📚 Media Glossary Quick Reference for Year 7 CIE | Year 7 CIE 媒体：词汇术语速记指南
This Media Studies glossary is designed specifically for Year 7 learners following the CIE curriculum. It breaks down essential terminology into bite-sized, easy-to-remember sections, with clear English definitions followed by Chinese explanations. Understanding these key terms will help you analyse films, television, advertisements, and online media with confidence, and will form the foundation for your written coursework and exams.
这份媒体研究术语表专为遵循 CIE 课程体系的七年级学习者设计。它将核心术语分解为易于记忆的小节，每个术语先提供清晰的英文定义，再配以中文解释。掌握这些关键术语，你就能自信地分析电影、电视、广告和网络媒体，并为你书面作业和考试打下坚实基础。
1. Camera Shots | 镜头景别
A camera shot refers to how much of the subject or scene is included in the frame. Different shot sizes create different emotional effects and convey information to the audience. Below are the most common shot types you need to know for Year 7 Media.
镜头景别指的是画面中包含了多少主体或场景。不同的景别大小会产生不同的情感效果，并向观众传递信息。以下是七年级媒体课程需要掌握的最常见镜头类型。
- Extreme Long Shot (ELS): Shows a very wide view, often used to establish a location. The human figure appears tiny. | 极远景：展示非常广阔的视野，常用于交代地点。人物显得非常渺小。
- Long Shot (LS): Frames the whole human figure from head to toe, showing the subject within its environment. | 全景：框取人物的全身，从头顶到脚底，展现主体与环境的关系。
- Medium Shot (MS): Usually frames a person from the waist up. It is common in dialogue scenes and shows body language. | 中景：通常框取人物腰部以上的部分。常见于对话场景，能展现肢体语言。
- Close-up (CU): A tight frame of a person’s face or a specific detail, emphasising emotion or importance. | 特写镜头：紧密框取人物面部或某个细节，强调情感或重要性。
- Extreme Close-up (ECU): Focuses on a very small detail, such as eyes or a key object, creating tension or symbolism. | 极特写：聚焦于极小的细节，如眼睛或关键物品，营造紧张感或象征意义。
2. Camera Angles | 拍摄角度
The angle from which the camera is positioned affects how the audience perceives characters and power relationships. Changing the angle can make a subject appear dominant, vulnerable, or neutral.
摄像机摆放的角度会影响观众对角色和权力关系的感知。变换角度可以使主体显得强势、脆弱或中性。
- High Angle: The camera looks down on the subject, making it appear small, weak, or powerless. | 俯拍角度：摄像机从上往下拍摄主体，使其显得渺小、软弱或无力。
- Low Angle: The camera looks up at the subject, making it seem large, powerful, or threatening. | 仰拍角度：摄像机从下往上拍摄主体，使其显得高大、强大或具有威胁性。
- Eye-level Angle: The camera is positioned at the same height as the character's eyes, creating a sense of equality or neutrality. | 平视角度：摄像机与被摄人物眼睛处于同一高度，营造平等或中立的感觉。
- Dutch Tilt / Canted Angle: The camera is deliberately slanted, suggesting disorientation, unease, or psychological tension. | 斜拍角度 / 倾斜构图：摄像机故意倾斜，暗示迷失方向、不安或心理紧张。
- Over-the-shoulder Shot (OTS): The camera is placed behind one character, showing the back of their head and shoulder, often used in conversations. | 过肩镜头：摄像机置于一个角色身后，呈现其后脑和肩膀，常用于对话场景。
3. Camera Movements | 镜头运动
Moving the camera during a shot can direct the viewer’s attention, reveal new information, or create dynamic visual storytelling. Familiarise yourself with these basic camera movements.
在拍摄过程中移动镜头可以引导观众的注意力、揭示新信息或创造动态的视觉叙事。请熟悉以下基本的镜头运动方式。
- Pan: The camera pivots horizontally from a fixed position, like turning your head left or right. Used to follow action or survey a scene. | 摇镜：摄像机从固定位置水平转动，就像从左向右转头。用于跟随动作或巡视场景。
- Tilt: The camera moves vertically up or down from a fixed spot, like nodding your head. Often used to reveal height or scale. | 俯仰镜：摄像机从固定点垂直上下移动，如同点头。常用于展示高度或规模。
- Zoom: The lens adjusts to make the subject appear closer or further away without moving the camera itself. It can be a slow creep or a sudden punch. | 变焦：镜头调整焦距使主体看起来更近或更远，摄像机本身不移动。可以是缓慢推进或快速推进。
- Tracking / Dolly Shot: The camera physically moves along a track or on wheels, smoothly following the subject sideways, forwards, or backwards. | 推拉镜头 / 轨道镜头：摄像机沿轨道或轮子实际移动，平稳地侧向、前向或后向跟随主体。
- Handheld Camera: The operator holds the camera, creating a shaky, documentary-style feel that suggests realism or urgency. | 手持摄影：摄像师手持摄像机，产生晃动、纪实的风格，暗示真实感或紧迫感。
4. Editing Techniques | 剪辑技巧
Editing is the process of selecting and arranging shots to create a sequence. The way shots are joined influences pace, meaning, and the viewer’s emotional experience.
