📚 Year 7 WJEC Biology: Bridging the Gap Guide | Year 7 WJEC 生物：升学衔接指南
Moving from primary science to secondary biology can feel like exploring a whole new world. This guide revisits the key ideas you will meet in Year 7 under the WJEC specification, helping you build confidence with core concepts such as cells, life processes, and how living things interact. Use these notes to bridge any gaps and prepare for a successful start.
从小学科学过渡到中学生物，像是探索一个全新的世界。本指南重温在 WJEC 课程 Year 7 阶段会遇到的关键概念，帮助你建立对细胞、生命活动以及生物之间相互作用等核心知识的信心。利用这些笔记填补知识空白，为顺利起步做好准备。
1. What is Biology? | 什么是生物？
Biology is the scientific study of life and living organisms. It examines the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution of living things. In Year 7, you begin by understanding what makes something 'alive' and how scientists organise the natural world.
生物学是研究生命与生物体的科学。它探究生物的结构、功能、生长、起源、演化和分布。在 Year 7，你将从理解什么东西是“活”的开始，并学习科学家如何整理自然界。
Living organisms range from microscopic bacteria to giant blue whales. All of them share certain characteristics that separate them from non-living things like rocks or water. Biology helps you notice the patterns behind this diversity.
生物体的范围从微观细菌到巨大的蓝鲸。它们都共有某些特征，使其区别于岩石或水等非生物。生物学帮助你发现这种多样性背后的规律。
2. The Seven Life Processes | 生命的七大过程
To decide whether something is alive, biologists use the mnemonic MRS GREN. Each letter stands for a life process: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, and Nutrition. All living organisms carry out these processes, even if they do so in very different ways.
为了确定某物是否有生命，生物学家使用助记法 MRS GREN。每个字母代表一项生命过程：运动、呼吸、敏感性、生长、生殖、排泄和营养。所有生物都会进行这些过程，尽管方式可能截然不同。
For example, plants move slowly by growing towards light (phototropism), while a cheetah sprints across the savannah. Both respire to release energy from food. Excretion means getting rid of metabolic waste, not just going to the toilet — plants excrete oxygen as a waste product of photosynthesis.
例如，植物通过向光生长（向光性）缓慢移动，而猎豹在草原上冲刺。两者都通过呼吸作用从食物中释放能量。排泄是指清除代谢废物，不只是上厕所——植物光合作用产生的氧气就是一种代谢废物。
| Life Process | Meaning | Plant Example | Animal Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Movement | Change position or part | Roots grow downwards | Running |
| Respiration | Release energy from glucose | Takes in O₂ at night | Breathing out CO₂ |
| Sensitivity | Respond to stimuli | Leaves close when touched (Mimosa) | Blinking in bright light |
| Growth | Increase in size and complexity | Seedling → tree | Puppy → dog |
| Reproduction | Produce offspring | Seeds in fruit | Giving birth |
| Excretion | Remove metabolic waste | Oxygen from photosynthesis | Urea in urine |
| Nutrition | Take in and use materials | Photosynthesis using CO₂ and H₂O | Eating plants or meat |
3. Cells: The Building Blocks | 细胞：生命的基本单位
All living things are made of cells. Some organisms are unicellular — just one cell, like bacteria and amoeba. Most plants and animals are multicellular, containing millions or even trillions of cells that work together. The cell is the smallest unit that can perform all life processes.
所有生物都由细胞组成。有些生物是单细胞的——只有一个细胞，比如细菌和阿米巴变形虫。大多数动植物是多细胞的，包含数百万甚至数万亿个协同工作的细胞。细胞是能完成全部生命过程的最小单位。
In Year 7, you focus on two main cell types: animal cells and plant cells. Both share common structures, but plant cells have extra features that allow them to make their own food. Learning to label and compare these cells is one of the first practical skills you will develop.
在 Year 7，你主要学习两类细胞：动物细胞和植物细胞。两者共有一些结构，但植物细胞有额外的特征，使其能自己制造食物。学会标记和比较这些细胞是你最先发展的实践技能之一。
- Animal cell structures (typical): cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria.
- 动物细胞结构（典型）： 细胞膜、细胞质、细胞核、线粒体。
- Plant cell structures (typical): cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, permanent vacuole.
- 植物细胞结构（典型）： 细胞壁、细胞膜、细胞质、细胞核、线粒体、叶绿体、永久液泡。
4. Using a Microscope | 使用显微镜
A microscope allows you to see cells and tiny structures that are invisible to the naked eye. The light microscopes used in school magnify up to several hundred times. You need to know the parts: eyepiece lens, objective lenses, stage, mirror or light source, coarse focus knob, and fine focus knob.
显微镜能让你看到肉眼看不见的细胞和微小结构。学校使用的光学显微镜可放大至几百倍。你需要了解它的部件：目镜、物镜、载物台、反光镜或光源、粗准焦旋钮和细准焦旋钮。
So a ×10 eyepiece with a ×40 objective gives a total of ×400. Always start on the lowest power, use the coarse focus carefully, and never use the coarse knob on high power to avoid cracking the slide.
