📚 Engineering Vocabulary and Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | 工程词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your essential guide for mastering key engineering terms. Whether you are sketching a design, testing a structure, or building a circuit, knowing the right words makes everything easier. Use this quick-reference to boost your confidence in class and beyond.
欢迎使用这本掌握关键工程术语的速记指南。无论你是在绘制设计图、测试结构还是搭建电路，掌握正确的词汇都会让一切变得更简单。用这份速查手册来提高你在课堂内外的自信吧。
1. The Design Process | 设计过程
Engineering begins with a well-structured design process. The following terms describe the stages from identifying a problem to evaluating a solution.
工程始于一个结构清晰的设计过程。以下术语描述了从识别问题到评估解决方案的各个阶段。
Design Brief – A statement that outlines the problem, who the product is for, and the limits you must work within.
设计简报 – 一份陈述，概述了问题、产品的目标用户以及你必须遵守的限制条件。
Specification – A detailed list of all the measurable requirements the final product must satisfy.
规格 – 一份详细的清单，列出了最终产品必须满足的所有可衡量要求。
Prototype – An early working version of a product, built to test ideas and identify improvements before final manufacture.
原型 – 产品的早期工作版本，用于在最终制造前测试想法并找出改进之处。
Evaluate – The process of judging how well a design meets the specification, noting its strengths and weaknesses.
评估 – 判断设计满足规格要求程度的过程，并记录其优点和缺点。
2. Materials and Properties | 材料与特性
Choosing the right material is crucial. These terms describe what materials can do and how they behave under different conditions.
选择合适的材料至关重要。这些术语描述了材料的能力以及它们在不同条件下的表现。
Tensile Strength – The ability of a material to resist being pulled apart. Think of a rope holding a heavy load.
抗拉强度 – 材料抵抗被拉断的能力。想象一根绳子吊着很重的负载。
Hardness – A measure of how well a material resists scratching or indentation. Diamond has high hardness.
硬度 – 衡量材料抵抗划伤或压痕的能力。钻石具有很高的硬度。
Ductility – The property that allows a material to be stretched into a wire without breaking. Copper is very ductile.
延展性 – 使材料能够被拉成细丝而不断裂的性质。铜的延展性很好。
Thermal Conductivity – The ability of a material to transfer heat. Metals are good thermal conductors; wood is an insulator.
导热性 – 材料传递热量的能力。金属是良好的热导体；木材是绝缘体。
3. Forces and Structures | 力与结构
Structures must safely handle forces. Understanding these basic forces helps you design bridges, towers, and frames.
结构必须安全地承受力的作用。理解这些基本力有助于你设计桥梁、塔楼和框架。
Tension – A pulling force that tries to stretch an object. The cables on a suspension bridge are in tension.
张力 – 一种试图拉伸物体的拉力。悬索桥的缆索就承受张力。
Compression – A pushing force that tries to shorten or squash an object. Columns experience compression.
压力（压缩力） – 一种试图缩短或压扁物体的推力。柱子承受压力。
Shear – A force that acts across a material, like scissors cutting paper. Rivets in structures resist shear.
剪切力 – 一种横向作用于材料的力，就像剪刀剪纸一样。结构中的铆钉抵抗剪切力。
Beam – A horizontal structural member supported at two ends, designed to carry loads across a gap. Think of a wooden plank over a ditch.
梁 – 一种两端支撑的水平结构构件，用于跨越间隙承载载荷。想象一根横在水沟上的木板。
4. Simple Machines | 简单机械
Simple machines amplify force or change its direction. The vocabulary here applies to levers, pulleys, and more.
简单机械可以放大力量或改变其方向。这里的词汇适用于杠杆、滑轮等。
Lever – A rigid bar that rotates around a fixed point (fulcrum) to lift or move loads. A seesaw is a lever.
杠杆 – 一个绕固定点（支点）旋转的刚性杆，用于提升或移动负载。跷跷板就是一个杠杆。
Fulcrum – The pivot point around which a lever turns. Placing the fulcrum closer to the load reduces the effort needed.
支点 – 杠杆转动的支撑点。将支点移近负载可以减少所需的施力。
Effort – The force you apply to a machine to make it work. In a lever system, the effort is your input force.
施力（动力） – 你施加到机器上使其工作的力。在杠杆系统中，施力就是你的输入力。
Load – The object or resistance that the machine acts upon. The load is what you are trying to lift or move.
负载 – 机器作用的对象或阻力。负载就是你要提升或移动的东西。
5. Energy and Power | 能量与动力
Energy makes everything work. Distinguishing between energy types and sources is fundamental in engineering.
能量驱动一切。区分能量类型和来源是工程学的基础。
Renewable Energy – Energy from sources that are naturally replenished, like sunlight, wind, and flowing water. It creates a smaller carbon footprint.
