📚 Core Knowledge Summary for Year 7 WJEC Biology | 七年级WJEC生物核心知识点梳理
Welcome to a structured review of the essential topics in the Year 7 WJEC Biology curriculum. This guide breaks down key ideas into clear, bilingual explanations to help you build a strong foundation for GCSE and beyond. Each section pairs a concise English explanation with its equivalent Chinese translation, making it perfect for revision, self-study, or bridging language gaps in science learning.
欢迎阅读七年级 WJEC 生物课程核心知识点的结构化梳理。本指南将关键概念分解为清晰的中英双语讲解，助你为 GCSE 及更远的学习打下坚实基础。每个部分都采用英文解释与对应的中文翻译配对呈现，非常适合复习、自学或跨越科学学习中的语言障碍。
1. MRS GREN: The Seven Life Processes | 生命活动七要素
All living things share seven basic life processes, commonly remembered by the mnemonic MRS GREN. These processes define what it means to be alive and are used to distinguish between living organisms and non-living things.
所有生物都具备七大基本生命过程，通常用助记词 MRS GREN 来帮助记忆。这些过程定义了“活着”的含义，并用于区分生物与非生物。
Movement: Animals move to find food, shelter, and mates. Plants move more slowly, for example, by growing towards light or opening flowers.
运动：动物通过移动来寻找食物、庇护所和配偶。植物的运动较慢，比如向着光生长或花朵开放。
Respiration: Living cells break down glucose to release energy for all life processes. This often involves oxygen and produces carbon dioxide and water.
呼吸作用：活细胞分解葡萄糖以释放能量，用于各项生命活动。该过程通常需要氧气，并产生二氧化碳和水。
Sensitivity: Organisms detect and respond to changes in their surroundings. A plant’s shoot bends towards light, and a runner quickens pace when hearing a starting gun.
应激性：生物体能察觉并响应环境的变化。植物嫩枝向光弯曲，赛跑者听到发令枪声会加快步伐。
Growth: All living things increase in size and mass. Animals grow until a certain age; many plants can keep growing throughout their lives.
生长：所有生物的体积和质量都会增加。动物生长到一定年龄后停止，而许多植物一生都能持续生长。
Reproduction: Organisms produce offspring, ensuring the survival of their species. Reproduction may be sexual (involving two parents) or asexual (involving only one parent).
生殖：生物体产生后代，维系物种的延续。生殖可以是有性（涉及两个亲本）或无性（仅需一个亲本）。
Excretion: Waste products generated by metabolism must be removed from the body. In animals, this includes the removal of carbon dioxide and urine.
排泄：代谢产生的废物必须被排出体外。在动物中，这包括排出二氧化碳和尿液。
Nutrition: Living things obtain raw materials and energy from their food. Plants make their own food by photosynthesis; animals eat plants or other animals.
营养：生物从食物中获取原材料和能量。植物通过光合作用自制养料；动物则摄食植物或其他动物。
2. Cells: The Basic Units of Life | 细胞——生命的基本单位
All organisms are made of cells, the smallest units that can carry out life processes. Animals and plants share some cell structures, but plant cells have three extra features that give them their distinct abilities.
所有生物体都由细胞构成，细胞是能够执行生命过程的最小单位。动物和植物细胞共有一些结构，但植物细胞有三种额外结构，赋予其独特的功能。
Both animal and plant cells contain a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and a nucleus. The cell membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell; cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance where chemical reactions happen; the nucleus contains genetic material and controls the cell’s activities. Mitochondria are present in both as the sites of aerobic respiration, releasing energy.
动植物细胞都含有细胞膜、细胞质和细胞核。细胞膜控制物质的进出；细胞质是一种胶状物质，是化学反应进行的场所；细胞核含有遗传物质，控制细胞的活动。线粒体在两类细胞中都存在，是有氧呼吸释放能量的场所。
Plant cells have three additional structures: a rigid cell wall made of cellulose that provides support; a large permanent vacuole filled with cell sap that helps maintain shape; and chloroplasts, which contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis to make food.
植物细胞有三种额外结构：由纤维素构成的坚硬细胞壁，起支撑作用；一个充满细胞液的大液泡，有助于维持细胞形态；以及叶绿体，含有叶绿素，用于进行光合作用制造养料。
3. Using a Microscope | 显微镜的使用
A microscope magnifies tiny objects like cells, making them visible. Year 7 students typically learn to use a light microscope, identify its parts, and prepare simple specimens on a glass slide.
显微镜可将细胞等微小的物体放大，使它们可见。七年级学生通常学习使用光学显微镜，辨认各部件名称，并在载玻片上制作简单标本。
The main parts of a light microscope include the eyepiece lens, objective lenses, stage, clips, mirror or light source, coarse focus knob, and fine focus knob. The total magnification is calculated by multiplying the magnification of the eyepiece lens by that of the objective lens (e.g., 10x eyepiece and 40x objective give 400x magnification).
