📚 Year 7 WJEC Chemistry: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memory Guide | Year 7 WJEC 化学：词汇术语速记指南
Building a strong foundation in Chemistry starts with mastering the language of the subject. This guide helps Year 7 students following the WJEC curriculum quickly learn, remember and use essential scientific terms with confidence. Each section pairs key words with simple definitions, memory tricks and real examples, so you can connect English terminology to the Chinese equivalent and boost both your understanding and exam performance.
打好化学基础，首先要掌握这门学科的语言。本指南帮助遵循 WJEC 课程的 Year 7 学生快速学习、记忆并自信地使用重要的科学词汇。每个部分将关键词与简单的定义、记忆技巧和真实例子配对，让你能把英文术语和中文对应起来，从而提升理解和考试成绩。
1. Atoms, Elements and Compounds | 原子、元素和化合物
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction. Think of it as a tiny building block – you cannot see it, but everything is made of them.
原子是能参与化学反应的元素的最小粒子。可以把它想象成一块微小的积木——你看不见它，但万物皆由它们构成。
An element is a pure substance made of only one type of atom. All the atoms in an element have the same number of protons. Examples include oxygen (O), iron (Fe) and gold (Au).
元素是由同一种原子组成的纯净物。一种元素中的所有原子都具有相同的质子数。例子有氧（O）、铁（Fe）和金（Au）。
A compound is a substance formed when two or more different elements chemically bond together. The properties of a compound are very different from the elements that make it. For instance, sodium (a reactive metal) and chlorine (a poisonous gas) combine to make sodium chloride – common table salt.
化合物是由两种或以上不同元素通过化学键结合而成的物质。化合物的性质与组成它的元素截然不同。例如，钠（活泼金属）与氯（有毒气体）结合生成氯化钠——也就是普通的食盐。
Memory tip: 'Atom' sounds like 'a-tom' – imagine a single tomato. Elements are like the single type of tomato; compounds are like tomato ketchup, where tomato is mixed with other ingredients.
记忆技巧：“Atom”读音像“a-tom”——想象一个番茄（tomato）。元素就是单一品种的番茄；化合物就像番茄酱，番茄和其他配料混合在一起。
2. States of Matter | 物质的三态
Matter exists in three main states: solid, liquid and gas. A solid has a fixed shape and fixed volume because its particles are tightly packed in a regular pattern and only vibrate in place.
物质主要以三种状态存在：固态、液态和气态。固体有固定的形状和体积，因为其粒子紧密排列成规则结构，只能在原位振动。
A liquid has a fixed volume but takes the shape of its container. Its particles are still close together but can slide past each other, allowing the liquid to flow.
液体有固定的体积，但会随容器改变形状。其粒子仍然紧靠在一起，但可以相互滑动，从而使液体能够流动。
A gas has no fixed shape or volume; it expands to fill its container completely. Gas particles are far apart and move rapidly in all directions.
气体没有固定的形状和体积，会膨胀充满整个容器。气体的粒子彼此相距很远，并向各个方向快速运动。
Changes of state are physical processes: melting (solid to liquid), freezing (liquid to solid), boiling / evaporation (liquid to gas) and condensation (gas to liquid). The particles themselves do not change – only their arrangement and energy change.
状态变化都是物理过程：熔化（固→液）、凝固（液→固）、沸腾 / 蒸发（液→气）和凝结（气→液）。粒子本身没有变成另一种物质——改变的只是它们的排列方式和能量。
3. Physical and Chemical Changes | 物理变化与化学变化
A physical change alters the appearance or state of a substance without making a new substance. Cutting paper, melting ice and dissolving sugar in water are all physical changes. They are usually easy to reverse.
物理变化改变物质的外观或状态，而不生成新物质。剪纸、冰融化和糖溶于水都是物理变化。这些变化通常容易逆转。
A chemical change (or chemical reaction) produces one or more new substances with different properties. Signs of a chemical change include colour change, gas bubbles (effervescence), temperature change, light given off, or a precipitate forming. Chemical changes are often difficult to reverse.
化学变化（或化学反应）会产生一种或多种具有不同性质的新物质。化学变化的标志包括颜色改变、气泡产生（冒泡）、温度变化、发光或形成沉淀。化学变化通常难以逆转。
Think of baking a cake: mixing flour, eggs and sugar is a physical change; but once you bake it, the heat causes chemical reactions that create a completely new substance – the cake – which you cannot turn back into raw ingredients.
以烤蛋糕为例：将面粉、鸡蛋和糖混合是物理变化；但一旦放入烤箱加热，就会发生化学反应，生成全新的物质——蛋糕——你无法再把它变回原来的原料。
Memory aid: 'Physical' begins with 'P' – also for 'Phase' change; 'Chemical' starts with 'C' – also for 'Create' new stuff.
