📚 Year 7 WJEC Chemistry: A Quick Guide to Key Vocabulary and Terms | Year 7 WJEC 化学：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your ultimate vocabulary fast-track guide for Year 7 WJEC Chemistry. Mastering the language of chemistry is the first step towards understanding how the world is made, from the air we breathe to the materials we use. This guide breaks down essential terms into bite-sized explanations with clever memory hooks to help you remember them effortlessly. Whether you are revising for a test or building a strong foundation, these key words will boost your confidence and make chemistry feel like second nature.
欢迎来到 Year 7 WJEC 化学终极词汇速记指南。掌握化学语言是理解世界构成的第一步，从呼吸的空气到日常用品都是如此。本指南将核心术语拆解成易于消化的解释，并配上巧妙的记忆钩子，帮助你不费力气地牢记。无论你是在备考还是打下坚实基础，这些关键词都会提升你的自信，让化学变得像第二天性一样自然。
1. States of Matter | 物质状态
Solid: Particles are packed closely together in a fixed, regular arrangement. They only vibrate in place, which gives solids a definite shape and a fixed volume. Think of a marching band standing stiffly in formation.
固体：粒子紧密堆积成固定的规则排列，仅在原地振动，因此固体有确定的形状和固定的体积。想象一支军乐队僵硬地站立成队列。
Liquid: Particles are still close but can slide past each other, so a liquid has a fixed volume but takes the shape of its container. Imagine a crowded dance floor where people move around while staying in contact.
液体：粒子仍然靠近但能彼此滑动，因此有固定体积但形状随容器而变。想象一个拥挤的舞池，人们紧挨着但可以走动。
Gas: Particles are far apart and move rapidly in all directions, so a gas has no fixed shape or volume and can be compressed easily. Picture children sprinting freely around a huge playground.
气体：粒子相距很远并向各个方向快速运动，因此没有固定形状和体积，容易被压缩。想象孩子们在巨大的操场上自由奔跑。
2. The Particle Model | 粒子模型
The particle model explains that all matter is made of tiny particles. Heating gives particles more kinetic energy, making them move faster and spread further apart. Cooling slows them down and brings them closer.
粒子模型解释所有物质都由微小粒子构成。加热赋予粒子更多动能，使它们运动更快、间距更大。冷却则让粒子减速并更为靠近。
Melting point: The temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid. The particles gain enough energy to break out of fixed positions. Boiling point: The temperature at which a liquid becomes a gas throughout, not just at the surface.
熔点：固体转变为液体的温度，粒子获得足以挣脱固定位置的能量。沸点：液体整体转变为气体的温度，而不仅仅是表面汽化。
Memory hook: 'Melting breaks the hug, boiling sets them free.' Solids hug tightly, in liquids they hold hands loosely, and in gases they let go.
记忆钩子：“熔化打破拥抱，沸腾放其自由。”固体紧紧拥抱，液体手拉手松散，气体则完全放手。
3. Physical and Chemical Changes | 物理变化与化学变化
Physical change: The substance changes state or shape but no new substance is formed. Examples include melting ice, dissolving sugar, or tearing paper. Reversibility is common.
物理变化：物质改变状态或形状但没有新物质生成。例如冰融化、糖溶解或撕纸，通常是可逆的。
Chemical change (chemical reaction): A new substance is always formed, with different properties from the starting materials. Signs include fizzing, colour change, temperature change or a new smell. Rusting and cooking are examples.
化学变化（化学反应）：总是生成新物质，性质与起始物料不同。迹象包括气泡、颜色改变、温度变化或新气味。铁生锈和烹饪都是例子。
Memory hook: 'Physical is a phase, chemical is a change of face.' The substance keeps its identity in a physical change, but gets a new chemical face in a reaction.
记忆钩子：“物理变个相，化学换张脸。”物理变化中物质保持身份，化学反应中物质获得新的化学面目。
4. Elements, Compounds and Mixtures | 元素、化合物和混合物
Element: A pure substance made of only one type of atom. It cannot be broken down into simpler substances. Examples: oxygen (O), gold (Au), carbon (C). Think of an element as a single Lego brick colour.
元素：仅由一种原子构成的纯净物，不能分解为更简单的物质。例如：氧 (O)、金 (Au)、碳 (C)。把元素想象成单一颜色的乐高积木。
Compound: A pure substance made of two or more different types of atom chemically bonded together. It has a fixed composition and can be broken down chemically. Water (H₂O) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) are compounds. Imagine two different Lego bricks clicked together tightly.
化合物：由两种或多种不同原子通过化学键结合而成的纯净物，组成固定，可以通过化学方法分解。水 (H₂O) 和二氧化碳 (CO₂) 都是化合物。想象两块不同颜色的乐高积木紧紧扣在一起。
Mixture: Two or more substances mixed together but not chemically joined. Each component keeps its own properties, and they can be separated physically. A bowl of cereal or sandy seawater illustrates the idea.
