📚 Year 7 WJEC Physics: Transition and Bridging Guide | Year 7 WJEC 物理：升学衔接指南
Starting Year 7 is an exciting step into secondary school science. In Wales, following the WJEC curriculum, physics becomes a distinct part of your Science lessons. This guide will help you understand what to expect, key topics you will study, and how to prepare for a successful year.
进入七年级是迈向中学科学学习激动人心的一步。在威尔士，按照 WJEC 课程，物理将成为科学课中一个独立的部分。本指南将帮助你了解需要掌握的内容、将要学习的关键主题，以及如何为成功的一年做好准备。
1. Welcome to Year 7 Physics | 欢迎来到七年级物理
Year 7 physics builds on your primary science experiences. You will begin to explore more detailed ideas about forces, energy, electricity, and the universe. The WJEC curriculum encourages you to ask questions, carry out investigations, and link science to everyday life.
七年级物理建立在小学科学经验的基础上。你将开始更详细地探索关于力、能量、电和宇宙的概念。WJEC 课程鼓励你提出问题、开展探究，并将科学与日常生活联系起来。
In the first few weeks, you will become familiar with the laboratory, learn safety rules, and start using scientific equipment such as stopwatches, thermometers, and ammeters. Practical work is a key part of your physics lessons.
在最初几周，你将熟悉实验室、学习安全规则，并开始使用秒表、温度计和电流表等科学设备。实验操作是物理课程的重要组成部分。
You do not need to know everything in advance – the teacher will guide you step by step. Being curious and willing to try new things is the best mindset for Year 7 physics.
你不需要提前了解所有内容——老师会一步步引导你。保持好奇心并愿意尝试新事物是七年级物理的最佳心态。
2. What is Physics? | 什么是物理学？
Physics is the study of matter, energy, and the fundamental forces of nature. It tries to explain how everything works, from the smallest particles to the largest galaxies. In Year 7, you will meet big ideas like forces, waves, and energy transfers.
物理学是研究物质、能量和自然界基本力的学科。它试图解释从最小粒子到最大星系的一切是如何运作的。在七年级，你将接触到力、波和能量转化等重要概念。
Unlike biology, which focuses on living things, physics often deals with non-living systems and the physical laws that govern the universe. However, physics is connected to all other sciences.
与关注生物的生物学不同，物理学通常处理非生命系统和支配宇宙的物理定律。然而，物理学与其他所有科学都有联系。
Understanding physics helps us design machines, predict the motion of planets, generate electricity, and create new technologies. It is a subject full of discovery and problem-solving.
理解物理学帮助我们设计机器、预测行星运动、发电和创造新技术。这是一门充满发现和解决问题的学科。
3. The Scientific Method in Physics | 物理学中的科学方法
In Year 7 you will learn to work like a scientist. The scientific method involves making observations, forming a hypothesis, planning an investigation, collecting data, and drawing conclusions. These skills are at the heart of WJEC physics.
在七年级，你将学习像科学家一样工作。科学方法包括观察、提出假设、设计研究、收集数据并得出结论。这些技能是 WJEC 物理的核心。
You will learn to identify variables: the independent variable (what you change), the dependent variable (what you measure), and control variables (what you keep the same). This helps make experiments fair tests.
你将学习识别变量：自变量（你改变的）、因变量（你测量的）和控制变量（你保持不变的）。这有助于使实验成为公平测试。
Recording results in tables and drawing graphs are also key skills. A good graph has labelled axes, appropriate scales, and a clear title. You will practice drawing line graphs and bar charts.
将结果记录在表格中并绘制图表也是关键技能。一个好的图表要有标记清楚的坐标轴、合适的刻度和清晰的标题。你将练习绘制折线图和条形图。
4. Measurement and Units | 测量与单位
Physics relies on accurate measurements. In Year 7, you will use a range of units from the International System (SI). Common base quantities include length (metre, m), mass (kilogram, kg), time (second, s), and temperature (degree Celsius, °C).
物理学依赖精确测量。在七年级，你将使用一系列国际单位制（SI）单位。常见的基本量包括长度（米，m）、质量（千克，kg）、时间（秒，s）和温度（摄氏度，°C）。
You will also meet derived units such as speed (metres per second, m/s), force (newton, N), and energy (joule, J). Learning to convert between units, for example centimetres to metres, is an essential skill.
你还将接触到导出单位，如速度（米每秒，m/s）、力（牛顿，N）和能量（焦耳，J）。学习单位换算，例如将厘米转换为米，是一项基本技能。
When measuring, you must consider accuracy and precision. Always read a measuring cylinder at eye level and use a vernier scale if available. Repeated readings can improve reliability.
测量时，你必须考虑准确度和精确度。读取量筒时视线要水平，如有可能使用游标尺。重复读数可以提高可靠性。
5. Forces Explained | 力详解
A force is a push or a pull. Forces can change an object's shape, speed, or direction of motion. In Year 7, you will learn about contact forces such as friction and non-contact forces like gravity and magnetism.