记忆方法：“Physical”以“P”开头——也是“Phase（相态）”的首字母；“Chemical”以“C”开头——也是“Create（创造）”新物质的“C”。
4. The Periodic Table Basics | 元素周期表基础
The periodic table lists all known elements in order of increasing atomic number (number of protons). Elements are arranged in rows (periods) and columns (groups).
元素周期表按原子序数（质子数）递增的顺序列出了所有已知元素。元素排成行（周期）和列（族）。
Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties because they have the same number of electrons in their outermost shell. For example, Group 1 metals (lithium, sodium, potassium) are all very reactive with water.
同一族的元素具有相似的化学性质，因为它们最外层的电子数相同。例如，第1族金属（锂、钠、钾）遇水都是非常活泼的。
Key words: Periods go across; Groups go down. A helpful sentence: 'Groups Go down the table, Periods Pass across.'
关键词：周期（Period）横跨，族（Group）纵列。记忆句：“Groups Go down（族往下走），Periods Pass across（周期横跨）”。
The table is divided into metals (left and centre) and non‑metals (right), with a zig‑zag line separating them. Elements near this line, like silicon, are called metalloids and show properties of both.
周期表分为金属（左侧和中部）和非金属（右侧），中间有一条锯齿形的分界线。靠近这条线的元素，如硅，叫做类金属（半金属），兼具两者的性质。
5. Chemical Reactions: Key Terms | 化学反应关键术语
eactants (starting substances) and end with products (new substances). The arrow (→) means 'produces' or 'yields'.
在化学反应中，我们以反应物（起始物质）开始，最终得到生成物（新物质）。箭头（→）表示“生成”或“产出”。
ygen → magnesium oxide. This shows the reactants on the left and the product on the right.
文字方程式使用物质名称：镁 + 氧气 → 氧化镁。这表示左边是反应物，右边是生成物。
The law of conservation of mass tells us that the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products. Atoms are rearranged, not created or destroyed.
质量守恒定律告诉我们，反应物的总质量等于生成物的总质量。原子只是重新排列，没有被创造或消灭。
An exothermic reaction releases heat energy (e.g., burning, neutralisation). The mixture gets hotter. An endothermic reaction absorbs heat energy from the surroundings (e.g., photosynthesis, dissolving some salts). The mixture feels cooler.
放热反应释放热能（例如燃烧、中和反应），混合物温度升高。吸热反应从周围吸收热能（例如光合作用、溶解某些盐），混合物温度降低。
ick mnemonic: EXothermic = EXit heat (heat exits); ENdothermic = ENter heat (heat enters).
快速记忆：EXothermic（放热）→ EXit heat（热量出去）；ENdothermic（吸热）→ ENter heat（热量进入）。
6. Acids and Alkalis | 酸与碱
An acid is a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H⁺) in water. Common lab acids are hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and nitric acid (HNO₃). They taste sour and turn blue litmus paper red.
酸是在水中释放氢离子（H⁺）的物质。常见的实验室酸有盐酸（HCl）、硫酸（H₂SO₄）和硝酸（HNO₃）。它们尝起来酸，能将蓝色石蕊试纸变红。
An alkali is a soluble base that releases hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in water. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) are alkalis. They feel soapy and turn red litmus paper blue.
碱是可溶的、能在水中释放氢氧根离子（OH⁻）的碱性物质。氢氧化钠（NaOH）和氢氧化钾（KOH）都是碱。它们摸起来滑腻，使红色石蕊试纸变蓝。
The pH scale runs from 0 to 14. pH less than 7 is acidic; exactly 7 is neutral (pure water); greater than 7 is alkaline. Universal indicator shows a range of colours: red for strong acids, green for neutral, purple for strong alkalis.
pH 标度范围为 0 到 14。pH 小于 7 为酸性；等于 7 为中性（纯水）；大于 7 为碱性。通用指示剂呈现一系列颜色：强酸为红色，中性为绿色，强碱为紫色。
producing a salt and water: acid + alkali → salt + water. This is an exothermic reaction.
中和反应是酸与碱之间的反应，生成盐和水：酸 + 碱 → 盐 + 水。这是一个放热反应。
7. Separation Techniques | 分离方法
Filtration separates an insoluble solid from a liquid. The mixture is poured through filter paper; the solid (residue) stays on the paper, and the liquid (filtrate) passes through. Example: separating sand from water.
过滤用于分离不溶性固体和液体。混合物倒进滤纸，固体（滤渣）留在纸上，液体（滤液）通过。例子：把沙子和水分开。
Evaporation and crystallisation are used to obtain a dissolved solid from a solution. Evaporation involves heating the solution until the liquid evaporates, leaving solid crystals. Crystallisation involves gentle heating to allow larger crystals to form slowly.
