📚 Year 7 WJEC Biology: Comprehensive Syllabus Breakdown | Year 7 WJEC 生物：课程大纲全面解析
Biology in Year 7 introduces students to the fundamental concepts of living organisms, how they function, interact and are classified. This comprehensive guide breaks down the WJEC syllabus into manageable topics, helping learners understand what to expect and how to prepare effectively. Each section highlights key ideas, essential vocabulary and real-world connections to make science both accessible and engaging.
七年级的生物课程向学生介绍生物体的基本概念，包括它们如何运作、相互作用以及如何分类。本文对 WJEC 课程大纲进行了全面解析，将其拆分为易于掌握的主题，帮助学习者了解学习内容并有效备考。每个部分都突出了核心思想、重要词汇和现实世界的联系，让科学既容易理解又充满吸引力。
1. Introduction to Living Organisms | 生物体简介
All living things share common characteristics known as MRS GREN: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion and Nutrition. These seven life processes help scientists decide whether something is alive or not.
所有生物都具有共同的特征，缩写为 MRS GREN：运动、呼吸、感应、生长、生殖、排泄和营养。这七项生命过程帮助科学家判断某物是否有生命。
Even simple organisms like bacteria perform these processes, though they may look very different from animals and plants. Understanding MRS GREN provides the foundation for the rest of Year 7 biology, as every topic links back to how organisms stay alive.
即使是像细菌这样简单的生物也能完成这些过程，尽管它们可能与动植物看起来大不相同。理解 MRS GREN 为七年级生物学的其余内容奠定了基础，因为每个主题都可以回溯到生物体如何维持生命。
2. Cells – The Building Blocks of Life | 细胞——生命的基石
All organisms are made of cells, which are the smallest units of life. Animal cells contain a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane and mitochondria, while plant cells also have a cell wall, chloroplasts and a large central vacuole.
所有生物体都由细胞构成，细胞是生命的最小单位。动物细胞含有细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜和线粒体，而植物细胞还有细胞壁、叶绿体和一个大中央液泡。
Using a light microscope, students learn to prepare slides and observe onion epidermis or cheek cells. The nucleus controls the cell’s activities, cytoplasm is where chemical reactions occur, and chloroplasts absorb sunlight for photosynthesis.
学生使用光学显微镜学习制作玻片标本，并观察洋葱表皮或口腔上皮细胞。细胞核控制细胞的活动，细胞质是化学反应发生的场所，叶绿体则吸收阳光进行光合作用。
| Structure | 结构 | Animal Cell | 动物细胞 | Plant Cell | 植物细胞 |
|---|---|---|
| Nucleus | 细胞核 | ✓ | ✓ |
| Cytoplasm | 细胞质 | ✓ | ✓ |
| Cell membrane | 细胞膜 | ✓ | ✓ |
| Mitochondria | 线粒体 | ✓ | ✓ |
| Cell wall | 细胞壁 | ✗ | ✓ |
| Chloroplasts | 叶绿体 | ✗ | ✓ |
| Large vacuole | 大液泡 | ✗ | ✓ |
3. Tissues, Organs and Systems | 组织、器官和系统
Cells of the same type group together to form tissues, such as muscle tissue or xylem tissue. Different tissues work together to form an organ, like the heart or a leaf, and several organs form an organ system.
相同类型的细胞聚集在一起形成组织，比如肌肉组织或木质部组织。不同的组织协同工作构成器官，如心脏或叶片，多个器官构成器官系统。
For example, the digestive system includes the mouth, oesophagus, stomach and intestines. The respiratory system includes the lungs and trachea. By understanding hierarchy, students can see how complex organisms are organised.
例如，消化系统包括口腔、食道、胃和肠道。呼吸系统包括肺和气管。通过理解这一层次，学生能够了解复杂生物体是如何组织的。
4. Reproduction in Plants and Animals | 植物和动物的生殖
Reproduction ensures the survival of a species. It can be sexual, involving the fusion of male and female gametes, or asexual, where a single parent produces genetically identical offspring.
生殖确保物种的延续。它可以是有性生殖，涉及雄性和雌性配子的融合，也可以是无性生殖，由单亲产生基因相同的后代。
In humans, sperm and egg cells meet during fertilisation. Flowering plants reproduce sexually through pollination and fertilisation, producing seeds. Asexual reproduction in plants includes runners (in strawberries) and bulbs (in onions).