可再生能源 – 来自自然补充的资源，如阳光、风和水流。它产生的碳足迹更小。
Non-renewable Energy – Energy from sources that will eventually run out, such as coal, oil, and natural gas. These are fossil fuels.
不可再生能源 – 来自终将耗尽的资源，如煤、石油和天然气。这些是化石燃料。
Generator – A device that converts mechanical energy (motion) into electrical energy. A dynamo on a bicycle is a small generator.
发电机 – 将机械能（运动）转换为电能的装置。自行车上的发电花鼓就是一个小型发电机。
Turbine – A machine with rotating blades that extracts energy from a moving fluid (water, steam, or air) and turns a generator shaft.
涡轮机 – 一种带有旋转叶片的机器，从流动的流体（水、蒸汽或空气）中提取能量并带动发电机轴旋转。
6. Basic Electricity | 基础电学
Electricity flows in circuits. These four core quantities describe what happens at every point in a circuit.
电在电路中流动。这四个核心量描述了电路中各点发生的一切。
Voltage (V) – The 'push' that drives electric current through a circuit. It is measured in volts, and you can think of it as electrical pressure.
电压 (V) – 驱动电流通过电路的“推力”。它以伏特为单位，你可以将其想象成电的压力。
Current (I) – The flow of electric charge around a circuit. It is measured in amperes (amps) and represents how many electrons are moving per second.
电流 (I) – 电路中电荷的流动。它以安培为单位，表示每秒钟有多少电子在移动。
Resistance (R) – The opposition to the flow of current. Components like resistors are used to control current, and resistance is measured in ohms (Ω).
电阻 (R) – 对电流流动的阻碍作用。像电阻这样的元件用来控制电流，电阻以欧姆 (Ω) 为单位。
Circuit – A complete, closed loop through which electric current can travel. A broken circuit will stop the flow immediately.
电路 – 电流可以流通的完整闭合回路。断路会立即停止电流流动。
7. Electronic Components | 电子元件
Electronic systems use components to sense, control, and signal. Learning their names and symbols is essential for project work.
电子系统使用元件进行感应、控制和发出信号。学习它们的名称和符号对项目工作至关重要。
Resistor – A component that reduces current flow in a circuit. It is often used to protect delicate parts like LEDs from too much current.
电阻器 – 减少电路中电流流动的元件。它常用于保护LED等敏感零件免受过大电流的损坏。
LED (Light Emitting Diode) – A diode that lights up when current passes through it in the correct direction. It is efficient and long-lasting.
发光二极管 (LED) – 当电流沿正确方向通过时会发光的二极管。它节能且寿命长。
Switch – A component that can open or close a circuit, allowing you to control whether a device is on or off. A push-to-make switch completes the path only while pressed.
开关 – 可以断开或闭合电路的元件，让你控制设备的通断。按下接通式开关只有被按住时才会接通路径。
Sensor – A device that detects a change in the environment, such as light, temperature, or movement, and sends a signal. An LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) is a light sensor.
传感器 – 检测环境变化（如光线、温度或运动）并发送信号的装置。光敏电阻 (LDR) 就是一种光线传感器。
8. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Turning raw materials into finished products requires specific processes. These terms appear frequently in the workshop.
将原材料变成成品需要特定的工艺。这些术语在车间中频繁出现。
Cutting – The process of removing material using tools like saws, shears, or lasers. A hacksaw is used for cutting metal in the workshop.
切割 – 使用锯、剪刀或激光等工具去除材料的过程。钢锯用于在车间切割金属。
Drilling – Creating a round hole in a material using a rotating drill bit. The pillar drill gives accurate, straight holes.
钻孔 – 使用旋转的钻头在材料上加工圆孔。台钻能钻出精确垂直的孔。
Soldering – Joining two metal surfaces by melting a filler metal (solder) at a lower temperature. It is commonly used to connect electronic components on a circuit board.
钎焊（焊接） – 通过熔化一种较低温度的填充金属（焊料）来接合两个金属表面。它常用于在电路板上连接电子元件。
3D Printing – An additive manufacturing process that builds objects layer by layer from a digital model. It allows complex shapes to be made quickly.
3D打印 – 一种增材制造工艺，根据数字模型逐层构建物体。它可以快速制造复杂形状。
9. Health and Safety | 健康与安全
Safety is the first rule in any engineering environment. Recognising safety signs and terms protects you and your team.
安全是所有工程环境的首要规则。识别安全标志和术语可以保护你和你的团队。
Hazard – Anything with the potential to cause harm, such as a sharp blade or a slippery floor. Identifying hazards is the first step in risk management.
危害 – 任何可能造成伤害的事物，如锋利的刀片或光滑的地面。识别危害是风险管理的第一步。
Risk – The likelihood that a hazard will actually cause harm, combined with the severity of the potential injury. A risk assessment helps to reduce this likelihood.
