📚 Year 7 WJEC Chemistry: Intensive Christmas Revision Plan | WJEC 七年级化学：寒假强化复习计划
The Christmas break is the perfect opportunity for Year 7 students to consolidate their understanding of WJEC Chemistry. This two-week intensive revision plan breaks down the key topics into manageable daily tasks, helping you build confidence and master the fundamentals. Follow this structured guide to ensure you return to school well-prepared for any assessments.
寒假是七年级学生巩固 WJEC 化学知识的绝佳时机。这份为期两周的强化复习计划将关键主题分解为可管理的每日任务，帮助你建立信心并掌握基础知识。遵循这份结构化的指南，确保你返校时能从容应对任何评估测试。
1. Understanding the Syllabus and Key Topics | 了解考纲与关键主题
The WJEC Year 7 Chemistry course covers six main areas: states of matter and particle theory, atoms, elements and the periodic table, compounds and mixtures, chemical reactions, acids and alkalis, and properties of metals and non-metals. You should also be familiar with practical skills such as using a Bunsen burner and interpreting data.
WJEC 七年级化学课程涵盖六大领域：物质状态与粒子理论，原子、元素和周期表，化合物与混合物，化学反应，酸和碱，以及金属和非金属的性质。你还应熟悉实验技能，如使用本生灯和解读数据。
Print out this plan and tick off each day's tasks as you complete them. This visual progress tracker will motivate you and highlight any topics you need to revisit.
打印出这份计划，并在完成每天的任务后打勾。这种可视化的进度追踪器会激励你，并突显出你需要重新复习的任何主题。
2. Day 1–2: States of Matter and Particle Theory | 第1–2天：物质状态与粒子理论
Day 1 morning: List the three states of matter and describe their properties – fixed shape and volume for solids, fixed volume but no fixed shape for liquids, and no fixed shape or volume for gases. Use scientific vocabulary like 'rigid', 'fluid' and 'compressible'.
第1天上午：列出物质的三种状态并描述其性质 —— 固体有固定的形状和体积，液体有固定的体积但没有固定的形状，气体既没有固定的形状也没有固定的体积。使用如“刚性的”、“流动的”和“可压缩的”等科学词汇。
In the afternoon, draw particle diagrams for each state. Represent particles as small circles; show them closely packed and vibrating in a solid, close but sliding past each other in a liquid, and far apart moving randomly in a gas.
下午，绘制每种状态的粒子模型图。用小圆圈代表粒子：在固体中紧密排列并振动，在液体中紧密但相互滑过，在气体中相距很远并不规则地运动。
Day 2: Learn the names of changes of state – melting, freezing, boiling, evaporation, condensation and sublimation. Sketch a flowchart showing these processes with arrows labelled with the correct terms. Explain why temperature stays constant during a state change.
第2天：学习状态变化的名称 —— 熔化、凝固、沸腾、蒸发、冷凝和升华。绘制的流程图，用箭头标示这些过程并标注正确的术语。解释为什么在状态变化期间温度保持恒定。
Self-test: Write a paragraph linking particle arrangement, movement and energy to each state. Then try three WJEC-style questions on diffusion and state changes.
自我测试：写一段话，将粒子排列、运动和能量与每种状态联系起来。然后尝试三道 WJEC 风格的关于扩散和状态变化的题目。
3. Day 3–4: Atoms, Elements and the Periodic Table | 第3–4天：原子、元素与元素周期表
Day 3 morning: Define an atom as the smallest particle of an element that can exist. An element is made of only one type of atom. Learn the first 20 element symbols – make flashcards with the symbol on one side and the name on the other.
第3天上午：定义原子为元素能够存在的最小粒子。元素仅由一种类型的原子组成。记住前20种元素的符号 —— 制作闪卡，一面写符号，另一面写名称。
In the afternoon, draw simple atomic structure diagrams for carbon, oxygen and sodium. Show a central nucleus (you do not need to include protons and neutrons in detail) and electrons in shells. Highlight the link between group number and outer electrons.
下午，绘制碳、氧和钠的简单原子结构示意图。显示中心原子核（你不需要详细画出质子和中子）和核外电子层。强调族序数与最外层电子数之间的联系。
Day 4: Explore the periodic table. Identify where metals and non-metals are located. Note the group names: Group 1 alkali metals, Group 7 halogens and Group 0 noble gases. Practise using the periodic table to find an element's symbol, atomic number and relative atomic mass.
第4天：探索元素周期表。确定金属和非金属的位置。注意族的名称：第1族碱金属、第7族卤素和第0族稀有气体。练习使用周期表查找元素的符号、原子序数和相对原子质量。
Challenge: Write a short paragraph comparing the properties of metals and non-metals using terms such as 'shiny', 'malleable', 'brittle' and 'dull'. This prepares you for the later topic on metals and non-metals.
挑战任务：写一段简短的话，使用诸如“有光泽的”、“可延展的”、“脆的”和“暗淡的”等术语比较金属和非金属的性质。这将为你后续的金属与非金属主题做好准备。
4. Day 5–6: Compounds, Mixtures and Separation Techniques | 第5–6天：化合物、混合物与分离技术
Day 5: Distinguish between compounds and mixtures. A compound is formed when two or more elements chemically combine, and it has a fixed composition (e.g. water H₂O). A mixture consists of substances not chemically joined and can be separated by physical methods.
第5天：区分化合物和混合物。化合物是两种或多种元素通过化学结合而成的，具有固定的组成（例如水 H₂O）。混合物由未通过化学键结合的物质组成，可以用物理方法分离。
Make a list of common examples: air, seawater and sand as mixtures; carbon dioxide, sodium chloride and magnesium oxide as compounds. Draw particle diagrams showing the arrangement of atoms in a compound versus a mixture.