剪辑是选择和排列镜头以创建段落的过程。镜头连接的方式会影响节奏、含义以及观众的情感体验。
- Cut: The most basic edit where one shot instantly replaces another. It is quick and unobtrusive. | 切换：最基本的剪辑方式，一个镜头瞬间替换另一个镜头。快速且不引人注目。
- Fade in / Fade out: A transition where the image gradually appears from black (fade in) or disappears into black (fade out). Often signals the beginning or end of a scene. | 淡入 / 淡出：画面逐渐从黑色显现（淡入）或消失为黑色（淡出）的转场。通常表示场景的开始或结束。
- Dissolve: One shot gradually blends into the next, briefly overlapping. It can indicate a passage of time or a connection between images. | 溶解 / 叠化：一个镜头逐渐融入下一个镜头，短暂地重叠。可以表示时间的流逝或图像间的联系。
- Montage: A series of shots edited together to condense time, convey information, or build a theme. Often set to music. | 蒙太奇：将一系列镜头剪辑在一起，以压缩时间、传递信息或构建主题。常配以音乐。
- Continuity Editing: A system of editing that maintains a clear and logical flow of action, making the story easy to follow. It follows rules like the 180-degree rule. | 连贯性剪辑：一种保持动作清晰且合乎逻辑流程的剪辑体系，使故事易于理解。遵循如180度规则等原则。
5. Sound | 声音
Sound in media is never accidental; it is carefully designed to shape mood, provide information, and guide the audience's reactions. Sound can be divided into diegetic and non-diegetic categories, as well as different types of audio elements.
媒体中的声音绝非偶然，它是精心设计用来塑造氛围、提供信息和引导观众反应的。声音可分为剧情内声音和剧情外声音，以及不同类型的音频元素。
- Diegetic Sound: Sound that originates from within the world of the film, which characters can hear, such as dialogue, footsteps, or a ringing phone. | 剧情内声音：源自电影世界内部的声音，角色可以听到，例如对话、脚步声或电话铃声。
- Non-diegetic Sound: Sound that comes from outside the story world, such as background music (score) or a narrator’s voice-over, which only the audience hears. | 剧情外声音：来自故事世界外部的声音，如背景音乐（配乐）或叙述者的画外音，只有观众能听见。
- Dialogue: Spoken words between characters that reveal personality, advance the plot, and convey relationships. | 对白：角色之间的言语交流，用于揭示人物性格、推进剧情和传达关系。
- Sound Effects (SFX): Artificially created or enhanced sounds that add realism or emphasis, such as explosions, door slams, or weather sounds. | 音效：人工制造或增强的声音，增加真实感或强调作用，如爆炸声、关门声或风雨声。
- Soundtrack / Score: Music composed specifically for the film to support emotions, tension, and the atmosphere of a scene. | 原声带 / 配乐：专为电影创作的音乐，用于烘托情感、紧张感和场景氛围。
6. Lighting | 灯光
Lighting is used to illuminate the scene, but it also creates depth, highlights important elements, and sets the emotional tone. Different lighting styles and directions have specific meanings and effects recognised in film analysis.
灯光用于照亮场景，同时也能营造纵深感、突出重要元素并设定情感基调。不同的灯光风格和方向在电影分析中具有特定的意义和效果。
- High-key Lighting: Bright, even illumination with few shadows. Often used in comedies, musicals, and advertisements to create an upbeat, cheerful mood. | 高调光：明亮、均匀的照明，阴影极少。常用于喜剧、音乐剧和广告，营造欢快、愉悦的氛围。
- Low-key Lighting: Creates strong contrasts between light and dark, with deep shadows. Associated with film noir, thrillers, and horror, evoking mystery, fear, or tension. | 低调光：营造明暗之间的强烈对比，带有浓重阴影。与黑色电影、惊悚片和恐怖片相关联，唤起神秘、恐惧或紧张感。
- Backlighting: Light comes from behind the subject, creating a silhouette or a rim of light. It can suggest mystery, glamour, or danger. | 逆光：光线从主体后方照射而来，形成剪影或轮廓光。可以暗示神秘、魅力或危险。
- Fill Light: Used to reduce shadows caused by the main light source, making the scene look more natural and softening harsh contrasts. | 补光：用于减弱主光源造成的阴影，使场景看起来更自然，柔化强烈的对比。
- Three-point Lighting: A standard lighting setup using key light, fill light, and backlight to model the subject fully and separate it from the background. | 三点布光：一种标准照明布置，使用主光、补光和逆光来完整塑造主体，并使其与背景分离。
7. Mise-en-scène | 场面调度
Mise-en-scène is a French term meaning 'placing on stage'. It refers to everything that appears within the frame: setting, props, costume, makeup, lighting, and the arrangement of actors. Analysing these elements reveals how meaning is constructed visually.
