work alone. In multicellular organisms, cells of the same type group together to form tissues. Several tissues work together as an organ, and organs are organised into organ systems that keep the organism alive.
细胞通常不会单独工作。在多细胞生物中，同类细胞聚集形成组织。多种组织共同工作构成器官，而器官组成器官系统，以维持生物体的生命。
For instance, in the human digestive system, muscle tissue in the stomach contracts to churn food, and glandular tissue releases enzymes. The stomach is an organ, which along with the mouth, oesophagus, intestines, and other organs, forms the digestive system, responsible for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients.
例如，在人体消化系统中，胃壁的肌肉组织收缩以搅拌食物，腺体组织则释放酶。胃是一个器官，它与口腔、食道、肠道等其他器官一起构成消化系统，负责分解食物和吸收营养。
Organisation also occurs in plants. Leaves, stems, and roots are organs composed of different tissues such as photosynthetic tissue and transport tissue. These organs work together to support photosynthesis, water uptake, and nutrient distribution.
植物也有类似的组织层次。叶、茎、根都是由不同的组织（如光合组织和运输组织）组成的器官。这些器官协同工作，支持光合作用、水分吸收和养分分配。
6. Exploring Classification | 探索生物分类
To study the huge variety of life, scientists group organisms based on shared features. The five-kingdom system used at KS3 includes Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protoctists, and Prokaryotes (bacteria). Each kingdom is further divided into smaller groups such as phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
为了研究丰富多样的生命，科学家根据共同特征将生物分类。KS3 阶段使用的五界系统包括动物界、植物界、真菌界、原生生物界和原核生物界（细菌）。每一界进一步细分为门、纲、目、科、属、种等更小的类群。
Animals are multicellular, feed on other organisms, and most can move. Plants are multicellular, make their own food by photosynthesis, and have cellulose cell walls. Fungi, such as mushrooms and yeast, feed by digesting dead matter outside their bodies. Protoctists are mostly single-celled organisms like amoeba, and Prokaryotes are simple cells without a true nucleus.
动物是多细胞的，以其他生物为食，大多数能运动。植物是多细胞的，通过光合作用制造食物，并具有纤维素细胞壁。真菌（如蘑菇和酵母）通过在体外分解死物来取食。原生生物大多是单细胞生物，如变形虫；原核生物是简单的细胞，没有真正的细胞核。
A dichotomous key is a tool that uses a series of questions with two choices to help identify organisms. For example: 'Does it have wings? If yes, go to step 2; if no, go to step 3.' Using such keys will improve your observation and reasoning skills.
二分法检索表是一种利用一系列二选一问题来鉴定生物的工具。例如：“它有翅膀吗？如果有，转到第 2 步；如果没有，转到第 3 步。”使用检索表将提升你的观察和推理能力。
7. Introduction to the Human Body | 人体系统入门
The human body relies on several organ systems working together. The respiratory system takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. Breathing involves the diaphragm and rib muscles, and gas exchange happens in the lungs.
人体依赖多个器官系统协同工作。呼吸系统吸入氧气并排出二氧化碳。呼吸过程涉及膈肌和肋间肌，气体交换在肺部进行。
The circulatory system transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste products around the body. The heart pumps blood through arteries, veins, and capillaries. Red blood cells carry oxygen, while white blood cells defend against disease.
循环系统将氧气、营养物质和废物运输到全身。心脏将血液泵入动脉、静脉和毛细血管。红细胞携带氧气，白细胞则抵御疾病。
The digestive system breaks down large food molecules into small soluble ones that can be absorbed into the blood. Enzymes in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine speed up these reactions.
消化系统将大块食物分子分解成可溶的小分子，以便被吸收进血液。口腔、胃和小肠中的酶加速这些反应。
The skeleton provides support and protection, and muscles attached to bones allow movement. Joints such as the knee and elbow make it possible to bend and rotate. Understanding these systems helps you see how lifestyle choices affect health.
骨骼系统提供支撑和保护，附着在骨头的肌肉使运动成为可能。膝关节和肘关节等使人能够弯曲和旋转。了解这些系统能帮助你认清生活方式如何影响健康。
8. Plants: The Green Factories | 植物：绿色工厂
Plants are producers, meaning they make their own food using energy from sunlight. The process is called photosynthesis and takes place in the chloroplasts found mainly in leaf cells. The green pigment chlorophyll captures light energy.