光学显微镜的主要部件包括目镜、物镜、载物台、玻片夹、反光镜或光源、粗准焦螺旋和细准焦螺旋。总放大倍数是目镜放大倍数与物镜放大倍数的乘积（例如，10倍目镜与40倍物镜组合，总放大倍数为400倍）。
To prepare a specimen, a thin slice of the sample (such as onion epidermis) is placed on a slide, a drop of water or iodine stain is added, and a cover slip is gently lowered at an angle to avoid air bubbles. The slide is then clipped onto the stage, and the specimen is focused using first the coarse and then the fine focus knobs.
制备标本时，将薄片样品（如洋葱表皮）放在载玻片上，滴一滴水或碘液染色，再将盖玻片以一定角度缓缓放下以避免气泡。随后将玻片夹在载物台上，先用粗准焦螺旋再用细准焦螺旋进行调焦。
4. Tissues, Organs and Systems | 组织、器官与系统
into levels of increasing complexity: cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism.
在多细胞生物中，细胞并非独立工作。它们按照复杂度递增的方式组织起来：细胞 → 组织 → 器官 → 器官系统 → 生物体。
A tissue is a group of similar cells working together to perform a particular function. For example, muscle tissue contains muscle cells that contract and relax to cause movement. Xylem tissue in plants consists of hollow tubes that transport water.
组织是由许多相似的细胞组合在一起执行特定功能的结构。例如，肌肉组织含有能收缩和舒张以产生运动的肌细胞；植物体内的木质部组织则由运输水分的空心导管构成。
An organ is made of different tissues working together. The stomach contains muscle tissue to churn food, glandular tissue to produce digestive juices, and epithelial tissue to cover its surface. In plants, a leaf is an organ made up of epidermis, mesophyll, xylem, and phloem tissues.
器官由不同的组织协同工作构成。胃包含用于搅拌食物的肌肉组织、分泌消化液的腺体组织和覆盖表面的上皮组织。在植物中，一片叶是由表皮、叶肉、木质部和韧皮部等多种组织构成的器官。
Organs are grouped into organ systems, such as the human digestive system, which includes the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, and large intestine, all working together to digest and absorb food.
若干器官组成器官系统，如人体消化系统包括口腔、食道、胃、肝、胰腺、小肠和大肠，它们共同协作以消化食物并吸收养分。
5. Overview of Human Body Systems | 人体系统概览
Several key systems keep the human body functioning. Year 7 WJEC Biology introduces the digestive, respiratory, and circulatory systems, focusing on how they supply cells with nutrients and oxygen while removing wastes.
几大关键系统维持着人体的正常运转。七年级 WJEC 生物介绍了消化系统、呼吸系统和循环系统，重点在于它们如何为细胞提供营养和氧气并清除废物。
Digestive system: Food is broken down mechanically (chewing, churning) and chemically (by enzymes). Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are digested into simpler molecules that can be absorbed into the blood. The small intestine is the main site of absorption; the large intestine absorbs water.
消化系统：食物通过物理（咀嚼、搅拌）和化学（由酶作用）方式被分解。碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪被消化为能被吸收进入血液的简单分子。小肠是吸收的主要场所；大肠则吸收水分。
Respiratory system: Air enters through the nose or mouth, passes down the trachea, and reaches the lungs. In the alveoli (tiny air sacs), oxygen diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses out to be exhaled. Breathing involves inhalation (to take in air) and exhalation (to expel air).
呼吸系统：空气经鼻或口进入，沿气管下行到达肺部。在肺泡（微小的气囊）中，氧气扩散进入血液，二氧化碳扩散出来并被呼出体外。呼吸包括吸气（吸入空气）和呼气（排出空气）两个动作。
Circulatory system: The heart pumps blood around the body through arteries, veins, and capillaries. Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, and waste products. Red blood cells contain haemoglobin, which binds to oxygen for transport.
循环系统：心脏通过动脉、静脉和毛细血管泵送血液至全身。血液携带氧气、营养物质和废物。红细胞含有血红蛋白，能与氧气结合进行运输。
6. Plant Structure and Reproduction | 植物结构与生殖
Plants are essential producers in most ecosystems. Understanding their organs and reproductive strategies helps explain how they feed, grow, and produce offspring.
植物是大多数生态系统中的基本生产者。了解它们的器官和生殖策略有助于解释它们如何获取营养、生长和繁殖后代。
The main organs of a flowering plant are roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. Roots anchor the plant and absorb water and minerals. Stems transport substances and support leaves and flowers. Leaves are the main photosynthetic organs, capturing light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
有花植物的主要器官是根、茎、叶和花。根固定植物并吸收水分和矿物质。茎负责运输物质并支撑叶和花。叶是主要的光合作用器官，捕捉光能将二氧化碳和水转化为葡萄糖和氧气。
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
The flower is the reproductive organ. Key parts include sepals that protect the bud, petals that attract pollinators, stamens (the male part made of anther and filament, producing pollen), and the carpel (the female part consisting of stigma, style, and ovary containing ovules).