混合物：两种或多种物质混合但没有化学结合，各组分保持自身性质，可用物理方法分离。一碗麦片或含沙的海水可以说明这一概念。
5. Atoms and Molecules | 原子与分子
Atom: The smallest particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction. Atoms are the building blocks of everything. The word comes from Greek 'atomos', meaning indivisible.
原子：能参与化学反应的元素最小粒子。原子是万物的积木。这个词来自希腊语“atomos”，意为不可分割。
Molecule: Two or more atoms bonded together. It can be atoms of the same element (like O₂) or different elements (like H₂O). A molecule is the smallest particle of a compound that retains its chemical properties.
分子：两个或更多原子键合在一起。可以是同种元素的原子（如 O₂）或不同元素（如 H₂O）。分子是保持化合物化学性质的最小粒子。
Memory hook: 'Atoms are letters, molecules are words.' Individual atoms combine like letters forming words, and compounds are complete sentences.
记忆钩子：“原子如字母，分子如单词。”单个原子像字母组合成单词，化合物则是完整的句子。
6. Acids and Alkalis | 酸和碱
Acid: A substance with a pH lower than 7. Acids taste sour, can be corrosive, and turn blue litmus paper red. Common lab acids include hydrochloric acid and citric acid. Vinegar is a weak acid we use in cooking.
酸：pH 值低于 7 的物质。酸有酸味，可能具有腐蚀性，能使蓝色石蕊试纸变红。常见实验室酸有盐酸和柠檬酸。食醋是烹饪中使用的弱酸。
Alkali: A soluble base with a pH greater than 7. Alkalis feel soapy, can be corrosive, and turn red litmus paper blue. Sodium hydroxide and washing soda are examples. Remember: all alkalis are bases, but not all bases are alkalis.
碱：pH 值大于 7 的可溶性碱。碱摸起来像肥皂，可能腐蚀，能使红色石蕊试纸变蓝。氢氧化钠和洗涤碱是例子。记住：所有碱都是碱类，但不是所有碱都可溶。
Neutralisation: A reaction between an acid and an alkali that produces salt and water. The pH moves towards 7. Memory hook: 'Acid plus alkali gives salt and water, pH seven is the border.'
中和：酸和碱反应生成盐和水，pH 值趋向 7。记忆钩子：“酸加碱得盐和水，pH 七是分界线。”
Indicators: Substances that change colour to show pH. Litmus goes red in acid and blue in alkali. Universal indicator gives a whole rainbow of colours.
指示剂：能变色以显示 pH 值的物质。石蕊在酸中变红，碱中变蓝。通用指示剂显示彩虹般的一系列颜色。
7. Metals and Non-metals | 金属与非金属
Metal: Typically shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity, malleable (can be hammered into sheets) and ductile (can be drawn into wires). Most are solid at room temperature, except mercury. Iron, copper and aluminium are everyday metals.
金属：通常有光泽，是热和电的良导体，具有展性（可锤成薄片）和延性（可拉成丝）。除汞外，室温下多为固体。铁、铜和铝是常见的日常金属。
Non-metal: Often dull, brittle when solid, and poor conductors. Many are gases at room temperature, like oxygen and nitrogen. Carbon and sulfur are solid non-metals. Non-metals are found on the right side of the periodic table.
非金属：通常暗淡无光，固态时易碎，是热和电的不良导体。许多在室温下为气体，如氧和氮。碳和硫是固体非金属。非金属位于元素周期表右侧。
Memory hook: 'Metals shine and bend, non-metals snap and send.' Metals conduct heat and electricity, non-metals often snap and block the flow.
记忆钩子：“金属光亮又弯曲，非金属一折就断送。”金属导热导电，非金属常常折断并阻断流动。
8. Signs of a Chemical Reaction | 化学反应的迹象
To recognise that a chemical reaction has taken place, look for a colour change, an odour produced, the formation of a precipitate (solid from liquids), a temperature change (exothermic or endothermic), or bubbles of gas without boiling.
要识别化学反应发生，可观察颜色变化、产生气味、生成沉淀（液体中析出固体）、温度变化（放热或吸热），或即便没有沸腾也出现气泡。
Exothermic reaction: Releases heat, making the surroundings warmer. Combustion is a classic example. Endothermic reaction: Absorbs heat, making the surroundings cooler. Instant cold packs use an endothermic reaction.
放热反应：释放热量，使周围环境变暖，燃烧是典型例子。吸热反应：吸收热量，使周围变冷，速冷冰袋就利用了吸热反应。
Memory hook: 'Exit for exothermic (heat exits), enter for endothermic (heat enters).' The prefix tells you the heat direction.
记忆钩子：“Exo 出，Endo 进。”从词缀就可以知道热量方向：exo 释放，endo 吸收。
9. Common Laboratory Equipment | 常见实验器材
Beaker: A wide glass container used for mixing, heating and holding liquids. Conical flask: A narrow-necked flask used to swirl liquids without spilling; ideal for titrations. Test tube: A small glass tube for holding and heating small amounts.
