📚 Year 7 WJEC Chemistry: Winter Holiday Intensive Revision Plan | WJEC Year 7 化学：寒假强化复习计划
A well-structured revision plan over the winter holidays can transform your understanding of Year 7 WJEC Chemistry. This guide covers key topics from the particle model to acids and alkalis, and provides practical activities, study tips, and practice questions that will boost your confidence before the new term begins.
一份精心设计的寒假复习计划可以彻底改变你对WJEC Year 7 化学的理解。本指南涵盖了从粒子模型到酸和碱的关键主题，并提供了实用的活动、学习技巧和练习题，能够在新学期开始前大大增强你的信心。
1. Understanding the Particle Model | 理解粒子模型
All matter is made of tiny particles. In solids, the particles are held tightly in a fixed, regular arrangement and can only vibrate. This explains why solids keep their shape and cannot be poured.
所有物质都由微小粒子组成。在固体中，粒子被紧紧固定在规则的位置上，只能振动。这就解释了为什么固体能保持形状且不能被倾倒。
In liquids, particles are still close together but can move past each other. They take the shape of the bottom of the container. In gases, particles are far apart and move rapidly in all directions. The particle model helps us explain dissolving, expansion and contraction.
在液体中，粒子仍然紧密但可以互相滑动，它们会呈现容器底部的形状。在气体中，粒子相距很远并且在各个方向上快速运动。粒子模型能帮助我们解释溶解、膨胀和收缩。
For effective revision, draw a large Venn diagram comparing the particle arrangements of solids, liquids and gases. Label the forces between particles and the energy of movement in each state.
为了高效复习，画一个大型维恩图比较固体、液体和气体中粒子的排列方式。标出粒子之间的作用力以及每种状态下粒子的运动能量。
2. States of Matter and Changes of State | 物质的状态及其变化
Melting, freezing, boiling and condensing are physical changes, not chemical ones. During melting, particles gain enough energy to break free from their fixed positions. The temperature stays constant at the melting point until all the solid has melted.
熔化、凝固、沸腾和冷凝是物理变化而不是化学变化。在熔化过程中，粒子获得足够的能量来挣脱固定位置。温度在熔点处保持不变，直到所有固体都熔化为止。
The reverse happens during freezing. When a liquid boils, bubbles of gas form throughout the liquid, not just at the surface. Condensation occurs when gas particles lose energy and come closer together to form a liquid.
凝固时则发生相反的过程。当液体沸腾时，整个液体内部都会形成气泡，而不仅仅在表面。当气体粒子失去能量、相互靠近时就会发生冷凝，形成液体。
Write a story from the point of view of a water particle going through melting, evaporating and condensing. Use the scientific vocabulary: gain energy, lose energy, vibrate, move freely, and escape.
从一粒水分子的视角写一个故事，让它经历熔化、蒸发和冷凝。使用科学词汇：获得能量、失去能量、振动、自由运动、逃逸。
3. Diffusion and Gas Pressure | 扩散与气体压强
Diffusion is the spreading of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. It happens fastest in gases because the particles move quickly and have large spaces between them. A simple demonstration is opening a perfume bottle and smelling it across the room.
扩散是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的扩散过程。它在气体中发生得最快，因为气体粒子运动快而且彼此间距大。一个简单的演示是打开一瓶香水并在房间的另一端闻到气味。
Gas pressure is caused by particles colliding with the walls of their container. Increasing the temperature makes the particles move faster and hit the walls more often, raising the pressure. Understanding this link helps with experiments using syringes and sealed containers.
气体压强是由粒子撞击容器壁所引起的。升高温度会使粒子运动得更快、更频繁地撞击容器壁，从而提高压强。理解这个联系有助于进行使用注射器和密封容器的实验。
Draw three diagrams: diffusion in a gas, particles colliding with a wall, and the same container after heating. Add arrows and short annotations to show the direction of movement and change in pressure.