风险 – 危害实际造成伤害的可能性，以及潜在伤害的严重程度。风险评估有助于降低这种可能性。
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) – Equipment worn to minimise exposure to hazards. Safety glasses, gloves, and ear defenders are common PPE.
个人防护装备 (PPE) – 为减少接触危害而穿戴的装备。安全眼镜、手套和耳罩是常见的PPE。
Prohibition Sign – A red circle with a diagonal line through it, meaning 'You must NOT do this'. Example: No entry or No smoking.
禁止标志 – 一个红色圆圈加一条斜线，意思是“禁止这样做”。例如：禁止入内或禁止吸烟。
10. Measurement and Accuracy | 测量与精度
Precise measurement and understanding tolerances are what separate a good build from a failed one. These terms guide quality control.
精确的测量和对公差的理解是区分成功构建与失败构建的关键。这些术语指导质量控制。
Accuracy – How close a measured value is to the true value. Hitting the exact centre of a target demonstrates high accuracy.
精确度（准确度） – 测量值与真实值的接近程度。击中靶心显示出高精确度。
Precision – How consistently a measurement can be repeated, regardless of whether it is close to the true value. A group of arrow hits tightly clustered shows high precision.
精密度 – 测量值重复测量的吻合程度，无论它是否接近真实值。一组箭着点紧密聚集在一起显示出高精密度。
Tolerance – e.g. a rod cut to 100 mm ± 1 mm can be between 99 mm and 101 mm and still pass inspection.
公差 – 尺寸允许的变动量，例如，一根被切割成 100 mm ± 1 mm 的杆，只要在 99 mm 到 101 mm 之间就能通过检验。
Calibration – The process of checking and adjusting a measuring instrument against a known standard to ensure its readings are correct. A ruler may be checked against a master steel rule.
校准 – 对照已知标准来检查和调整测量仪器以确保读数正确的过程。一把尺子可以对照标准钢尺进行校验。
11. Pneumatics and Hydraulics | 气动与液压
Fluid power systems use gases or liquids to transmit force and motion. Many machines rely on these quiet and powerful systems.
流体动力系统利用气体或液体来传递力和运动。许多机器依赖这些安静而强大的系统。
Pneumatic System – A system that uses compressed air to create movement or force. Workshop air tools and factory actuators are often pneumatic.
气动系统 – 利用压缩空气产生运动或力的系统。车间气动工具和工厂执行器通常是气动的。
Hydraulic System – A system that uses a pressurised liquid (usually oil) to transmit force. Car braking systems and heavy-lift jacks are hydraulic.
液压系统 – 利用受压液体（通常是油）来传递力的系统。汽车制动系统和重型千斤顶都是液压的。
Cylinder – A mechanical device that converts fluid pressure into straight-line motion. A pneumatic cylinder extends when air is pumped in, and retracts when air is released.
气缸/液压缸 – 将流体压力转换为直线运动的机械装置。气动气缸在充气时伸出，排气时缩回。
Pressure – The amount of force applied over a given area, often measured in pascals (Pa) or bar. High pressure in a small tube can generate a surprisingly large force.
压力 – 施加在给定面积上的力的大小，通常以帕斯卡 (Pa) 或巴为单位。细管中的高压可以产生令人惊讶的巨大力量。
12. Engineering Drawing | 工程制图
Engineers communicate designs through drawings. Mastering these drawing terms will help you read and create accurate technical plans.
工程师通过图纸交流设计。掌握这些制图术语将帮助你阅读和创建精确的技术图样。
Orthographic Projection – A method of drawing a 3D object using several 2D views, typically the front, top, and side. Each view shows the object from a different direction.
正交投影 – 一种使用多个二维视图绘制三维物体的方法，通常是前视图、俯视图和侧视图。每个视图都从不同方向展示物体。
Isometric Drawing – A 3D pictorial drawing where the three axes are equally angled (120° apart). It gives a quick visual representation of an object without perspective distortion.
等角图（等轴测图） – 一种三维立体图，其中三条轴线夹角相等（互成120°）。它提供了物体的快速视觉表现，没有透视变形。
Dimension – A measurement label on a drawing, showing the exact length, width, height, or angle. Dimensions are essential for manufacturing to the correct size.
尺寸标注 – 图样上的测量标签，显示精确的长度、宽度、高度或角度。尺寸标注对于按正确大小制造至关重要。
Scale – The ratio between the drawing size and the actual object size, e.g. 1:2 means the drawing is half the actual size. A scale rule makes conversion easy.
比例 – 图样大小与实际物体大小的比率，例如 1:2 表示图样是实际大小的一半。比例尺使换算变得容易。
Published by TutorHao | Engineering Revision Series | aleveler.com
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