📚 Year 7 WJEC Physics: Vocabulary & Terminology Express Guide | Year 7 WJEC 物理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering scientific vocabulary is the first step to understanding Physics. This guide provides clear English definitions alongside Chinese explanations for every key term you will encounter in the Year 7 WJEC Physics syllabus. Use these paired explanations to build your science literacy and ace your assessments.
掌握科学词汇是理解物理的第一步。本指南为你在 Year 7 WJEC 物理课程中会遇到的每一个关键术语提供了清晰的英文定义和对应的中文解释，帮助你用双语理解建立科学素养，在评估中脱颖而出。
1. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
A force is a push or pull acting on an object. Forces can change the speed, direction or shape of an object. The unit of force is the newton (N).
力是作用在物体上的推或拉。力可以改变物体的速度、方向或形状。力的单位是牛顿（N）。
Friction is a force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are in contact. It always acts in the opposite direction to motion and can cause objects to heat up.
摩擦力是一种阻碍两个接触表面相对运动的力。它总是与运动方向相反，并且可以使物体发热。
be calculated as: W = mass (m) × gravitational field strength (g). On Earth, g ≈ 10 N/kg.
重量是作用在物体质量上的重力。重量（W）的计算公式为：W = 质量（m）× 重力场强度（g）。在地球上，g ≈ 10 N/kg。
W = m × g | g ≈ 10 N/kg
Mass is the amount of matter in an object and is measured in kilograms (kg). Mass does not change with location, unlike weight.
质量是物体所含物质的多少，单位是千克（kg）。质量不随位置改变，而重量会改变。
n calculated as: speed (s) = distance (d) ÷ time (t). The unit is metres per second (m/s).
速度表示物体运动的快慢。通常用公式：速度（s）= 距离（d）÷ 时间（t）来计算。单位是米每秒（m/s）。
s = d ÷ t
A resultant force is the overall force acting on an object when all individual forces are considered. If it is zero, forces are balanced; if not, forces are unbalanced and cause acceleration.
合力是考虑了所有单独作用的力之后，作用在物体上的总力。如果合力为零，则力平衡；如果不为零，则力不平衡并产生加速度。
2. Energy | 能量
Energy is the ability to do work. It is measured in joules (J). Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted between different stores.
能量是做功的能力，单位是焦耳（J）。能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭，只能在不同的储存形式之间传递或转化。
Kinetic energy is the energy stored in moving objects. The faster an object moves and the greater its mass, the more kinetic energy it has.
动能是运动物体储存的能量。物体运动得越快、质量越大，它的动能就越多。
Gravitational potential energy is the energy stored in an object due to its position above the ground. It increases with height and mass.
重力势能是由于物体离地高度而储存的能量。它随着高度和质量的增加而增加。
Thermal energy is the energy stored in a hot object. It is often transferred from hotter to cooler objects by heating.
热能是热物体储存的能量。热能常常通过加热从高温物体传递到低温物体。
Chemical energy is stored in substances such as food, fuels and batteries. It is released during chemical reactions.
化学能储存在食物、燃料和电池等物质中，在化学反应中释放出来。
Energy dissipation happens when energy is spread out or wasted, often as thermal energy, making it less useful. The law of conservation of energy states that total energy remains constant.
能量耗散是指能量扩散或浪费，通常变成热能而变得不那么有用。能量守恒定律指出总能量保持不变。
An energy store is a place or form where energy is held, such as a kinetic store, thermal store, or chemical store. Energy pathways describe how energy is transferred between stores, for example by mechanical work or heating.
能量储存是能量被保存的地方或形式，比如动能储存、热能储存或化学能储存。能量途径描述了能量如何在储存之间传递，例如通过机械做功或加热。
3. Electricity | 电学
Electric current is the flow of electric charge around a circuit. Current is measured in amperes (A) using an ammeter connected in series.
电流是电荷在电路中的流动。电流的单位是安培（A），使用串联的电流表测量。
Voltage (or potential difference) is the ‘push’ that drives current around a circuit. It is measured in volts (V) using a voltmeter connected in parallel.