植物是生产者，也就是说它们利用阳光的能量来制造自身食物。这个过程叫做光合作用，主要在叶片细胞的叶绿体中进行。绿色色素叶绿素捕获光能。
+ oxygen. This reaction requires light energy and chlorophyll. Plants use the glucose for energy, growth, and storage, and oxygen is released into the air.
光合作用的文字表达式为：二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气。该反应需要光能和叶绿素。植物利用葡萄糖提供能量、生长和储存，而氧气则释放到空气中。
Leaves are adapted for photosynthesis. They are broad and flat to absorb maximum light, have stomata (tiny pores) to let gases in and out, and contain veins to transport water and food. Roots anchor the plant and absorb water and minerals from the soil, while stems support the plant and transport substances between roots and leaves.
叶子适应光合作用。它们宽阔而扁平以最大限度吸收光线，具有气孔（小孔）让气体进出，还包含叶脉来运输水分和养分。根固定植物并从土壤中吸收水分和矿物质，而茎支撑植物并在根和叶之间运输物质。
9. Ecosystems and Food Chains | 生态系统与食物链
An ecosystem is made up of all the organisms living in a particular area, plus the physical environment they interact with. Habitats provide the specific conditions in which an organism lives. A population is all the members of one species in an area, and a community is all the populations living together.
生态系统由生活在特定区域的所有生物以及它们相互作用的环境构成。栖息地提供了生物生存的特定条件。种群是某一区域内同一物种的全部个体，而群落是共同生活的所有种群。
rass → grasshopper → frog → snake → hawk. The arrow shows the direction of energy transfer – it is always from the eaten to the eater.
能量通过食物链在生态系统中流动。一条简单的食物链可能是：草 → 蚱蜢 → 蛙 → 蛇 → 鹰。箭头表示能量传递的方向——总是从被吃的生物指向捕食者。
In food chains, plants are called producers. Animals that eat plants are primary consumers, and those that eat other animals are secondary or tertiary consumers. Predators are consumers that catch and eat prey. A balanced ecosystem depends on a variety of species at different levels.
在食物链中，植物被称为生产者。吃植物的动物是初级消费者，吃其他动物的动物是次级或三级消费者。捕食者是以猎物为食的消费者。一个平衡的生态系统依赖于不同营养级物种的多样性。
Decomposers such as bacteria and fungi break down dead organisms, returning nutrients to the soil so that plants can use them again. Without decomposers, ecosystems would run out of essential nutrients.
细菌和真菌等分解者将死去的生物分解，让营养回归土壤，供植物再次利用。没有分解者，生态系统将耗尽必需的养分。
10. Scientific Skills and Lab Safety | 科学技能与实验安全
In your WJEC Biology course, you will not only learn facts but also think like a scientist. This means asking questions, making predictions (hypotheses), planning experiments, collecting data, and drawing conclusions. It is important to change only one variable at a time so you know what caused any effect.
在 WJEC 生物课程中，你不仅要学习事实，还要像科学家一样思考。这意味着提出问题、作出预测（假设）、设计实验、收集数据并得出结论。每次只改变一个变量很重要，这样才能知道是什么引起了变化。
You will learn to identify the independent variable (the one you change), the dependent variable (the one you measure), and control variables (the ones you keep the same). Recording results in clear tables and drawing graphs help you spot patterns.
你将学习识别自变量（你改变的变量）、因变量（你测量的变量）以及控制变量（你保持不变的变量）。将结果记录在清晰的表格中并绘制图表有助于你发现规律。
Laboratory safety is a top priority. Always follow your teacher's instructions. Wear safety goggles when using heat or chemicals. Tie back long hair and secure loose clothing. Never eat or drink in the lab, and report any accidents immediately. Knowing the location of emergency equipment such as fire extinguishers and eye wash stations is essential.
实验室安全是头等大事。一定要听从老师的指导。使用加热或化学品时要戴护目镜。将长发扎起，固定宽松的衣物。绝不在实验室饮食，并且发生意外立刻报告。了解紧急设备如灭火器和洗眼器的位置至关重要。
Taking careful observations and evaluating your method will help you suggest improvements for next time. These skills will make you a confident and capable young scientist.
认真观察并评估自己的方法，能帮助你为下一次实验提出改进建议。这些技能将使你成为一名自信而有能力的小科学家。
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