计算总放大倍数时，将目镜放大倍数（通常为 ×10）乘以物镜放大倍数（如 ×10、×40）。因此 ×10 的目镜搭配 ×40 的物镜，总放大倍数为 ×400。应始终从低倍镜开始，小心使用粗准焦螺旋，且在高倍镜下决不要用粗准焦旋钮，以免压碎玻片。
Total Magnification = Eyepiece Magnification × Objective Lens Magnification
总放大倍数 = 目镜放大倍数 × 物镜放大倍数
5. Plant Cells vs Animal Cells | 植物细胞与动物细胞
Although all cells share a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material, plant cells contain three key structures not found in animal cells: a cellulose cell wall for support and rigidity, chloroplasts that absorb light energy for photosynthesis, and a large permanent vacuole filled with cell sap that helps maintain turgor pressure.
虽然所有细胞都具有细胞膜、细胞质和遗传物质，但植物细胞包含三个动物细胞没有的关键结构：用于支撑和保持坚挺的纤维素细胞壁、吸收光能以进行光合作用的叶绿体，以及充满细胞液、帮助维持膨压的大液泡。
This difference arises because plants make their own food by photosynthesis. Chloroplasts contain a green pigment called chlorophyll that traps sunlight. The rigid cell wall means plant cells have a fixed shape, while animal cells are more rounded and flexible. When you observe onion epidermal cells under the microscope, you will not see chloroplasts because the onion bulb grows underground and does not photosynthesise.
这种差异的产生是因为植物通过光合作用自己制造食物。叶绿体含有叫做叶绿素的绿色色素，能捕获阳光。坚硬的细胞壁意味着植物细胞具有固定形状，而动物细胞则较圆而且柔软。当你在显微镜下观察洋葱表皮细胞时，看不到叶绿体，因为洋葱鳞茎生长在地下，不进行光合作用。
| Feature | Animal Cell | Plant Cell |
|---|---|---|
| Cell wall | Absent | Present (cellulose) |
| Chloroplasts | Absent | Present in green parts |
| Vacuole | Small or absent | Large permanent vacuole |
| Shape | Irregular / round | Fixed / rectangular |
6. Organisation of Living Things | 生命体的组织结构
In multicellular organisms, cells do not work in isolation. Similar cells group together to form tissues. A tissue is a collection of cells of the same type performing a shared function. For example, muscle tissue is made of muscle cells that contract to produce movement.
在多细胞生物中，细胞不会孤立工作。相似的细胞聚集在一起形成组织。组织是一群同类型细胞共同执行同一功能的结构。例如，肌肉组织由能收缩产生运动的肌肉细胞组成。
Several tissues can join to form an organ. The stomach is an organ made of muscle tissue to churn food, glandular tissue to produce digestive juices, and epithelial tissue to line the stomach. Organs work together in organ systems, such as the digestive system, which includes the mouth, stomach, intestines, and liver.
多个组织可以联合形成器官。胃是由用于搅拌食物的肌肉组织、产生消化液的腺体组织以及覆盖胃壁的上皮组织构成的器官。器官再协同组成器官系统，如消化系统包括口腔、胃、肠和肝脏。
ms → Organism. Recognising these levels helps you see the order in the complexity of life.
组织的层次常被记作：细胞 → 组织 → 器官 → 器官系统 → 生物体。认清这些层次有助于你看到生命复杂性中的秩序。
7. Variation and Classification | 变异与分类
No two living things are exactly alike, not even identical twins. Variation describes the differences between individuals of the same species. Some variation is genetic (inherited from parents), such as eye colour or blood type. Other variation is environmental, such as the language you speak or having a scar from an injury.
没有任何两个生物是完全相同的，即使是同卵双胞胎。变异描述同一物种个体之间的差异。有些变异是遗传的（从父母继承），如眼睛颜色或血型。其他变异是环境导致的，如你所说的语言或因受伤留下的疤痕。
To make sense of the vast diversity, scientists classify organisms into groups based on their similarities. The five-kingdom system is a common starting point: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Prokaryotes (bacteria), and Protoctista (single-celled organisms like amoeba and algae). You will also meet the vertebrate groups: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish.
为了理清巨大的多样性，科学家根据相似性将生物分类。五界系统是一个常见起点：动物界、植物界、真菌界、原核生物界（细菌）和原生生物界（如阿米巴和藻类）。你还会遇到脊椎动物类群：哺乳类、鸟类、爬行类、两栖类和鱼类。
- Mammals: hair, give birth to live young, produce milk.
- 哺乳动物： 有毛发，胎生产仔，分泌乳汁。
- Birds: feathers, lay hard-shelled eggs, beaks.
- 鸟类： 有羽毛，产硬壳卵，具喙。
- Reptiles: dry scales, lay leathery eggs.