电压（或电势差）是驱动电流在电路中流动的“推力”。电压的单位是伏特（V），使用并联的电压表测量。
Resistance is a measure of how difficult it is for current to flow. Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω). Components like resistors are used to control current.
电阻是衡量电流流动难易程度的量。电阻的单位是欧姆（Ω）。像电阻器这样的元件用于控制电流。
A series circuit has all components connected one after another in a single loop. If one component breaks, the circuit is incomplete and all bulbs go out.
串联电路将所有元器件一个接一个地连接在同一个回路中。如果一个元器件损坏，电路断开，所有灯泡都会熄灭。
A parallel circuit has branches so that current can flow along more than one path. If one branch breaks, the other branches can still work.
并联电路有分支，电流可以沿多条路径流动。如果一条支路断开，其他支路仍能正常工作。
Conductors are materials that allow electric current to flow easily, such as copper. Insulators do not allow current to flow easily, such as plastic or rubber.
导体是容易让电流通过的材料，例如铜。绝缘体是不容易让电流通过的材料，例如塑料或橡胶。
4. Light and Sound | 光与声
es off a surface, obeying the law of reflection: angle of incidence = angle of reflection.
光沿直线传播，可以用光线表示。当光从表面反弹时发生反射，并遵循反射定律：入射角等于反射角。
i = r
Refraction is the bending of light when it passes from one medium to another (e.g. air to glass) due to a change in speed.
折射是光从一种介质进入另一种介质（如空气到玻璃）时因速度改变而发生弯曲的现象。
A transparent object lets light pass through clearly; a translucent object scatters light, giving a blurry image; an opaque object blocks light completely.
透明物体让光清晰地穿过；半透明物体散射光，形成模糊的影像；不透明物体完全阻挡光线。
Sound is produced by vibrations and travels as a longitudinal wave. Sound needs a medium (solid, liquid or gas) to travel through; it cannot travel in a vacuum.
声音由振动产生，并以纵波的形式传播。声音需要介质（固体、液体或气体）才能传播，在真空中无法传播。
The loudness of a sound is determined by the amplitude of the wave: a larger amplitude means a louder sound. Frequency determines pitch: a higher frequency gives a higher pitched sound. Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz).
声音的响度由波的振幅决定：振幅越大，声音越响。频率决定音高：频率越高，音调越高。频率的单位是赫兹（Hz）。
An echo is a reflection of sound that arrives at the listener after a delay. Ultrasound is sound at frequencies above the human hearing range, used in medicine and sonar.
回声是声音的反射，延迟一段时间后到达听者。超声波是频率高于人类听觉范围的声音，用于医学和声呐。
5. States of Matter and the Particle Model | 物质状态与粒子模型
All matter is made of tiny particles. The arrangement and movement of these particles determine whether a substance is a solid, liquid or gas.
所有物质都是由微小粒子构成的。这些粒子的排列和运动方式决定了该物质是固体、液体还是气体。
In a solid, particles are tightly packed in a regular pattern and only vibrate on the spot. Solids have a fixed shape and volume.
在固体中，粒子紧密地排列成有规则的结构，只能在原地振动。固体有固定的形状和体积。
In a liquid, particles are close but can move past each other. Liquids have a fixed volume but take the shape of their container.
在液体中，粒子彼此靠近但能相互滑动。液体有固定的体积，但形状随容器而变。
In a gas, particles are far apart and move randomly at high speeds. Gases have no fixed shape or volume and can be compressed.
在气体中，粒子相距很远，高速随机运动。气体没有固定的形状和体积，可以被压缩。
Melting is the change from solid to liquid at the melting point. Freezing is the reverse process from liquid to solid. Boiling and evaporation are changes from liquid to gas; boiling occurs throughout the liquid at the boiling point, while evaporation happens at the surface at any temperature.
熔解是固体在熔点变成液体的过程。凝固是液体变成固体的相反过程。沸腾和蒸发都是液体变为气体的过程；沸腾在沸点整个液体内部发生，而蒸发在任何温度下只发生在液体表面。
Condensation is the change from gas to liquid. Sublimation is the rare change directly from solid to gas or gas to solid without passing through the liquid state.