蒸发和结晶用来从溶液中析出可溶性固体。蒸发是加热溶液直至液体蒸发，留下固体晶体。结晶是通过缓慢加热，使较大的晶体逐渐形成。
Distillation separates a liquid from a mixture by boiling the liquid and then condensing the vapour. Simple distillation works well when the boiling points of the components are very different. Example: obtaining pure water from salt water.
蒸馏通过将液体煮沸然后冷凝蒸气，将液体从混合物中分离出来。当各组分的沸点相差很大时，简单蒸馏效果很好。例如：从盐水中获得纯水。
Chromatography separates dissolved coloured substances (dyes) based on their different solubilities in a solvent. A spot of the mixture is placed on chromatography paper, and the solvent travels up, carrying the dyes different distances.
色谱法根据不同有色物质（染料）在溶剂中溶解度的差异来进行分离。将混合物点样在层析纸上，溶剂上移，携带染料移动不同距离。
| Technique 方法 | What it separates 分离对象 | Key principle 原理 |
|---|---|---|
| Filtration 过滤 | Insoluble solid + liquid 不溶性固体+液体 | Particle size 粒径 |
| Crystallisation 结晶 | Solute from solution 溶液中的溶质 | Solubility change 溶解度变化 |
| Distillation 蒸馏 | Liquid from solution / mixture 液体从溶液/混合物中 | Boiling points 沸点 |
| Chromatography 色谱 | Dissolved coloured substances 溶解的有色物质 | Solubility in solvent 在溶剂中的溶解度 |
8. Common Laboratory Equipment | 常见实验室设备
Beakers are wide, cylindrical containers used for holding or heating liquids, but they are not for accurate volume measurement. Conical flasks (Erlenmeyer flasks) have a narrow neck, ideal for swirling liquids without spillage.
烧杯是宽大的圆柱形容器，用于盛放或加热液体，但不能用于精确测量体积。锥形瓶（三角瓶）瓶颈较细，非常适合无需担心泼洒的旋转摇匀液体。
A measuring cylinder gives more accurate volume readings than a beaker and is used to measure out liquids. The volume is read from the bottom of the meniscus at eye level.
量筒比烧杯的体积读数更准确，用于量取液体。读数时视线应与凹液面最低处保持水平。
A Bunsen burner provides a controllable flame for heating. The safety flame (yellow) is easy to see; the roaring blue flame is hotter and used for strongly heating.
本生灯提供可控的火焰用于加热。安全焰（黄色）容易看到；强烈的蓝色火焰温度更高，用于强热加热。
A test tube is a small glass tube for holding small amounts of substances during experiments. Test tube holders or tongs must be used to handle hot tubes safely.
试管是用来在实验中盛放少量物质的小玻璃管。必须使用试管夹或坩埚钳安全地夹取热试管。
Other essentials: spatula for scooping solids, tripod and gauze to support apparatus over a flame, and a thermometer to measure temperature in degrees Celsius (°C).
其他必备：药匙（用于取固体），三脚架和石棉网（用于在火焰上方支撑装置），以及温度计（用于测量摄氏温度 °C）。
9. Hazard Symbols | 危险标识
Hazard symbols are diamond‑shaped pictograms that warn us about the dangers of chemicals. WJEC students must recognise and understand the meaning of each symbol to work safely in the lab.
危险标识是菱形的象形图，警示我们化学品的危险性。WJEC 学生必须识别并理解每个标识的含义，以便在实验室安全操作。
Key symbols: Flammable (flame symbol) – catches fire easily, e.g., ethanol. Corrosive (test‑tube pouring on hand and surface) – attacks skin and metals, e.g., strong acids and alkalis.
关键标识：易燃（火焰图案）——容易着火，例如乙醇。腐蚀性（试管倒在手和表面上的图案）——侵蚀皮肤和金属，例如强酸强碱。
Toxic (skull and crossbones) – can cause death if swallowed, breathed in or absorbed through skin. Irritant (exclamation mark) – may cause redness or irritation to skin and eyes.
有毒（骷髅与交叉骨）——吞食、吸入或皮肤吸收可能致死。刺激性（感叹号）——可能引起皮肤和眼睛发红或刺激。
Environmental hazard (dead tree and fish) – harmful to aquatic life and the environment. Oxidising (flame over a circle) – provides oxygen and makes other substances burn more fiercely.
环境危害（枯树与鱼）——对水生生物和环境有害。氧化性（圆圈上的火焰）——提供氧气，使其他物质燃烧更剧烈。
Always read hazard labels before using any chemical and wear the correct protective equipment: safety goggles, lab coat and, where needed, gloves.