力是推或拉。力可以改变物体的形状、速度或运动方向。在七年级，你将学习接触力（如摩擦力）和非接触力（如重力和磁力）。
Gravity is the force that attracts objects towards each other. On Earth, it gives everything weight and pulls objects downwards. The weight of an object is calculated using the formula:
重力是吸引物体相互靠近的力。在地球上，它赋予一切物体重量，并将物体向下拉。物体的重量可用以下公式计算：
weight = mass × gravitational field strength (W = m × g)
重量 = 质量 × 重力场强度 (W = m × g)
On Earth, the gravitational field strength is approximately 10 N/kg, so a 1 kg mass has a weight of about 10 N. Remember, mass is measured in kilograms, while weight is a force and is measured in newtons.
在地球上，重力场强度约为 10 牛/千克，因此 1 千克的质量重量约为 10 牛。记住，质量以千克为单位，而重量是一种力，以牛顿为单位。
Friction occurs when two surfaces rub against each other. It opposes motion and can cause heating. Learning to reduce friction (using lubricants) or increase it (using rough surfaces) is important in everyday life.
当两个表面相互摩擦时会产生摩擦力。它阻碍运动并可能引起发热。学习如何减少摩擦（使用润滑剂）或增大摩擦（使用粗糙表面）在日常生活中很重要。
Magnetic forces act between magnets and magnetic materials such as iron, nickel, and cobalt. Unlike poles attract, and like poles repel. Electromagnets are also introduced in some Year 7 courses.
磁力作用于磁铁和铁、镍、钴等磁性材料之间。异极相吸，同极相斥。在一些七年级课程中还会介绍电磁铁。
6. Understanding Motion | 理解运动
When an object moves, we describe its motion using distance, time, and speed. In Year 7, you will calculate the speed of an object if you know the distance travelled and the time taken.
当物体运动时，我们用距离、时间和速度来描述其运动。在七年级，如果知道行驶的距离和所用时间，你就能计算物体的速度。
speed = distance ÷ time
速度 = 距离 ÷ 时间
For example, if a car travels 100 metres in 5 seconds, its speed is 20 m/s. You will also study relative motion: how an object seems to move compared to an observer.
例如，如果一辆汽车在 5 秒内行驶了 100 米，其速度为 20 米/秒。你还将学习相对运动：物体相对于观察者的运动状况。
Distance-time graphs are introduced to show how far an object has travelled over time. A straight, sloping line on a distance-time graph means the object is moving at a steady speed. A horizontal line means it is stationary.
距离-时间图被用来显示物体在一段时间内移动了多远。在距离-时间图中，一条笔直的斜线表示物体以恒定速度运动。一条水平线表示物体静止。
Understanding motion helps us to follow speed limits, plan journeys, and even design safer sports equipment. You will have chances to measure motion using light gates and data loggers.
理解运动有助于我们遵守限速、规划行程，甚至设计更安全的运动器材。你将有机会使用光门和数据记录仪测量运动。
7. Energy Around Us | 我们周围的能量
Energy is the ability to do work. It exists in many forms, such as kinetic, thermal, light, sound, electrical, and gravitational potential energy. In WJEC Year 7, you will learn to identify these different forms.
能量是做功的能力。它以多种形式存在，如动能、热能、光能、声能、电能和重力势能。在 WJEC 七年级，你将学习识别这些不同形式的能量。
One of the most important ideas in physics is that energy is conserved. This means it cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred from one form to another or moved from one place to another.
物理学最重要的理念之一是能量守恒。这意味着能量不能被创造或毁灭，只能从一种形式转化为另一种形式，或从一个地方转移到另一个地方。
In any energy transfer, some energy is often dissipated as thermal energy to the surroundings. This is why machines get warm and why it is impossible to build a perfectly efficient engine.
在任何能量转移中，部分能量通常以热能的形式耗散到周围环境。这就是为什么机器会变热，以及为什么不可能制造出效率完美的发动机。
imple calculations like work done = force × distance may be introduced in extension tasks.
你将探索能量贮存，如拉伸的弹簧（弹性势能）和抬高的物体（重力势能）。像做功 = 力 × 距离这样的简单计算可能会在拓展任务中介绍。
8. Discovering Electricity | 探索电学
Electricity is a flow of charged particles, usually electrons, through a conductor. In Year 7, you will build simple circuits and learn to represent them using standard circuit symbols.
电是带电粒子（通常是电子）在导体中的流动。在七年级，你将搭建简单电路，并学习使用标准电路符号来表示它们。
Current is measured in amperes (A) using an ammeter, which must be connected in series. The current is the same at all points in a series circuit. Voltage (potential difference) is measured in volts (V) using a voltmeter connected in parallel.
电流用安培（A）为单位，通过电流表测量，电流表必须串联在电路中。在串联电路中，各点的电流相同。电压（电势差）的单位是伏特（V），通过并联的电压表测量。
You will compare series and parallel circuits. In a series circuit, if one bulb breaks, all the others go out. In a parallel circuit, each bulb has its own branch, so others stay lit. Homes use parallel wiring for this reason.
