📚 Year 7 WJEC Biology: Quick Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Year 7 WJEC 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Biology is a subject rich in new words. For Year 7 students following the WJEC curriculum, learning scientific terminology can feel like discovering a foreign language. This guide introduces key terms you will encounter, grouped by topic, and shares proven memory tricks to help you learn them faster and remember them for exams. By mastering these words now, you will build a solid foundation for the rest of your science journey.
生物学是一门充满新词汇的学科。对于学习 WJEC 课程的七年级学生来说，掌握科学术语就像在学一门外语。这本速记指南按主题分组，介绍你将会遇到的关键术语，并分享经过验证的记忆技巧，帮助你更快地学习并在考试中牢牢记住。现在掌握这些词汇，将为你未来的科学学习打下坚实的基础。
1. Why Mastering Terminology Matters | 为什么掌握术语如此重要
Scientific vocabulary is precise. Instead of saying 'the heart pumps blood around the body', biologists use words like 'circulatory system' and 'ventricle' to describe details with no confusion. Knowing these terms helps you understand questions correctly in tests and write answers that gain full marks. When you learn the word, you also learn the concept behind it.
科学词汇非常精确。生物学家不会只说“心脏把血液泵送到全身”，而是用“循环系统”和“心室”这些词来清晰描述细节。掌握这些术语能帮助你在考试中正确理解问题，写出获得满分的答案。每学会一个词，你也同时掌握了它背后的概念。
2. Terms for Life Processes (MRS GREN) | 生命过程相关术语
All living organisms share seven life processes, often remembered by the acronym MRS GREN: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, and Nutrition. Movement means changing position or moving parts of the body; respiration is releasing energy from food, not just breathing; sensitivity is detecting changes in the surroundings; growth is increasing in size and complexity; reproduction is producing offspring; excretion is removing toxic waste produced by the body's own chemical reactions; nutrition is taking in and using food materials.
所有生命体都共有七大生命过程，通常用首字母缩写 MRS GREN 来记忆：运动、呼吸、感应、生长、生殖、排泄和营养。运动指改变位置或移动身体某个部分；呼吸是从食物中释放能量，而不仅仅是吸入空气；感应是探测周围环境的变化；生长是体积增大和结构变复杂；生殖是产生后代；排泄是清除身体自身化学反应产生的有毒废物；营养是摄取和利用食物中的物质。
Respiration is often confused with breathing. Remember: breathing is the physical act of inhaling and exhaling air, while respiration is a chemical process inside cells. Sensitivity covers responses such as plants growing towards light. Excretion is different from egestion: excretion removes metabolic waste like carbon dioxide and urea, while egestion removes undigested food as faeces.
呼吸常被与“喘气”混淆。记住：呼吸是细胞内的化学过程，而喘气是吸气和呼气的物理动作。感应包括植物朝着光生长这样的反应。排泄不同于排遗：排泄清除的是代谢废物如二氧化碳和尿素，而排遗是以粪便形式排出未消化的食物残渣。
3. Cell Structure Vocabulary | 细胞结构词汇
The cell is the basic unit of life. Key structures inside a typical animal cell include the nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and mitochondria. The nucleus controls the cell's activities and contains genetic material (DNA). The cell membrane is a thin 'skin' around the cell that controls what enters and leaves. Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance where most chemical reactions happen. Mitochondria are tiny structures where respiration occurs, releasing energy.
细胞是生命的基本单位。典型动物细胞内的关键结构包括细胞核、细胞膜、细胞质和线粒体。细胞核控制细胞的活动，并含有遗传物质 (DNA)。细胞膜是细胞外的一层薄“皮”，控制物质的进出。细胞质是果冻状的物质，大多数化学反应在这里进行。线粒体是进行呼吸作用、释放能量的微小结构。
Plant cells have all of these, plus a rigid cell wall, a large permanent vacuole, and chloroplasts. The cell wall is made of cellulose and gives the cell its shape and strength. The vacuole contains cell sap and helps keep the cell firm. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis. Learning these differences is crucial for Year 7 exams.