画三幅图：气体中的扩散、粒子撞击容器壁、以及加热后的同一容器。加上箭头和简短的注释来表示运动方向和压强的变化。
4. Pure Substances and Mixtures | 纯净物与混合物
A pure substance contains only one type of particle. Pure water, for example, boils at exactly 100°C. Mixtures contain two or more substances that are not chemically joined, such as salt water or sandy water. Each substance in a mixture keeps its own properties.
纯净物只包含一种粒子。例如，纯水正好在100°C沸腾。混合物含有两种或两种以上没有发生化学结合的纯物质，比如盐水或沙水。混合物中的每种物质都保持自己的性质。
To revise this topic, sort everyday materials into pure substances and mixtures: table salt (pure), air (mixture), distilled water (pure), milk (mixture), and copper wire (pure). Discuss why tapping salt from a salt cellar does not separate it into different substances, but tapping a mixture of sand and salt might.
复习这个主题时，将日常物质分为纯净物和混合物：食盐（纯净物）、空气（混合物）、蒸馏水（纯净物）、牛奶（混合物）和铜线（纯净物）。讨论为什么从盐瓶中倒出盐不会把它分离成不同物质，但倒出沙子和盐的混合物却有可能分离。
5. Separation Techniques (Part 1): Filtration and Evaporation | 分离技术（上）：过滤与蒸发
Filtration separates an insoluble solid from a liquid. The mixture is poured through filter paper; the liquid (filtrate) passes through while the solid residue is caught. This works for sand from water but not for dissolved salt.
过滤用于将不溶性固体从液体中分离出来。将混合物倒入滤纸，液体（滤液）通过滤纸，而固体残渣被截留。这能分离沙子与水，但不能分离已溶解的盐。
Evaporation removes a soluble solid from a solution. Gently heating a salt solution causes the water to evaporate, leaving salt crystals behind. This method is ideal when you want to recover the dissolved solid, but care must be taken not to overheat and cause spitting.
蒸发用于从溶液中提取可溶性固体。缓缓加热盐水，水分蒸发，剩下的就是盐的晶体。当你希望回收溶解的固体时，这种方法很理想，但必须小心不要过度加热引起飞溅。
Create a quick comparison table for filtration and evaporation:
为过滤和蒸发制作一个快速对比表：
| Feature | Filtration | Evaporation |
|---|---|---|
| What it separates | Insoluble solid from liquid | Soluble solid from liquid |
| Apparatus needed | Filter funnel, filter paper, beaker | Evaporating dish, Bunsen burner, tripod |
| Product collected | Filtrate (liquid) | Solid crystals |
Test yourself: which technique would you use to obtain pure water from muddy water? Why is evaporation alone not enough to get pure water? (Because the water vapour is lost; you need distillation to collect it.)
自测：要从泥水中获得纯水，你会使用哪种技术？为什么仅靠蒸发不足以得到纯水？（因为水蒸气散失了；你需要蒸馏才能收集到它。）
6. Separation Techniques (Part 2): Distillation and Chromatography | 分离技术（下）：蒸馏与色谱法
Simple distillation separates a solvent from a solution. The solution is heated, and the solvent vapour is cooled in a condenser, turning back into a liquid and collected as the distillate. This gives pure water from salt water.
简单蒸馏可将溶剂从溶液中分离出来。将溶液加热，溶剂蒸气在冷凝管中冷却，变回液体并作为馏出液收集。这样就可以从盐水中获得纯水。
Chromatography separates mixtures of soluble substances, such as the different colours in ink or food colouring. A spot of the mixture is placed on chromatography paper, and a solvent travels up the paper, carrying the components at different speeds. The result is a chromatogram with separated spots.
色谱法可分离可溶性物质的混合物，例如墨水或食用色素中的不同颜色。将一滴混合物点到色谱纸上，溶剂沿纸上行，以不同速度携带各组分上行。最终得到带有分离斑点的色谱图。
- Key term: Rf value = distance moved by substance / distance moved by solvent. 关键术语：Rf值 = 物质移动距离 / 溶剂移动距离。
- Stationary phase: chromatography paper. Mobile phase: solvent. 固定相：色谱纸。流动相：溶剂。
Revise by separating the inks from three black pens using chromatography at home. Compare the chromatograms and identify which pens contain the same dyes.