烧杯：宽口玻璃容器，用于混合、加热和盛放液体。锥形瓶：细颈瓶，旋转液体时不易溅出，适合滴定。试管：小玻璃管，用于容纳和加热少量样品。
Bunsen burner: A gas burner that produces a clean, hot flame. The blue roaring flame is used for heating, and the yellow safety flame is visible but cooler. Tripod and gauze: Support a beaker over a Bunsen burner to spread heat evenly.
本生灯：气体燃烧器，产生干净高温火焰。蓝色强火用于加热，黄色安全火焰可见但温度较低。三脚架和石棉网：在本生灯上方托住烧杯，使热量均匀分布。
Measuring cylinder: Used to measure liquid volumes precisely, more accurately than a beaker. Read the bottom of the meniscus at eye level.
量筒：用于精确量取液体体积，比烧杯更准确。读数时视线应与凹液面底部平齐。
10. Hazard Symbols and Safety Terms | 危险符号与安全术语
Laboratory safety relies on recognising hazard symbols. These orange and black pictograms appear on chemical containers and warn of specific dangers. Always wear goggles and tie back long hair.
实验室安全依赖于识别危险符号。这些橙黑相间的象形图出现在化学品容器上，警示特定危险。务必佩戴护目镜并束好长发。
| Symbol | Meaning | Memory Hook |
|---|---|---|
| Corrosive | Attacks and destroys living tissue and many materials | Think of a powerful acid burning through metal - it 'corrodes' everything. |
| Flammable | Catches fire easily near a spark or flame | 'Flame-able' - a flame can start it quickly. |
| Toxic | Poisonous if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through skin | Picture a skull and crossbones - deadly poison. |
| Irritant | Causes redness, itching or stinging on skin or in eyes | An exclamation mark shouts 'Be cautious!' |
| Environmental hazard | Harmful to aquatic life and the environment | Dead fish and tree - it hurts nature. |
Fume cupboard: A ventilated enclosure for handling harmful gases. Rinse any chemical spills with plenty of water and inform a teacher. Always point the open end of a test tube away from yourself and others.
通风橱：处理有害气体的通风封闭空间。任何化学品溅洒要用大量水冲洗并立即报告老师。试管开口端务必远离自己和他人。
11. Separation Techniques | 分离方法
Filtration: Used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid. The mixture passes through filter paper; the solid residue stays on the paper and the filtrate passes through. Think of a tea strainer catching leaves.
过滤：用于分离不溶性固体与液体。混合物通过滤纸，固体残渣留在纸上，滤液穿过。想象茶滤网挡住茶叶。
Evaporation: Heating a solution to remove the liquid, leaving behind dissolved solid. Distillation: Boiling a liquid and then condensing the vapour to collect a pure liquid, separating it from dissolved solids or liquids with different boiling points.
蒸发：加热溶液去除液体，留下溶解的固体。蒸馏：将液体煮沸，然后冷凝蒸汽以收集纯液体，可将其与溶解固体或沸点不同的液体分离。
Chromatography: Separates colour mixtures by how far different dyes travel up absorbent paper. The solvent moves up, carrying the dyes at different rates. Each colour creates its own spot.
色谱法：根据不同染料在吸水纸上移动距离的不同来分离颜色混合物。溶剂向上移动，以不同速率携带染料，每种颜色形成自己的斑点。
Magnetism: Used to separate magnetic substances (like iron) from non-magnetic ones. Scoop up the iron with a magnet wrapped in paper, then remove the paper to release the iron.
磁选：用于分离磁性物质（如铁）与非磁性物质。用包着纸的磁铁吸取铁屑，然后取下纸使铁释放。
12. Quick Recap and Memory Tricks | 快速回顾与记忆窍门
= two or more types chemically bonded. Mixture = jumbled but not bonded. Acid starts with 'A' and has pH below 7; Alkali also starts with 'A' but has pH above 7 – use the colour clue: Acid turns litmus red, Alkali makes it blue.
元素 = 一种原子。化合物 = 两种或更多原子化学键合。混合物 = 混在一起但不键合。酸 (Acid) 首字母 A，pH 低于 7；碱 (Alkali) 也以 A 开头，但 pH 高于 7 – 用颜色记：酸使石蕊变红 (Red ends with d, acid ends with d)，碱变蓝 (Blue and alkali both start with b?). 其实简单记：Red for aciD, Blue for alKali.
mbols: exo = exit heat, endo = enter heat. When you see an unfamiliar word, break it down: 'distillation' contains 'still' – liquid is stilled and collected.
粒子模型助记：固体停留 (stay)，液体滑动 (slide)，气体滑翔 (glide)。读符号：exo = 热量放出，endo = 热量进入。遇到陌生词可拆分：蒸馏 (distillation) 含有“still”，将液体“静置”收集。
Create your own flashcards with a term on one side and the memory hook on the other. Say the words aloud and draw simple diagrams – atoms as circles, molecules as joined circles. The more links you build, the stronger your memory.
自己制作抽认卡，一面写术语，另一面写记忆钩子。大声读词并画出简单示意图——原子画成圆圈，分子画成连起来的圆圈。建立的联系越多，记忆就越牢固。
Published by TutorHao | Chemistry Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图