植物细胞除了上述结构外，还有坚硬的细胞壁、一个大的永久液泡和叶绿体。细胞壁由纤维素构成，赋予细胞形状和强度。液泡含有细胞液，帮助细胞保持坚挺。叶绿体含叶绿素，能吸收光能进行光合作用。掌握这些区别对七年级考试至关重要。
4. Basic Organ System Terms | 基本器官系统术语
Cells work together to form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form organ systems. A tissue is a group of similar cells with the same function. An organ is a structure made of different tissues working together, such as the heart, leaf, or stomach. An organ system is a group of organs that perform a major function, like the digestive system or the respiratory system.
细胞组合形成组织，组织形成器官，器官形成器官系统。组织是一群形态相似、功能相同的细胞。器官是由不同组织协同工作的结构，例如心脏、叶或胃。器官系统是一组执行主要功能的器官，如消化系统或呼吸系统。
For WJEC, you need to identify key organs in the digestive system: mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. The respiratory system includes the trachea (windpipe), bronchi, and lungs. An organism is a complete living individual, which can be as simple as a single cell (unicellular) or as complex as a human (multicellular).
WJEC 考试要求你能识别消化系统中的关键器官：口腔、食道、胃、小肠、大肠、直肠和肛门。呼吸系统包括气管、支气管和肺。生物体是一个完整的生命个体，它可以简单如单个细胞（单细胞生物），也可以复杂如人类（多细胞生物）。
5. Classification and Species | 分类与物种
To make sense of the diversity of life, scientists classify organisms into groups. A species is a group of similar organisms that can breed together to produce fertile offspring. The classification system uses Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. Year 7 students usually focus on the five kingdoms: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Prokaryotes (bacteria), and Protists.
为了理清生命的多样性，科学家将生物分门别类。物种是一群形态相似、能够相互交配并产生可育后代的生物。分类系统依次包括界、门、纲、目、科、属、种。七年级学生通常学习五界：动物界、植物界、真菌界、原核生物界（细菌）和原生生物界。
Vertebrates are animals with a backbone, classified into five groups: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Invertebrates lack a backbone, like insects, spiders, and worms. A useful memory trick: 'King Philip Came Over For Good Soup' can help remember the order of classification ranks (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species).
脊椎动物是长有脊骨的动物，分为五类：哺乳动物、鸟类、爬行动物、两栖动物和鱼类。无脊椎动物没有脊骨，如昆虫、蜘蛛和蠕虫。一个实用的记忆窍门：用“King Philip Came Over For Good Soup”这句话可以帮助记住分类等级的顺序（界、门、纲、目、科、属、种）。
6. Food Chains and Ecology | 食物链与生态
A food chain shows the feeding relationship between organisms. It always starts with a producer, usually a green plant or alga that makes its own food by photosynthesis. Next comes a primary consumer, which eats the producer. A secondary consumer eats the primary consumer. A tertiary consumer is next in the chain. Predators kill and eat prey; prey are the animals that are eaten.
食物链表示生物之间的摄食关系。它总是从生产者开始，通常是绿色植物或藻类，它们通过光合作用制造食物。接下来是初级消费者，它吃生产者为生。次级消费者以初级消费者为食。再下一级是三级消费者。捕食者杀死并吃掉猎物；猎物是被吃掉的动物。
Important ecological terms include habitat (where an organism lives), population (all the organisms of one species in a habitat), and community (all the populations of different species living together). An ecosystem is the community plus the non-living (abiotic) factors such as temperature and rainfall. Decomposers, like fungi and bacteria, break down dead material and return nutrients to the soil.
重要的生态学术语包括栖息地（生物生活的地方）、种群（同一栖息地中同一物种的所有个体）和群落（共同生活的不同物种的所有种群）。生态系统是群落加上温度、降雨等非生物因素。分解者，如真菌和细菌，分解死去的生物体，将养分归还到土壤中。
7. Reproduction Vocabulary | 繁殖词汇
Reproduction can be sexual or asexual. Sexual reproduction involves two parents and produces offspring that are genetically different from the parents. Gametes (sex cells) are involved: in animals, the male gamete is the sperm, the female gamete is the egg (ovum). Fertilisation is the fusion of the nucleus of a sperm with the nucleus of an egg. In flowering plants, pollen is the male gamete and the ovule contains the female gamete.