在家用色谱法分离三支黑色笔的墨水。比较色谱图，找出哪些笔含有相同的染料。
7. Acids and Alkalis: An Introduction | 酸与碱：入门
Acids taste sour (though tasting chemicals is not safe!) and turn blue litmus paper red. Common lab acids include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and nitric acid. Alkalis feel soapy and turn red litmus paper blue. Sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide are typical alkalis used in schools.
酸有酸味（尽管品尝化学品不安全！），能将蓝色石蕊试纸变为红色。实验室常见的酸有盐酸、硫酸和硝酸。碱有滑腻感，能将红色石蕊试纸变为蓝色。氢氧化钠和氢氧化钾是学校常用的典型碱。
The pH scale runs from 0 to 14. Values below 7 are acidic, 7 is neutral (pure water), and above 7 are alkaline. Universal indicator gives a range of colours from red (strong acid) through green (neutral) to purple (strong alkali). Remember: the lower the pH, the stronger the acid.
pH标度范围是0到14。低于7的为酸性，7为中性（纯水），高于7的为碱性。通用指示剂会显示从红色（强酸）经过绿色（中性）到紫色（强碱）的一系列颜色。记住：pH值越低，酸性越强。
e → sodium chloride + water. Write symbol equations with state symbols for extra practice.
酸和碱发生反应生成盐和水，这就是中和反应。例如，盐酸 + 氢氧化钠 → 氯化钠 + 水。额外练习时可以写出带有状态符号的符号方程式。
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H₂O(l)
Now practise naming salts: sulfuric acid makes sulfate salts, nitric acid makes nitrate salts. 现在练习命名盐：硫酸生成硫酸盐，硝酸生成硝酸盐。
8. Chemical vs Physical Changes | 化学变化与物理变化
A physical change does not produce new substances. Examples include melting ice, dissolving sugar in water, and bending a paper clip. The material changes state or shape, but its chemical nature stays the same.
物理变化不会生成新物质。例如冰的融化、糖溶于水、回形针弯折。物质的状态或形状发生改变，但其化学性质保持不变。
change, formation of a precipitate, and an energy change that is often hard to reverse. Burning magnesium is a classic example: magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide.
化学变化中会生成新物质。化学反应的迹象包括颜色变化、产生气体（冒泡）、温度变化、生成沉淀，以及通常难以逆转的能量变化。镁条的燃烧是一个经典例子：镁 + 氧气 → 氧化镁。
2Mg(s) + O₂(g) → 2MgO(s)
Sort the following into physical and chemical changes: frying an egg, boiling water, rusting iron, dissolving sugar, baking a cake. Check your answers with a textbook.
将以下变化分为物理变化和化学变化：煎蛋、烧开水、铁生锈、溶解糖、烤蛋糕。查阅教科书核对答案。
9. Elements, Compounds and the Periodic Table Preview | 元素、化合物与元素周期表初探
An element contains only one type of atom. All the atoms have the same atomic number. Elements are listed on the periodic table, which is arranged in order of increasing atomic number and in groups of similar properties. You should know the symbols for the first 20 elements, plus common ones like iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn).
元素只包含一种原子，所有原子的原子序数相同。元素排列在周期表中，周期表是按照原子序数递增的顺序排列的，并将性质相似的元素编成族。你应该掌握前20号元素的符号，以及常见的元素如铁 (Fe)、铜 (Cu) 和锌 (Zn)。
Compounds are formed when two or more different elements chemically combine. They have a fixed composition and can be represented by chemical formulae, such as H₂O for water, CO₂ for carbon dioxide, and NaCl for sodium chloride. The properties of a compound are entirely different from the elements that make it.
化合物由两种或两种以上不同的元素通过化学结合而成。它们有固定的组成，可以用化学式表示，例如水 H₂O、二氧化碳 CO₂、氯化钠 NaCl。化合物的性质与组成它的元素完全不同。
Design a set of flash cards with the element symbol on one side and the name and a common use on the other. Test yourself every morning of the holiday.