花是生殖器官。主要部分包括保护花蕾的萼片、吸引传粉者的花瓣、雄蕊（由花药和花丝组成的雄性部分，产生花粉）和雌蕊（由柱头、花柱和子房组成的雌性部分，子房内含胚珠）。
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma. It can be carried out by wind, insects, or other animals. After pollination, fertilisation occurs when a pollen nucleus fuses with an ovule nucleus to form a seed. The ovary develops into a fruit, which aids seed dispersal by wind, water, explosion, or animals.
传粉是花粉从花药传到柱头的过程，可由风、昆虫或其他动物完成。传粉后，花粉管中的精核与胚珠中的卵核融合完成受精，形成种子。子房发育成果实，有助于种子通过风、水、弹射或动物等方式传播。
7. Human Reproduction and Puberty | 人类生殖与青春期
Human reproduction involves the male and female reproductive systems, which produce gametes (sperm and egg cells) and support the development of a new individual. Puberty is the stage when these systems mature and secondary sexual characteristics develop.
人类生殖涉及男性和女性生殖系统，它们产生配子（精子和卵细胞）并支持新个体的发育。青春期是这些系统成熟及第二性征发育的阶段。
The male reproductive system includes the testes (where sperm are produced), sperm ducts, glands that add fluid to sperm to form semen, and the penis. The female reproductive system includes the ovaries (which release eggs), oviducts (Fallopian tubes), uterus (womb), cervix, and vagina.
男性生殖系统包括睾丸（产生精子）、输精管、为精子添加液体形成精液的腺体以及阴茎。女性生殖系统包括卵巢（释放卵子）、输卵管（喇叭管）、子宫、宫颈和阴道。
Fertilisation occurs when a sperm nucleus fuses with an egg nucleus in an oviduct. The fertilised egg then implants into the uterus lining, where it can develop into an embryo and later a foetus. The placenta allows oxygen and nutrients to pass from the mother’s blood to the foetus and removes waste products.
受精发生在输卵管内，精核与卵核融合。受精卵随后植入子宫内膜，在那里可以发育成胚胎并进一步成为胎儿。胎盘使氧气和营养物质从母体血液传递给胎儿，并清除废物。
Puberty is triggered by hormones. In boys, the testes begin to produce sperm, the voice deepens, and facial and body hair appear. In girls, the ovaries start to release eggs (ovulation), the breasts develop, and menstruation begins. Emotional changes also occur, and personal hygiene becomes especially important.
青春期由激素引发。在男孩中，睾丸开始产生精子，声音变低沉，面部和身体出现毛发。在女孩中，卵巢开始释放卵子（排卵），乳房发育，月经初潮来临。此外还会出现情绪变化，个人卫生变得尤为重要。
8. Classification of Living Things | 生物的分类
To make sense of the enormous diversity of life, scientists classify organisms based on shared characteristics. The WJEC Year 7 course introduces the five kingdoms and the major groups of vertebrates and invertebrates.
为了理解生命巨大的多样性，科学家根据共同特征对生物进行分类。七年级 WJEC 课程介绍了五界系统以及脊椎动物和无脊椎动物的主要类群。
The five kingdoms are: Animals (multicellular, no cell walls, heterotrophic), Plants (multicellular, have cell walls and chloroplasts, autotrophic), Fungi (have cell walls made of chitin, feed by saprotrophic nutrition), Protists (mostly unicellular, such as Amoeba and algae), and Prokaryotes (unicellular, no nucleus; bacteria).
五界分别为：动物界（多细胞、无细胞壁、异养）、植物界（多细胞、有细胞壁和叶绿体、自养）、真菌界（细胞壁由几丁质构成、腐生营养）、原生生物界（大多单细胞，如变形虫和藻类）和原核生物界（单细胞、无真正细胞核；细菌）。
Vertebrates are animals with a backbone and are divided into five main classes: fish (have scales, gills, lay eggs in water), amphibians (smooth moist skin, start life in water, undergo metamorphosis), reptiles (dry scaly skin, lay leathery eggs on land), birds (feathers, beak, lay hard-shelled eggs, warm-blooded), and mammals (hair or fur, give birth to live young, produce milk, warm-blooded).