你将比较串联电路和并联电路。在串联电路中，如果一个灯泡坏了，其余灯泡都会熄灭。在并联电路中，每个灯泡有自己的支路，因此其他灯泡仍然亮着。正是因为这个原因，家庭电路采用并联布线。
Conductors allow charge to flow easily; insulators do not. Metals are good conductors, while plastic, wood, and rubber are insulators. Safety around electricity is emphasised throughout the topic.
导体允许电荷轻易流动，绝缘体则不然。金属是良导体，而塑料、木材和橡胶是绝缘体。在整个主题中，电气安全一直被强调。
9. Waves and Sound | 波与声音
Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. Light and sound are two types of waves you will study in Year 7. Light waves are transverse and can travel through a vacuum, while sound waves are longitudinal and need a medium.
波传递能量而不传递物质。光和声是你在七年级要学习的两种波。光波是横波，能在真空中传播，而声波是纵波，需要介质才能传播。
Sound is produced by vibrations. When an object vibrates, it makes the air around it vibrate, creating a sound wave that travels to your ear. The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency of the vibration, and the loudness depends on the amplitude.
声音由振动产生。当一个物体振动时，它带动周围的空气振动，产生声波传播到你的耳朵。音调的高低取决于振动的频率，响度的大小取决于振幅。
Light travels in straight lines. This explains why shadows form with sharp edges when the light source is small. You will investigate how light reflects off mirrors, following the law of reflection: the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
光沿直线传播。这解释了为什么当光源较小时，阴影边缘清晰。你将研究光如何从镜面上反射，遵循反射定律：入射角等于反射角。
You may also explore how white light can be split into the colours of the spectrum using a prism, and how coloured filters absorb certain colours while transmitting others. These ideas link to rainbows and everyday technology.
你可能还会探索如何用棱镜将白光分解为光谱色，以及彩色滤光片如何吸收某些颜色而让其他颜色透过。这些概念与彩虹和日常技术息息相关。
10. Space and the Solar System | 太空与太阳系
The Solar System consists of the Sun, eight planets, their moons, and other objects like asteroids and comets. Year 7 introduces the order of the planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
太阳系由太阳、八大行星、它们的卫星以及小行星和彗星等其他天体组成。七年级介绍行星的顺序：水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星、海王星。
Gravity keeps planets in orbit around the Sun. The stronger the Sun's gravitational pull, the closer and faster a planet orbits. The Earth takes 365¼ days to orbit the Sun, which defines our year.
引力使行星围绕太阳运行。太阳的引力越强，行星的轨道越近，运行越快。地球绕太阳公转一周需要 365¼ 天，这定义了我们的一年。
You will also learn why we have day and night: the Earth rotates on its axis once every 24 hours. The tilt of Earth's axis causes seasons. The Moon orbits Earth, and its changing appearance (phases) is due to the portion we see illuminated by the Sun.
你还会学习为什么会有昼夜：地球每 24 小时自转一周。地轴的倾斜造成四季。月球绕地球运行，其不断变化的外观（月相）是由于我们看到被太阳照亮的部分不同。
WJEC encourages you to observe the night sky and recognise patterns, linking them to ancient navigation and modern space exploration. You might also discuss the difference between natural satellites (the Moon) and artificial satellites.
WJEC 鼓励你观察夜空并识别规律，将它们与古代导航和现代太空探索联系起来。你还可能讨论天然卫星（月球）和人造卫星的区别。
11. Top Tips for Year 7 Physics Success | 七年级物理成功秘诀
Moving into Year 7 physics can feel like a big jump, but a few good habits will help you thrive. Firstly, always listen carefully during practical demonstrations and follow safety instructions precisely.
进入七年级物理可能感觉是一个大跨越，但一些好习惯会帮助你茁壮成长。首先，在实验演示时始终认真听讲，并严格遵循安全指示。
Keep a well-organised notebook or folder. Write down key words and their meanings, draw diagrams neatly, and record results in a clear table. Revise regularly, not just before tests.
保持笔记本或文件夹井然有序。写下关键词及其含义，整齐地绘制图表，并用清晰的表格记录结果。定期复习，而不仅是在考试前。
Ask questions whenever you are unsure. Physics often builds on previous ideas, so if you do not understand something early on, it can cause difficulties later. Your teacher is there to help.
只要有疑问就提问。物理学往往建立在先前的概念上，所以如果早期有不懂的地方，后面可能会造成困难。老师会乐意帮助你。
Make connections between physics and the real world. When you ride a bike, think about forces and motion. When you plug in a device, think about circuits. This makes learning more meaningful and memorable.
把物理学与现实世界联系起来。当你骑自行车时，想想力和运动。当你插上电器时，想想电路。这会让学习更有意义、更难忘。
Finally, try fun at-home experiments with adult supervision, such as making a simple circuit or observing shadows. The more you explore, the more confident you will become in Year 7 physics.
最后，在成人监护下尝试有趣的家庭实验，如制作简单电路或观察影子。探索得越多，你对七年级物理就会越自信。
Published by TutorHao | Physics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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