📚 Year 7 WJEC Biology: Summer Preparation and Bridging Course | 七年级WJEC生物暑期预习与衔接课程
Moving from primary science to Year 7 Biology can feel like stepping into a brand new world. This summer preparation and bridging course is specially designed for students who will be following the WJEC curriculum in Wales. It will help you build the core knowledge, key vocabulary and practical confidence you need before your first secondary school biology lessons begin. The WJEC Year 7 Biology syllabus covers living organisms, cells, how bodies work and how organisms interact with their environment. By working through this article, you will be ready to hit the ground running.
从小学科学过渡到七年级生物，可能会让人感觉像是踏入了一个全新的世界。这份暑期预习与衔接课程专为即将学习威尔士WJEC课程的学生设计，帮助大家在第一堂中学生物课开始前，构建核心知识、掌握关键术语和培养实践信心。WJEC七年级生物课程涵盖生物体、细胞、人体工作机制以及生物与环境的相互作用。认真阅读本文，你就能为新学期做好充分准备。
1. What is Biology? | 什么是生物学？
Biology is the study of living organisms and life processes. It comes from the Greek words 'bios' meaning life and 'logos' meaning study. In Year 7, you will explore how living things are built, how they function, how they reproduce and how they fit into the world around them. Biology connects to everything from the food you eat to the air you breathe. The WJEC course encourages you to ask questions, carry out simple experiments and make careful observations.
生物学是研究生物体及其生命过程的学科。它源于希腊语单词“bios”（生命）和“logos”（学问）。在七年级，你将探索生物如何构建、如何运作、如何繁殖以及如何融入周围的世界。从你吃的食物到你呼吸的空气，生物学关联着方方面面。WJEC课程鼓励你提出问题、进行简单实验并仔细观察。
2. The Seven Characteristics of Living Things (MRS GREN) | 生物七大特征 (MRS GREN)
To decide if something is alive, biologists look for seven life processes. A useful mnemonic is MRS GREN: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion and Nutrition. All living organisms, from a tiny bacterium to a blue whale, carry out these processes. Movement can be internal or external. Respiration is the release of energy from food. Sensitivity means detecting and responding to changes. Growth is a permanent increase in size. Reproduction makes new individuals. Excretion removes waste and nutrition is taking in and using food.
为了判断某物是否为生物，生物学家会寻找七大生命过程。一个有用的记忆法是MRS GREN：运动、呼吸、感应、生长、繁殖、排泄和营养。从微小的细菌到蓝鲸，所有生物体都会进行这些过程。运动可以是内部或外部的；呼吸是从食物中释放能量；感应指察觉并响应变化；生长是体积的永久性增大；繁殖产生新个体；排泄清除废物；营养则是摄取并利用食物。
3. Introduction to Cells | 细胞入门
Cells are the basic building blocks of all living organisms. Some organisms, like bacteria and amoeba, are made of just one cell. Others, like humans and oak trees, are multicellular. In Year 7 WJEC Biology, you will learn to identify the main parts of a typical animal cell and a plant cell, and understand what each part does. Cells are so small that we need a microscope to see most of them clearly.
细胞是所有生物体的基本构造单位。有些生物如细菌和阿米巴原虫只由一个细胞构成。其他生物，如人类和橡树，则是多细胞的。在WJEC七年级生物中，你将学习识别典型动物细胞和植物细胞的主要部分，并理解各部分的功能。细胞非常微小，我们需要显微镜才能清楚地看到它们。
4. Animal and Plant Cells | 动物细胞与植物细胞
Animal cells and plant cells share three key structures: the nucleus, which controls the cell and contains genetic material; the cytoplasm, a jelly-like substance where chemical reactions happen; and the cell membrane, which controls what enters and leaves the cell. Plant cells have three additional parts that animal cells do not: a rigid cell wall made of cellulose for support, a large permanent vacuole filled with cell sap, and chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis. The table below summarises these differences.
动物细胞和植物细胞共有三个关键结构：细胞核，控制细胞并含有遗传物质；细胞质，一种发生化学反应的胶状物质；细胞膜，控制物质进出细胞。植物细胞还具有动物细胞不具备的三个部分：由纤维素构成的坚硬细胞壁起支撑作用，一个大液泡充满细胞液，以及含叶绿体（含叶绿素）用于光合作用。下表总结了这些差异。
| Cell Part | Animal Cell | Plant Cell |
|---|---|---|
| Nucleus | Present | Present |
| Cytoplasm | Present | Present |
| Cell Membrane | Present | Present |
| Cell Wall | Absent | Present (cellulose) |
| Chloroplasts | Absent | Present (in green parts) |
| Vacuole | Small or absent | Large permanent vacuole |
5. Using a Light Microscope | 使用光学显微镜
ource, focusing knobs and arm. Total magnification is calculated by multiplying the eyepiece magnification (usually ×10) by the objective lens magnification (e.g. ×4, ×10, ×40). For example: eyepiece ×10 and objective ×10 gives ×100. WJEC practical work often asks you to prepare a wet mount of onion epidermis or cheek cells, add iodine or methylene blue stain, and draw what you observe using clear, labelled pencil drawings.