凝结是气体变为液体的过程。升华是不经过液态直接从固体变为气体或气体变为固体的罕见变化。
Diffusion is the spreading movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. It occurs in liquids and gases.
扩散是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域扩散的运动，发生在液体和气体中。
6. The Solar System and Gravity | 太阳系与引力
Gravity is a force of attraction between all masses. The larger the mass, the stronger the gravitational pull. Gravity keeps planets in orbit around stars and moons around planets.
引力是所有质量之间的一种吸引力。质量越大，引力越强。引力使行星围绕恒星运行，卫星围绕行星运行。
A star is a huge ball of glowing gas that produces its own light and heat through nuclear reactions. The Sun is the closest star to Earth.
恒星是一个巨大的发光气体球，通过核反应自行产生光和热。太阳是离地球最近的恒星。
The Solar System consists of the Sun and all the objects bound to it by gravity, including eight planets, their moons, dwarf planets, asteroids and comets.
太阳系由太阳以及所有受其引力约束的天体组成，包括八大行星、它们的小卫星、矮行星、小行星和彗星。
A planet is a large celestial body that orbits a star, has enough gravity to be nearly round and has cleared its orbit of debris. Our Earth is the third planet from the Sun.
行星是围绕恒星运行的大天体，具有足够的引力使其大致呈球形，并且清除了轨道周围的碎片。我们的地球是距离太阳第三近的行星。
An orbit is the curved path of one object around another due to gravity. The Earth’s orbit around the Sun takes 365¼ days, defining our year. The spinning of Earth on its axis causes day and night.
轨道是一个天体在引力作用下围绕另一个天体运行的弯曲路径。地球绕太阳公转一周需要365¼天，这定义了一年。地球绕地轴自转导致了昼夜交替。
A satellite is any object that orbits a planet. The Moon is Earth’s natural satellite; artificial satellites are used for communication, weather monitoring and GPS.
卫星是围绕行星运行的任何物体。月球是地球的天然卫星；人造卫星用于通信、气象监测和全球定位。
The phases of the Moon describe its changing appearance as seen from Earth. They cycle from new moon through crescent, quarter, gibbous to full moon and back, caused by the relative positions of the Sun, Earth and Moon.
月相描述了从地球上看到的月球形状变化。从新月经过蛾眉月、弦月、凸月到满月再返回，这种变化是由太阳、地球和月球的相对位置引起的。
7. Pressure and Moments | 压强与力矩
e is over an area. It is calculated as pressure = force ÷ area. Unit: pascal (Pa) or N/m².
压强表示力在面积上的集中程度。计算公式为：压强 = 力 ÷ 面积。单位：帕斯卡（Pa）或 N/m²。
P = F ÷ A
A large area gives lower pressure (e.g. snowshoes), while a small area gives higher pressure (e.g. a sharp knife), so pressure can be increased by increasing force or decreasing area.
面积大则压强小（如雪鞋），面积小则压强大（如锋利的刀），因此可以通过增大作用力或减小受力面积来增大压强。
) = force (F) × perpendicular distance from the pivot (d). The unit is newton metre (N m).
力矩是力对支点的转动效应。力矩（M）= 力（F）× 从支点到力作用线的垂直距离（d）。单位是牛顿·米（N m）。
M = F × d
If an object is balanced, the total clockwise moments equal the total anticlockwise moments. This principle is used in tools like seesaws and levers.
如果物体平衡，则顺时针方向的总力矩等于逆时针方向的总力矩。这一原理用在跷跷板和杠杆等工具上。
8. Magnetism | 磁学
A magnet creates an invisible magnetic field around it. Bar magnets have a north pole and a south pole. Like poles repel; unlike poles attract.
磁铁在其周围产生不可见的磁场。条形磁铁有北极和南极。同极相斥，异极相吸。
A magnetic field line shows the direction a north pole would move if placed at that point. Field lines run from the north pole to the south pole outside the magnet.