在人类中，精子与卵细胞在受精时相遇。开花植物通过传粉和受精进行有性生殖，产生种子。植物的无性生殖包括匍匐茎（如草莓）和鳞茎（如洋葱）。
Students also explore the human reproductive system, menstruation, and the role of the placenta in supporting the developing foetus. Plant structures like the carpel and stamen are examined as well.
学生还会探索人类生殖系统、月经周期，以及胎盘在支持胎儿发育中的作用。同时也会学习植物的雌蕊和雄蕊等结构。
5. Inheritance and Variation | 遗传与变异
Characteristics are passed from parents to offspring through genes located on chromosomes inside the nucleus. DNA carries the instructions for building and maintaining an organism.
特征通过细胞核内染色体上的基因从亲代传递给子代。DNA 携带构建和维持生物体的指令。
Variation means differences between individuals of the same species. It can be genetic (inherited) or environmental (acquired). Examples of genetic traits include eye colour and blood group, while environmental factors include scars or language spoken.
变异指的是同一物种个体之间的差异。它可以是遗传（先天）的，也可以是环境（后天）的。遗传特征的例子包括眼睛颜色和血型，而环境因素包括伤疤或所讲的语言。
Simple models of inheritance, such as dominant and recessive alleles, can be introduced using examples like tongue-rolling. Students also discuss how variation leads to adaptation and survival of the fittest.
可以通过卷舌等例子引入简单的遗传模式，例如显性和隐性等位基因。学生还会讨论变异如何导致适应和适者生存。
6. Feeding Relationships and Food Webs | 摄食关系与食物网
Energy flows through an ecosystem starting from producers, usually green plants that photosynthesise. Consumers obtain energy by eating other organisms, and decomposers break down dead matter.
能量流经生态系统，从生产者开始，通常是进行光合作用的绿色植物。消费者通过捕食其他生物获取能量，分解者则分解死亡物质。
ork of interconnected food chains, showing how organisms feed at different trophic levels.
食物链显示单一的能量转移路径，例如：草 → 兔子 → 狐狸。食物网是由相互连接的食物链组成的网络，展示不同营养级上的生物如何摄食。
Understanding feeding relationships helps explain population changes. If a predator is removed, prey numbers may increase, affecting vegetation. Bioaccumulation of toxins can also be traced through food chains.
理解摄食关系有助于解释种群数量的变化。如果一种捕食者消失，猎物数量可能增加，从而影响植被。毒素的生物累积也可通过食物链追溯。
7. Adaptations and Habitats | 适应与栖息地
Every organism has features that allow it to survive in its habitat. These adaptations may be structural (physical features), behavioural (actions), or physiological (internal body processes).
每种生物都有使其能在栖息地生存的特征。这些适应可能是结构上的（身体特征）、行为上的（动作）或生理上的（体内过程）。
For example, camels have humps for fat storage and long eyelashes to keep out sand, which are structural adaptations. Penguin huddling is a behavioural adaptation to conserve heat. Desert plants like cacti have thick cuticles to reduce water loss.
例如，骆驼有储存脂肪的驼峰和阻挡沙子的长睫毛，这些是结构适应。企鹅聚集成群是一种行为适应，以保存热量。仙人掌等沙漠植物具有较厚的角质层以减少水分流失。
Students investigate local habitats, record environmental conditions and identify how organisms are suited to their niches. This links to the idea that adaptations arise through natural selection over many generations.
学生调查当地栖息地，记录环境条件，并识别生物如何适应其生态位。这与适应是通过多代自然选择而产生的观点相关联。
8. Classification of Living Things | 生物的分类
Living things are grouped into five kingdoms: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists and Prokaryotes. Further subdivisions include phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.
生物被分为五个界：动物界、植物界、真菌界、原生生物界和原核生物界。进一步的细分类别包括门、纲、目、科、属和种。
The binomial naming system uses two Latin words to identify each species uniquely, for example Homo sapiens for humans. This avoids confusion caused by common names in different languages.
双名命名法使用两个拉丁词来唯一标识每个物种，例如人类被命名为 Homo sapiens。这避免了不同语言中常用名造成的混淆。
Keys, such as branching keys, help identify organisms based on observable features. Students practise using yes/no questions to sort leaves, insects or shells, reinforcing careful observation skills.