列出常见例子：空气、海水和沙子为混合物；二氧化碳、氯化钠和氧化镁为化合物。绘制粒子模型图，显示化合物和混合物中原子的排列方式。
Day 6: Study four separation techniques – filtration, evaporation, distillation and chromatography. Draw and label each apparatus. Explain which technique you would use to obtain sand from a sand-salt-water mixture and to separate coloured inks.
第6天：学习四种分离技术 —— 过滤、蒸发、蒸馏和色谱法。画出并标注每种装置。解释你将使用哪种技术从沙-盐-水混合物中获得沙子，以及如何分离彩色墨水。
Practical thinking: Write a method for obtaining pure salt from rock salt. Include safety notes and use key terms like 'residue', 'filtrate' and 'soluble'. This mirrors a common WJEC practical question.
实践思考：写出从岩盐中获得纯盐的实验方法。包括安全注意事项，并使用如“残渣”、“滤液”和“可溶的”等关键术语。这反映了一道常见的 WJEC 实验题。
5. Day 7–8: Chemical Reactions and Equations | 第7–8天：化学反应与化学方程式
Day 7 morning: Revise the signs of a chemical reaction – colour change, temperature change, gas production (bubbles), formation of a precipitate, and an energy change (light or sound). Contrast these with physical changes like melting.
第7天上午：复习化学反应的标志 —— 颜色变化、温度变化、气体产生（气泡）、沉淀生成以及能量变化（光或声）。将它们与像熔化这样的物理变化进行对比。
en → magnesium oxide; calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid → calcium chloride + water + carbon dioxide.
下午，练习书写文字方程式。一般格式是：反应物 + 反应物 → 产物（+ 产物）。例如：镁 + 氧气 → 氧化镁；碳酸钙 + 盐酸 → 氯化钙 + 水 + 二氧化碳。
H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O by counting atoms on each side. Attempt a few more: CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O.
第8天：引入简单的符号方程式。使用你已经学过的分子式：H₂O、CO₂、O₂、NaCl、HCl。通过计算两侧的原子数来配平方程式 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O。再多试几个：CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O。
Consolidation: Explain why mass is conserved during a chemical reaction. Relate this to the particle model – atoms are rearranged, not created or destroyed. This underpins all WJEC Chemistry equations.
巩固：解释为什么在化学反应中质量是守恒的。将其与粒子模型联系起来 —— 原子被重新排列，既不会凭空产生也不会凭空消失。这是所有 WJEC 化学方程式的基础。
6. Day 9–10: Acids, Alkalis and Neutralisation | 第9–10天：酸、碱与中和反应
Day 9: Learn the pH scale (0 to 14). Acids have a pH less than 7, alkalis greater than 7, and a pH of 7 is neutral. Common acids include hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and nitric acid (HNO₃). Common alkalis are sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂).
第9天：学习 pH 标度（0 到 14）。酸的 pH 值小于 7，碱大于 7，pH 值为 7 是中性的。常见的酸包括盐酸（HCl）、硫酸（H₂SO₄）和硝酸（HNO₃）。常见的碱是氢氧化钠（NaOH）和氢氧化钙（Ca(OH)₂）。
Investigate indicators: litmus turns red in acid and blue in alkali; universal indicator gives a range of colours. Complete a table showing the colour changes and the corresponding pH values. If possible, test household items like lemon juice, vinegar and soap with indicator paper.
研究指示剂：石蕊在酸中变红，在碱中变蓝；通用指示剂显示一系列颜色。完成一个表格，显示颜色变化及相应的 pH 值。如果可能，用指示纸测试柠檬汁、醋和肥皂等家居用品。
H₂O; H₂SO₄ + 2NaOH → Na₂SO₄ + 2H₂O. Identify the salt produced from each acid-alkali pair.
第10天：重点学习中和反应：酸 + 碱 → 盐 + 水。练习书写文字和符号方程式：HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O；H₂SO₄ + 2NaOH → Na₂SO₄ + 2H₂O。识别每组酸-碱反应生成的盐。
Application: Explain how neutralisation is used in real life – treating acidic soil with lime (calcium oxide), using antacids to neutralise stomach acid, and treating wasp stings (alkaline) with vinegar. Write a brief case study for each.
应用：解释中和反应在现实生活中的用途 —— 用石灰（氧化钙）处理酸性土壤，使用抗酸剂中和胃酸，以及用醋处理黄蜂蜇伤（碱性）。为每种情况写一个简短的应用案例。
7. Day 11: Metals and Non-metals – Properties and Uses | 第11天：金属与非金属——性质与用途
Start with a sorting activity: list ten elements and classify them as metal or non-metal using their positions on the periodic table. Metals are on the left and centre; non-metals are on the right, with a zigzag dividing line.
从一个分类活动开始：列出十种元素，并利用它们在周期表中的位置将它们分为金属或非金属。金属在左侧和中间；非金属在右侧，有条锯齿形分界线。
Describe the typical physical properties of metals: shiny (lustrous), good conductors of heat and electricity, malleable (can be hammered into sheets) and ductile (can be drawn into wires). Non-metals are often dull, brittle and poor conductors.
描述金属典型的物理性质：有光泽（光亮）、良好的导热体和导电体、具有展性（可锤成薄片）和延性（可拉成丝）。非金属通常暗淡、易碎并且是热和电的不良导体。
Link properties to uses: copper is used in electrical wiring because it is ductile and a good conductor; aluminium is used for aircraft because
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