- 爬行动物： 干燥鳞片，产革质卵。
- Amphibians: smooth moist skin, breed in water.
- 两栖动物： 光滑湿润的皮肤，在水中繁殖。
- Fish: scales, fins, gills.
- 鱼类： 有鳞片、鳍和鳃。
8. Habitats and Adaptations | 栖息地与适应性
A habitat is the natural home of a plant or animal. It provides food, shelter, and a place to reproduce. Organisms show adaptations — special features that help them survive in their habitat. Adaptations can be structural (body shape and colour), behavioural (migration, hibernation), or physiological (production of venom, ability to store water).
栖息地是动植物的自然家园。它提供食物、庇护所和繁殖场所。生物表现出适应性——帮助它们在栖息地中生存的特殊特征。适应可以是结构性的（身体形状和颜色）、行为性的（迁徙、冬眠）或生理性的（产生毒液、储水能力）。
Consider a camel in the desert: its hump stores fat (not water), long eyelashes keep out sand, and wide feet prevent sinking into sand. A polar bear has white fur for camouflage, thick blubber for insulation, and large paws to distribute weight on ice. These adaptations are not chosen by the animal — they arise over many generations through natural selection.
以沙漠中的骆驼为例：驼峰储存的是脂肪而非水，长睫毛阻挡沙粒，宽大的脚掌防止陷入沙中。北极熊拥有白色毛皮以伪装，厚实的脂肪层隔热，宽大的脚掌分散在冰面上的体重。这些适应性状并非动物主动选择的——它们通过自然选择在许多世代中形成。
In WJEC Year 7, you may investigate a local habitat, such as a woodland or pond, and record the organisms present using sampling techniques like a quadrat. This fieldwork builds skills in observation and data handling.
在 WJEC Year 7，你可能会调查当地栖息地，如林地或池塘，并使用样方等采样技术记录存在的生物。这样的野外工作锻炼观察和数据处理技能。
9. Food Chains and Webs | 食物链与食物网
Energy enters most ecosystems from the sun. Plants (producers) capture this energy through photosynthesis and turn it into glucose. A food chain shows how energy passes from one organism to another when they eat each other. Each feeding level is called a trophic level.
大多数生态系统的能量来自太阳。植物（生产者）通过光合作用捕获能量并转化为葡萄糖。食物链展示能量如何通过捕食从一种生物传递到另一种。每一个摄食层次叫做一个营养级。
of energy flow, not just who eats whom. The rabbit is a primary consumer (herbivore); the fox is a secondary consumer (carnivore). In reality, organisms rarely eat just one thing, so food webs are formed by many linked chains.
一个简单的食物链可以是：草 → 兔 → 狐。箭头指向能量流动的方向，而不仅仅是捕食关系。兔是初级消费者（植食动物）；狐是次级消费者（肉食动物）。现实中，生物几乎不会只吃一种东西，因此许多食物链交织形成食物网。
Decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi, break down dead material and return nutrients to the soil. Without them, energy could not be recycled within the ecosystem. You should be able to spot the producer, consumer, and decomposer in any food web.
分解者，如细菌和真菌，分解死去的生物并让养分回归土壤。没有它们，生态系统中的能量便无法循环。你应该能识别任何食物网中的生产者、消费者和分解者。
Producers → Primary Consumer → Secondary Consumer → Tertiary Consumer
生产者 → 初级消费者 → 次级消费者 → 三级消费者
10. How Scientists Work: Skills for Success | 科学家的工作方式：成功技能
Year 7 biology is not just about facts — it is about thinking like a scientist. You will learn to plan experiments, change one variable at a time, and keep others constant to make a fair test. Recording observations accurately, drawing scientific diagrams, and writing conclusions are all part of the WJEC practical skills.
Year 7 生物不仅仅是知识记忆——它更要求你像科学家一样思考。你将学会设计实验、每次只改变一个变量，并保持其他条件不变以实现公平测试。准确记录观察结果、绘制科学图表和书写结论，都是 WJEC 实践技能的一部分。
Key terms include: independent variable (the one you change), dependent variable (the one you measure), and control variables (the ones you keep the same). When presenting results, tables and bar charts help you see patterns. Always remember to wear safety goggles when using Bunsen burners or chemicals.
关键术语包括：自变量（你改变的那个量）、因变量（你测量的那个量）和控制变量（你保持不变的量）。展示结果时，表格和柱状图能帮助发现规律。使用本生灯或化学品时切记佩戴护目镜。
Another useful habit is to link what you learn to real-world issues. Whether it is understanding the impact of plastic pollution on marine food webs or discussing why vaccination matters, biology connects the classroom to your everyday life. Developing curiosity now will serve you well as you progress towards GCSE.
另一个好习惯是将所学知识联系现实问题。无论是理解塑料污染对海洋食物网的影响，还是讨论接种疫苗为何重要，生物学将课堂与日常生活紧密相连。现在培养好奇心，将在你迈向 GCSE 的学习道路上大有裨益。
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