光学显微镜是七年级生物的重要工具。你将学习各部分的名称：目镜、物镜、载物台、反光镜或光源、调焦旋钮和镜臂。总放大倍数由目镜放大倍数（通常×10）乘以物镜放大倍数（如×4、×10、×40）得出。例如：目镜×10，物镜×10，总放大×100。WJEC的实践操作经常要求你制作洋葱表皮或口腔上皮细胞的临时装片，添加碘液或亚甲蓝染色，并用清晰的铅笔图标注观察结果。
6. Levels of Organisation | 组织的层次
ems → organism. A tissue is a group of similar cells working together, such as muscle tissue. An organ is made of different tissues working together, like the heart or a leaf. An organ system is a group of organs that perform a major function, for example the digestive system or the circulatory system. The WJEC curriculum expects you to describe this hierarchy and give examples from both animals and plants.
在多细胞生物中，细胞并不是独自工作的。它们组织成复杂度递增的层次：细胞 → 组织 → 器官 → 器官系统 → 生物体。组织是一群相似细胞协同工作的结构，如肌肉组织。器官由不同的组织协同构成，如心脏或叶片。器官系统则是一组共同实现重要功能的器官，例如消化系统或循环系统。WJEC课程要求你描述这一层次结构，并分别给出动物和植物的例子。
7. Food Chains and Webs | 食物链和食物网
otosynthesis. Arrows in a food chain represent the direction of energy flow: grass → rabbit → fox. Organisms that eat other organisms are called consumers. Primary consumers eat producers, secondary consumers eat primary consumers, and so on. A food web is made up of many interconnected food chains, showing the feeding relationships in a habitat. You will interpret simple food chains and webs in your WJEC lessons and discuss what happens if one organism is removed.
食物链展示能量从一个生物体流向另一个生物体的过程。它们总是以生产者开始，通常是能通过光合作用制造食物的绿色植物。食物链中的箭头表示能量流动的方向：草 → 兔 → 狐狸。吃其他生物的生物称为消费者。初级消费者吃生产者，次级消费者吃初级消费者，以此类推。食物网由许多相互关联的食物链组成，展示一个栖息地中的取食关系。在WJEC课程中，你将分析简单的食物链和食物网，并讨论如果移除某种生物会发生什么。
8. Adaptations and Habitats | 适应性与栖息地
Every organism has adaptations that help it survive in its habitat. Adaptations can be structural (body shape or colour), behavioural (how it acts) or functional (internal processes). A camel is adapted to the desert with humps storing fat, long eyelashes keeping out sand, and the ability to go without water for long periods. A polar bear has thick white fur for camouflage and insulation, and large paws to walk on snow. The WJEC syllabus includes examples from a range of habitats, and you may be asked to explain how a specific adaptation helps an organism survive in its environment.
每种生物都具有帮助其在栖息地生存的适应性。适应性可以是结构性的（体型或颜色）、行为性的（如何行动）或功能性的（内部过程）。骆驼适应沙漠，驼峰储存脂肪，长睫毛阻挡沙子，并能长期不饮水。北极熊有厚实的白毛用于伪装和保暖，大脚掌方便在雪上行走。WJEC课程涵盖多种栖息地的例子，你可能需要解释特定的适应性如何帮助生物在环境中生存。
9. Basic Lab Safety | 基础实验室安全
Before any biology practical, you must understand lab safety rules. Always wear eye protection when using chemicals or heating substances. Tie long hair back and tuck in loose clothing. Never eat or drink in the lab. Handle microscopes and glassware with care. Know the location of the fire extinguisher, first aid kit and emergency exits. When using a Bunsen burner, use the yellow safety flame when not heating. WJEC teachers will drill these rules so you work safely and responsibly during every investigation.
在任何生物实验开始前，你必须了解实验室安全规则。使用化学药品或加热物质时务必佩戴护目镜。将长发束起并塞好宽松衣物。实验室内严禁饮食。小心使用显微镜和玻璃器皿。知晓灭火器、急救箱和紧急出口的位置。使用本生灯时，不加热时应调至黄色安全火焰。WJEC老师会反复强调这些规则，确保你在每次探究中都能安全负责地操作。
10. Scientific Enquiry and Variables | 科学探究与变量
A key skill in Year 7 Biology is carrying out fair tests and understanding variables. The independent variable is the one you change; the dependent variable is the one you measure; and control variables are all the things you must keep the same. For example, if you test how light affects plant growth, light intensity is the independent variable, plant height is the dependent variable, and you must control water, temperature and soil type. WJEC assessments expect you to identify variables, write a simple method, record results in a table and draw a bar chart or line graph.
七年级生物的一项关键技能是进行公平测试并理解变量。自变量是你改变的变量；因变量是你测量的变量；控制变量则是所有必须保持相同的因素。例如，如果测试光照如何影响植物生长，则光照强度是自变量，植株高度是因变量，你还必须控制水分、温度和土壤类型。WJEC测评要求你识别变量、写出简单的方法、用表格记录结果并绘制条形图或折线图。
11. Preview: The Human Body Systems | 展望：人体系统
Later in Year 7, you will explore several human body systems. The digestive system breaks down food so nutrients can be absorbed. The respiratory system brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide. The circulatory system transports blood, oxygen and nutrients around the body. The reproductive system is involved in making new individuals. Get a head start by learning the main organs: stomach, small intestine, lungs, heart and brain. Knowing these will make your WJEC lessons much easier to follow.
七年级稍后阶段，你将探索多个人体系统。消化系统分解食物以便吸收营养。呼吸系统将氧气带入体内并排出二氧化碳。循环系统将血液、氧气和营养物质输送到全身。生殖系统参与产生新个体。提前了解主要器官：胃、小肠、肺、心脏和大脑，会让你在WJEC课堂上更加轻松地跟上进度。
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