使用任何化学品前务必阅读危险标签，并穿戴正确的防护设备：护目镜、实验服，必要时戴上手套。
10. Measurement Units and Prefixes | 测量单位与词头
In Chemistry, we measure mass in grams (g) or kilograms (kg), volume in cubic centimetres (cm³) or litres (L), and temperature in degrees Celsius (°C). Time is measured in seconds (s) or minutes (min).
化学中，质量以克（g）或千克（kg）为单位，体积为立方厘米（cm³）或升（L），温度为摄氏度（°C）。时间以秒（s）或分钟（min）为单位。
Scientific prefixes make numbers easier to handle. Kilo‑ (k) means one thousand, so 1 kg = 1000 g. Centi‑ (c) means one hundredth, so 1 cm = 0.01 m. Milli‑ (m) means one thousandth, so 1 mm = 0.001 m, and 1 mL = 0.001 L.
科学词头让数字更易处理。千（k）表示一千，所以 1 kg = 1000 g。厘（c）表示百分之一，所以 1 cm = 0.01 m。毫（m）表示千分之一，所以 1 mm = 0.001 m，1 mL = 0.001 L。
unit (gram, metre, litre) → milli (÷1000). For example, 2.5 kg = 2500 g; 750 mL = 0.75 L.
一个方便的转换梯子：千（×1000）→ 基本单位（克、米、升）→ 毫（÷1000）。例如，2.5 kg = 2500 g；750 mL = 0.75 L。
Concentration is a measure of how much solute is dissolved in a given volume of solvent. It is often given in g per 100 cm³ or grams per litre (g/L).
浓度表示一定体积的溶剂中溶解了多少溶质。通常以每 100 cm³ 含多少克（g/100 cm³）或克每升（g/L）来表示。
11. Common Names vs Scientific Names | 俗名与学名对照
Many chemicals have everyday names that differ from their systematic chemical names. Knowing these pairs prevents confusion in the lab and in exams.
许多化学品有着和系统化学名不同的日常名称。掌握这些对应关系可以避免在实验室和考试中混淆。
| Common name 俗名 | Chemical name 化学名称 | Formula 化学式 |
|---|---|---|
| Water 水 | Dihydrogen oxide 一氧化二氢 | H₂O |
| Table salt 食盐 | Sodium chloride 氯化钠 | NaCl |
| Baking soda 小苏打 | Sodium hydrogencarbonate 碳酸氢钠 | NaHCO₃ |
| Vinegar 醋 | Ethanoic acid (acetic acid) 乙酸 | CH₃COOH |
| Limewater 石灰水 | Calcium hydroxide solution 氢氧化钙溶液 | Ca(OH)₂ |
| Chalk / limestone 粉笔/石灰石 | Calcium carbonate 碳酸钙 | CaCO₃ |
Remembering the scientific name often reveals the elements present: for example, 'sodium hydrogencarbonate' tells you it contains sodium, hydrogen, carbon and oxygen.
记住学名常常能显示出所含元素：例如，“碳酸氢钠”就告诉你它含有钠、氢、碳和氧。
12. Revision Strategies and Memory Tricks | 复习策略与记忆窍门
Use flashcards: write the term on one side (e.g., 'Element') and the definition on the other. Test yourself in both directions – English to Chinese, and Chinese to English. This builds dual‑language recall.
使用闪卡：一面写术语（如“Element”），另一面写定义。双向自我测试——英译中和中译英。这能建立双语记忆。
Create a 'chemistry word wall' at home: stick key vocabulary on sticky notes around your study space. Seeing the words daily enhances long‑term memory.
在家里建一面“化学单词墙”：将关键词汇写在便利贴上，贴在学习区域周围。每天看到这些单词能增强长期记忆。
Link new terms to mental images: for 'precipitate', imagine a 'precious pit' forming at the bottom of a test tube. The more vivid and silly the image, the better it sticks.
将新术语与心理图像挂钩：对于“precipitate（沉淀）”，想象试管底部形成一个“珍贵的坑（precious pit）”。图像越生动荒唐，印象越深。
Practise writing word equations and symbol equations while saying the names aloud. This combines visual, auditory and motor memory.
一边大声说出物质名称，一边写出文字方程式和符号方程式。这样综合了视觉、听觉和动作记忆。
Work with a study partner: take turns teaching each other one section. Teaching is one of the most powerful ways to lock in knowledge.
与学习伙伴合作：轮流做小老师，互相教一个部分。教授他人是巩固知识最有力的方式之一。
Finally, use past WJEC test questions to spot the vocabulary that appears most often. Words like 'reactants', 'residue', 'neutralisation' and 'compound' are favourites – make sure you can define them quickly.
最后，用 WJEC 过往试题找出最常出现的词汇。像“reactants（反应物）”、“residue（滤渣）”、“neutralisation（中和）”和“compound（化合物）”这类词是热门——确保你能快速定义它们。
Published by TutorHao | Chemistry Revision Series | aleveler.com
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