脊椎动物是有脊椎骨的动物，分为五个主要纲：鱼类（有鳞片、鳃，在水中产卵）、两栖类（皮肤光滑湿润、幼体水生、经历变态发育）、爬行类（干燥有鳞的皮肤、在陆地产革质卵）、鸟类（有羽毛、喙，产硬壳卵，恒温）和哺乳类（有毛发、胎生、哺乳，恒温）。
Invertebrates are animals without a backbone and include groups such as arthropods (insects, spiders, crustaceans—with jointed legs and exoskeleton), molluscs (snails, octopus—often have a soft body and sometimes a shell), annelids (segmented worms like earthworms), and cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones). Classification keys can be used to identify unknown organisms by following a series of yes/no statements.
无脊椎动物是没有脊椎骨的动物，包括节肢动物（昆虫、蜘蛛、甲壳动物——有分节的腿和外骨骼）、软体动物（蜗牛、章鱼——身体柔软，常有外壳）、环节动物（如蚯蚓等分节蠕虫）和刺胞动物（水母、海葵）等类群。分类检索表可通过一系列“是/否”选择来帮助鉴定未知生物。
9. Food Chains and Food Webs | 食物链与食物网
Feeding relationships in a habitat can be shown as food chains and food webs. These diagrams illustrate the flow of energy from producers to various consumers and decompose organic matter.
栖息地中的摄食关系可用食物链和食物网来表示。这些图表说明了能量从生产者向各级消费者以及分解者的流动过程。
Every food chain begins with a producer— d chain is: grass → rabbit → fox. The arrows represent the direction of energy transfer (from eaten to eater).
每条食物链都从生产者开始——通常是绿色植物或藻类，它们通过光合作用将光能转化为储存在自身组织中的化学能。一个简单的食物链示例：草 → 兔 → 狐。箭头代表能量传递的方向（从被食者到捕食者）。
Consumers are organisms that eat other living things. Primary consumers (herbivores) eat producers; secondary consumers (carnivores or omnivores) eat primary consumers; tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers. Apex predators sit at the top of a food chain with no natural enemies.
消费者是摄食其他生物的生物体。初级消费者（植食动物）吃生产者；次级消费者（肉食或杂食动物）吃初级消费者；三级消费者吃次级消费者。顶级捕食者位于食物链顶端，没有天敌。
Most organisms are part of several food chains, which connect to form a food web. Food webs give a more realistic picture of the complex feeding relationships in a community. Decomposers (bacteria and fungi) break down dead remains and waste, recycling nutrients back into the soil for plants to use.
大多数生物都参与多条食物链，这些食物链相互连接形成食物网。食物网更真实地反映出群落中复杂的摄食关系。分解者（细菌和真菌）分解死去的生物遗骸和废物，将养分循环回土壤中供植物利用。
10. Habitats and Adaptations | 栖息地与适应
A habitat is the specific environment where an organism lives. Over millions of years, organisms have evolved structural, behavioural, and functional adaptations that allow them to survive and reproduce in their particular habitat.
栖息地是生物体生活的特定环境。经过数百万年，生物演化出了结构、行为和生理上的适应，使它们能够在特定栖息地中生存和繁衍。
Polar bears are adapted to the Arctic: thick white fur provides camouflage and insulation; a layer of blubber under the skin stores energy and reduces heat loss; large paws spread weight on ice and make them strong swimmers. These are all structural adaptations.
北极熊适应北极环境：厚实的白色皮毛提供伪装和保暖；皮下脂肪层储存能量并减少热量散失；宽大的熊掌分散冰上压力且有利于游泳。这些都是结构上的适应。
Camels survive in hot deserts: they can tolerate significant water loss, have long eyelashes and closable nostrils to keep out sand, and store fat in their hump(s) as an energy reserve. They also produce concentrated urine and dry faeces to minimise water loss—a functional adaptation.
骆驼能在炎热沙漠生存：它们能耐受大量失水，有长睫毛和可关闭的鼻孔阻挡沙尘，驼峰中储存脂肪作为能量储备。它们还能排出浓缩的尿液和干燥的粪便以最大限度减少水分流失，这是一种生理适应。
Plants also show adaptations. Cacti have spines instead of leaves to reduce water loss, succulent stems that store water, and widespread shallow roots to quickly absorb rainfall. Marram grass on sand dunes has curled leaves with stomata sheltered inside to reduce transpiration.
植物同样表现出适应特征。仙人掌的叶特化为刺以减少水分流失，多汁的茎储存水分，浅而广的根系能快速吸收雨水。沙丘上的滨草叶片卷曲，气孔隐藏于内侧以减少蒸腾作用。
Adaptations may also be behavioural. Many animals migrate to warmer regions in winter to find food, or hibernate during cold months to conserve energy. Understanding adaptations helps us appreciate how organisms depend on their environment and why habitats must be protected.
适应也可能是行为上的。许多动物冬季迁徙至温暖地区觅食，或在寒冷月份冬眠以保存能量。理解适应性有助于我们认识到生物对其环境的依赖，以及保护栖息地的重要性。
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