繁殖可以是有性或无性的。有性繁殖涉及两个亲本，产生的后代在遗传上与亲本不同。配子（性细胞）参与其中：在动物中，雄配子是精子，雌配子是卵子。受精是精子细胞核与卵细胞核的融合。在开花植物中，花粉是雄配子，胚珠含有雌配子。
Asexual reproduction involves only one parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical – clones. Examples include bacteria dividing by binary fission, strawberry plants sending out runners, and potato tubers budding. The key difference is that sexual reproduction causes variation in the offspring, which can help a species survive environmental changes.
无性繁殖只涉及一个亲本，产生的后代在遗传上完全相同——即克隆。例子包括细菌通过二分裂繁殖、草莓植物长出匍匐茎、土豆块茎出芽繁殖。关键区别在于有性繁殖会导致后代发生变异，这有助于物种在环境变化中生存下来。
8. Memory Technique: Roots and Affixes | 记忆技巧：词根与词缀
Many biological terms are built from Greek or Latin roots. Learning these building blocks can help you decode unfamiliar words. For example, 'photo-' means light, 'synthesis' means putting together, so photosynthesis is 'putting together using light'. 'Cyto-' means cell, so cytoplasm is literally 'cell fluid'. 'Chloro-' means green, so chlorophyll is 'green leaf'. 'Hydro-' means water, so dehydration is 'removing water'.
许多生物学术语由希腊语或拉丁语词根构成。学习这些“积木”可以帮助你解读陌生词汇。例如，“photo-”意为光，“synthesis”意为组合在一起，所以 photosynthesis（光合作用）就是“用光来组合”。“cyto-”意为细胞，所以 cytoplasm（细胞质）字面意思就是“细胞液体”。“chloro-”意为绿色，所以 chlorophyll（叶绿素）就是“叶绿”。“hydro-”意为水，所以 dehydration（脱水）就是“去除水”。
Here is a mini table of common affixes to memorise:
| Prefix/Suffix | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| a- / an- | without | asexual (without sex) |
| bio- | life | biology (study of life) |
| multi- | many | multicellular (many cells) |
| -logy | study of | ecology (study of environments) |
| -vore | eating | carnivore (meat eater) |
下面是一个需要记忆的常见词缀表：
| 词缀 | 含义 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| a- / an- | 无、没有 | asexual（无性的） |
| bio- | 生命 | biology（生物学） |
| multi- | 许多 | multicellular（多细胞的） |
| -logy | …学 | ecology（生态学） |
| -vore | 吃 | carnivore（食肉动物） |
9. Flashcards and Active Recall | 闪卡与主动回忆
Passive reading is not effective for memorising vocabulary. Instead, use flashcards. Write the term on one side and the definition plus a simple diagram on the other. Test yourself regularly using active recall: look at the term, try to say the definition aloud, then flip the card. This forces your brain to retrieve the information, strengthening memory.
被动阅读对记忆词汇效果不佳。要用闪卡来代替。一面写上术语，另一面写定义并画上一个简单的示意图。定期用主动回忆法自测：看术语，尝试大声说出定义，再翻卡片核对。这个过程会迫使大脑检索信息，从而强化记忆。
You can make physical cards or use digital tools. Combine flashcards with the 'look, cover, write, check' method. Write the word, cover it, write the definition from memory, then check. Another powerful link is to draw a small labelled sketch of the structure or process; visual memory is incredibly strong for science.
你可以制作实体卡片，也可以使用数字工具。将闪卡与“看、遮、写、查”法结合。写下术语，遮住，凭记忆写出定义，再核对。另一个强大的方法是画一幅带有标注的结构或过程简图；视觉记忆对科学学习特别有效。
10. Commonly Confused Terms | 常见易混淆术语
Some pairs of words look or sound similar but have very different meanings. Here are a few Year 7 students often mix up: Respiration vs. Breathing (already covered). Cell wall vs. Cell membrane: the cell wall is an extra outer layer in plants made of cellulose, while the cell membrane is found in all cells and is selectively permeable.