分支检索表等工具帮助根据可观察特征识别生物。学生练习使用是/否问题来分类叶子、昆虫或贝壳，强化细致的观察能力。
9. Human Body Systems Overview | 人体系统概述
The major organ systems in humans include the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous and skeletal systems. Each system has a specific function but works with others to maintain health.
人体的主要器官系统包括循环系统、呼吸系统、消化系统、神经系统和骨骼系统。每个系统都有特定功能，但与其他系统协同工作以维持健康。
For example, the digestive system breaks down food into nutrients, which are absorbed into the blood. The circulatory system then transports these nutrients, along with oxygen from the lungs, to all body cells.
例如，消化系统将食物分解为营养物质，并被血液吸收。然后循环系统将这些营养物质连同来自肺部的氧气运送到全身细胞。
Students explore the role of enzymes in digestion, the route of air through the respiratory tract, and how the skeleton provides support and protection. Measuring pulse rate after exercise demonstrates heart-lung interaction.
学生探索酶在消化中的作用，空气在呼吸道中的路径，以及骨骼如何提供支撑和保护。测量运动后脉搏率可以展示心肺的相互作用。
10. Plants and Photosynthesis | 植物与光合作用
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants make their own food using light energy. The balanced word equation is:
光合作用是绿色植物利用光能制造自身食物的过程。其文字方程式为：
carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气
The chlorophyll in chloroplasts captures light energy, and the process takes place mainly in leaves. Glucose is used for respiration or stored as starch, while oxygen is released as a by-product.
叶绿体中的叶绿素捕获光能，该过程主要发生在叶片中。葡萄糖用于呼吸作用或以淀粉形式储存，氧气则作为副产品释放出来。
Mineral salts such as nitrates and magnesium are absorbed by roots and are essential for making proteins and chlorophyll. Students grow plants in different conditions to test the requirements for photosynthesis: light, carbon dioxide and chlorophyll are all necessary.
硝酸盐和镁等矿物盐被根部吸收，对于制造蛋白质和叶绿素至关重要。学生在不同条件下种植植物以验证光合作用的条件：光、二氧化碳和叶绿素都是必需的。
11. Microorganisms and Health | 微生物与健康
Microorganisms, or microbes, include bacteria, viruses, fungi and protists. While some cause disease (pathogens), many are useful – for example, in baking, brewing and decomposing waste.
微生物包括细菌、病毒、真菌和原生生物。虽然一些会引发疾病（病原体），但许多是有用的——例如在烘焙、酿造和分解废物中。
Infectious diseases can spread through direct contact, airborne droplets, contaminated food or vectors like mosquitoes. The body defends itself with physical barriers (skin), chemical defences (stomach acid) and white blood cells.
传染病可以通过直接接触、飞沫传播、受污染的食物或蚊虫等媒介传播。人体通过物理屏障（皮肤）、化学防御（胃酸）和白细胞进行自我保护。
Antibiotics can kill bacteria but do not work against viruses. Vaccination introduces a harmless form of a pathogen to stimulate immunity. Food preservation methods like refrigeration and pickling limit microbial growth.
抗生素能杀死细菌，但对病毒无效。疫苗接种将一种无害的病原体形式引入体内以激发免疫力。冷藏和腌制等食品保存方法可以限制微生物的生长。
12. Scientific Enquiry Skills | 科学探究技能
Throughout Year 7 biology, students develop practical skills by planning investigations, identifying variables, making predictions and recording data. A fair test changes only one independent variable at a time.
在整个七年级生物课程中，学生通过设计调查、识别变量、进行预测和记录数据来发展实践技能。公平测试一次只改变一个自变量。
Accurate measurement using tools like thermometers, stopwatches and microscopes is essential. Students learn to present results in tables and graphs, identify patterns and draw conclusions based on evidence.
使用温度计、秒表和显微镜等工具进行精确测量至关重要。学生学习将结果呈现在表格和图表中，识别规律并根据证据得出结论。
Lab safety rules, including wearing goggles and handling chemicals with care, are reinforced. Writing a clear conclusion and evaluating whether the method could be improved are key parts of the scientific method.
实验室安全规则，包括佩戴护目镜和小心处理化学品，会得到加强。撰写清晰的结论并评估方法是否可以改进是科学方法的关键部分。
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