制作一套闪卡，一面写元素符号，另一面写名称和一种常见用途。假期里每天早晨自我测试。
10. Creating Your Personal Revision Timetable | 制定个性化复习时间表
A successful revision plan spaces out learning over several weeks to allow for memory consolidation. Divide the holiday into three phases: 'review and recall', 'focus on weak areas', and 'application and practice'. Use a simple grid and commit to one 30-minute chemistry slot each day.
一个成功的复习计划会将学习分散在几周内进行，以巩固记忆。将假期分为三个阶段：“回顾与回忆”、“攻克薄弱环节”以及“应用与练习”。使用一个简单的表格，并承诺每天安排一段30分钟的化学学习时间。
Monday and Tuesday: revise the particle model and states of matter. Wednesday: diffusion and gas pressure. Thursday: mixtures and separation techniques. Friday: acids and alkalis. Weekends: practice GCSE-style multiple choice questions and watch short video demonstrations of experiments you cannot do at home.
周一和周二：复习粒子模型和物质的状态。周三：扩散与气体压强。周四：混合物与分离技术。周五：酸和碱。周末：练习GCSE风格的选择题，并观看你在家无法完成的实验的短视频演示。
Keep a revision journal. After each session, write one thing you learned and one question you still have. This active reflection significantly improves long-term memory.
写一本复习日志。每次学习结束后，写下你学到的一件事和仍然存疑的一个问题。这种主动反思能显著提高长期记忆。
11. Practice Questions and Common Mistakes | 练习题与常见错误
Working through exam-style questions exposes gaps in knowledge. Common mistakes include confusing evaporation with boiling (boiling occurs throughout the liquid at a fixed temperature; evaporation happens only at the surface at any temperature), thinking that mass changes when salt dissolves (it does not – it is conserved), and writing incorrect word equations.
做考试风格的题目能暴露出知识漏洞。常见的错误包括：混淆蒸发与沸腾（沸腾是在固定温度下整个液体内部都发生的；蒸发在任何温度下仅发生在液体表面）、认为盐溶解时质量会改变（实际质量守恒），以及书写不正确的文字方程式。
Practice question 1: Describe an experiment to find the pH of four different colourless liquids using universal indicator. Write a method and create a results table. Practice question 2: Explain what happens to the particles when a puddle of water disappears on a warm day. Include names of processes and energy changes.
练习题1：描述一个使用通用指示剂测定四种不同无色液体pH值的实验。写出方法并创建一个结果表。练习题2：解释在一个温暖的日子里，水坑里的水消失时粒子会发生什么变化。要写出过程名称和能量变化。
A table of common command words and their meanings can improve your exam answers. 'Describe' means say what you see; 'Explain' means give reasons using science ideas; 'Compare' means point out similarities and differences.
一个常见指令词及其含义的表格能提高你的答题水平。“描述”就是说出你看到了什么；“解释”意味着用科学观点给出理由；“比较”就是指出相同点和不同点。
12. Final Tips for Exam Success | 考试成功的最终建议
Read every question twice. Look for the number of marks; a 3-mark question usually needs three distinct points. Use correct scientific terminology wherever possible, such as 'particles' instead of 'bits', 'concentrated' rather than 'strong' for solutions, and 'neutralisation' instead of 'cancelling out'.
每道题读两遍。注意分值；一道3分的题通常需要写出三个不同的要点。尽可能使用正确的科学术语，例如用“粒子”而不是“小东西”，溶液用“浓的”而不是“强的”，中和反应用“neutralisation”而不是“抵消”。
On the morning of any test, eat a good breakfast, check your equipment (pencil, ruler, calculator if allowed), and stay calm. Believe in the work you have put in over the winter. Every diagram you drew, every flash card you reviewed, has built a stronger foundation.
任何考试的早晨，吃一顿好的早餐，检查你的文具（铅笔、尺子，如果允许带计算器），保持冷静。相信你在寒假期间付出的努力。你画的每一张图、复习的每一张闪卡，都已经打下一个更牢固的基础。
Published by TutorHao | Chemistry Revision Series | aleveler.com
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