磁感线表示如果在该点放置一个北极会运动的方向。在磁铁外部，磁感线从北极指向南极。
An electromagnet is a temporary magnet made by passing an electric current through a coil of wire (solenoid) usually wrapped around an iron core. Its magnetic field can be switched on and off and made stronger by increasing current or adding more coils.
电磁铁是一种临时磁铁，由电流通过通常绕在铁芯上的线圈（螺线管）产生。它的磁场可以通过通断电控制，并通过增大电流或增加线圈匝数来增强。
Permanent magnets keep their magnetism, while induced magnets only become magnetic when placed in a magnetic field. Steel is used for permanent magnets; soft iron is used for temporary cores.
永磁体保持磁性，而暂时磁体只在置于磁场中时才具有磁性。钢用于制作永磁体，软铁用于制作暂态磁芯。
9. Scientific Enquiry Vocabulary | 科学探究词汇
A hypothesis is a testable prediction or statement about what you think will happen in an experiment. It often follows the format: ‘If… then… because…’.
假设是对于一个实验你认为会发生什么的可检验的预测或陈述，常采用“如果……那么……因为……”的句式。
The independent variable is the factor you deliberately change in an investigation. The dependent variable is the factor you measure or observe to see the effect of the change.
自变量是你在实验中故意改变的因素。因变量是你测量或观察其变化效应的因素。
A control variable is any factor that must be kept the same to ensure a fair test, so that only the independent variable affects the result.
控制变量是任何必须保持不变的因素，以确保公平测试，从而只有自变量影响结果。
A fair test is one in which only the independent variable is changed and all other conditions are kept constant. This allows you to draw valid conclusions.
公平测试是指只改变自变量而保持所有其他条件不变的实验，这样可以得出有效的结论。
Data are the measurements and observations you collect during an experiment. They can be recorded in tables and displayed in graphs. Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to its true value; precision refers to how closely repeated measurements agree with each other.
数据是你在实验中收集的测量值和观察结果，可以用表格记录并用图表表示。准确度是指测量值接近真实值的程度；精密度是指重复测量结果之间的接近程度。
A conclusion summarises what you have learned from your results, stating whether the evidence supports the hypothesis. It uses scientific knowledge to explain the outcome.
结论总结了你从结果中学到的内容，说明证据是否支持假设，并运用科学知识来解释结果。
10. Key Equations and Symbols | 关键公式与符号
Here is a summary of common equations used in Year 7 WJEC Physics. All symbols should be written as they appear; do not use formatting that could be mistaken for other notations.
以下是 Year 7 WJEC 物理中常用的公式汇总。所有符号均按出现形式书写，避免与其他记号混淆。
Speed: speed = distance ÷ time (s = d / t), units: m/s.
速度：速度 = 距离 ÷ 时间（s = d / t），单位：m/s。
s = d / t
weight = mass × gravitational field strength (W = m × g), units: N. g ≈ 10 N/kg on Earth.
重量：重量 = 质量 × 重力场强度（W = m × g），单位：N。地球上 g ≈ 10 N/kg。
W = m × g
Pressure: pressure = force ÷ area (P = F / A), units: Pa (N/m²).
压强：压强 = 力 ÷ 面积（P = F / A），单位：Pa（N/m²）。
P = F / A
Moment: moment = force × perpendicular distance (M = F × d), units: N m.
力矩：力矩 = 力 × 垂直距离（M = F × d），单位：N m。
M = F × d
ergy transferred): work = force × distance (W = F × d, note: W here means work, not weight – context tells you). Unit: joule (J).
做功（能量转移）：功 = 力 × 距离（W = F × d，注意：此处W表示功，不是重量，需根据上下文区分）。单位：焦耳（J）。
W = F × d
in, often as a percentage): efficiency = (useful output energy / total input energy) × 100%.
效率（有用输出能量 ÷ 总输入能量，通常以百分比表示）：效率 =（有用输出能量 / 总输入能量）× 100%。
efficiency = (useful output / total input) × 100%
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