有些词形近或音近，但含义完全不同。以下是七年级学生常弄混的几组词：呼吸（cellular respiration）与喘气（breathing）（已讲过）。细胞壁与细胞膜：细胞壁是植物中额外的外层，由纤维素构成；而细胞膜存在于所有细胞，具有选择透过性。
Producers vs. Decomposers: producers make their own food (plants), decomposers break down dead matter (fungi, bacteria). Predator vs. Prey: predator hunts, prey is hunted. Habitat vs. Ecosystem: a habitat is the natural home, while an ecosystem includes all living and non-living factors in an area. Learning to distinguish these is a quick way to avoid losing easy marks.
生产者与分解者：生产者自己制造食物（植物），分解者分解死去的生物体（真菌、细菌）。捕食者与猎物：捕食者捕猎，猎物被猎食。栖息地与生态系统：栖息地是自然家园，而生态系统包括一个区域内所有生物和非生物因素。学会区分它们是避免丢分的捷径。
11. Tips for Spelling Tricky Terms | 拼写难点术语小贴士
Spelling counts in WJEC biology exams. Words like 'oesophagus', 'photosynthesis', 'mitochondria', and 'respiration' often cause problems. Break long words into syllables: pho-to-syn-the-sis. Say them aloud as you write. Spot the small words hiding inside: 'to' and 'sis' in 'photosynthesis', 'eat' in 'respiration' is not there, but you can remember 'spir' as in to breathe.
WJEC 生物考试中拼写是计分的。“oesophagus（食道）”、“photosynthesis（光合作用）”、“mitochondria（线粒体）”和“respiration（呼吸作用）”这些词常常带来麻烦。把长单词拆成音节：pho-to-syn-the-sis。边写边大声念出来。找出藏在里面的小词：photosynthesis 里有 “photo” 和 “synthesis”。记住 “mi-to-chon-dria”，可以按节奏 "mi-to-chon-dria" 重复练习。
Make a personal spelling list of the ten hardest words for you. Practise writing them three times a day. Use mnemonics: 'Big Elephants Can Always Understand Small Elephants' can spell 'because', but you can invent your own for biological words. For 'stomata', think of tiny 'mouths' on leaves, both words contain 'm' and 't'.
为自己制作一个“十大最难单词”拼写清单，每天练习书写三次。使用记忆术来帮忙：比如“Big Elephants Can Always Understand Small Elephants”能帮人记 ‘because’ 的拼写，你也可以自创生物单词的记忆法。对于‘stomata（气孔）’，想象它是叶子上的小“嘴巴”，这两个词都包含 'm' 和 't'。
12. Building a Glossary Routine | 建立词汇表常规
The most successful students create a dedicated glossary notebook. After each lesson, add three to five new terms with simple definitions and a quick sketch. Review the glossary for just five minutes every evening. This spaced repetition moves information from short-term memory into long-term memory without the stress of cramming before a test.
最成功的学生会建立一个专门的词汇表笔记本。每次课后，添加三到五个新术语，配上简单的定义和一幅简图。每晚只需花五分钟复习词汇表。这种间隔重复法能将信息从短期记忆转移至长期记忆，无需考前突击，减轻压力。
Use colour coding: write the term in blue, the definition in black, and draw in green. For each topic (cells, digestion, ecology), start a mind map linking related terms. Explain new words to a family member without using the book – if you can teach it, you truly know it. This active engagement is the key to lasting vocabulary acquisition in biology.
使用颜色编码：术语用蓝色笔写，定义用黑色笔写，绘图用绿色笔。为每个主题（细胞、消化、生态）绘制思维导图，把相关的术语关联起来。尝试不用课本，向家人解释新词——如果你能教会别人，你就真正掌握了。这种主动参与是长期记住生物词汇的关键。
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