场面调度是一个法语术语，意为“放置在舞台上”。它指画面中出现的一切：场景、道具、服装、化妆、灯光以及演员的安排。分析这些元素可以揭示视觉意义是如何构建的。
- Setting: Where and when the scene takes place. It can be a studio set or a real location, chosen to support the story’s mood and context. | 场景：事件发生的地点和时间。可以是摄影棚布景或真实外景，选择用来烘托故事的情绪和背景。
- Props: Objects used by characters or to decorate the set. A prop can carry symbolic meaning (e.g., a broken mirror suggesting shattered identity). | 道具：角色使用或用于装饰场景的物体。道具可以带有象征意义（如破碎的镜子暗示身份的分裂）。
- Costume: The clothing worn by characters, which reveals their personality, status, occupation, and the time period. Costume can also subvert expectations. | 服装：角色穿着的服饰，能够揭示其性格、地位、职业和时代背景。服装也可以颠覆预期。
- Makeup and Hair: Enhances or alters an actor’s appearance to suit a role. In fantasy or horror, prosthetic makeup can transform a human into a creature. | 化妆与发型：增强或改变演员的外貌以符合角色需求。在奇幻或恐怖类型中，特效化妆可以将人变成怪物。
- Blocking and Composition: The positioning and movement of actors within the frame, and how elements are arranged. Central placement may indicate importance; crowded frames can suggest chaos. | 演员走位与构图：画框内演员的位置和运动方式，以及各元素的排列。居中构图可能表示重要性；拥挤的构图可暗示混乱。
8. Narrative Structure | 叙事结构
Narrative is how a story is organised and told. Most mainstream films follow a classic three-act structure, and understanding narrative devices helps you analyse why a story grips the audience.
叙事是指故事如何组织和讲述。大多数主流电影遵循经典的三幕式结构，理解叙事手法有助于你分析为何故事能吸引观众。
- Three-act Structure: Act 1 (Setup) introduces characters and the central conflict; Act 2 (Confrontation) develops obstacles; Act 3 (Resolution) climaxes and resolves. | 三幕式结构：第一幕（建置）介绍角色和核心冲突；第二幕（对抗）发展障碍；第三幕（解决）推向高潮并化解问题。
- Linear Narrative: Events are presented in chronological order, from beginning to end, making the story straightforward to follow. | 线性叙事：事件按时间顺序从头到尾呈现，故事易于理解。
- Non-linear Narrative: The story is told out of chronological order, using flashbacks, flash-forwards, or parallel timelines to create mystery or depth. | 非线性叙事：故事不按时间顺序讲述，运用闪回、闪前或平行时间线来制造悬疑或增加深度。
- Cliffhanger: A sudden, suspenseful ending to an episode or scene, leaving the audience eager to know what happens next. Common in TV series. | 悬念 / 悬崖式结尾：一集或一场戏突然以悬而未决的方式结束，让观众急切想知道后续。常见于电视剧。
- Protagonist and Antagonist: The protagonist is the main character driving the story; the antagonist opposes the protagonist and creates the central conflict. | 主角与对手：主角是推动故事的主要人物；对手则与主角对立，制造核心冲突。
9. Genres and Conventions | 类型与惯例
Genre is a category of media products that share similar themes, styles, and narrative patterns. Each genre has conventions – the expected elements that audiences recognise. Learning these helps you identify and predict content.
类型是指具有相似主题、风格和叙事模式的媒体产品类别。每种类型都有其惯例——即观众能够识别的预期元素。学习这些有助于你识别和预测内容。
- Genre: A way of classifying films, TV shows, or games, such as horror, comedy, science fiction, action, or romance. Hybrid genres combine two or more types. | 类型：一种对电影、电视节目或游戏进行分类的方式，如恐怖片、喜剧片、科幻片、动作片或爱情片。混合类型则结合了两种或更多类型。
- Conventions: The typical ingredients of a genre. For example, a horror film often uses low-key lighting, jump scares, and isolated settings. | 惯例：某种类型的典型要素。例如，恐怖片常使用低调光、跳跃式惊吓和孤立的环境。
- Iconography: The visual symbols and props strongly associated with a genre: cowboy hats in Westerns, spaceships in sci-fi, knives and masks in slasher films. | 图像志：与某种类型紧密相关的视觉符号和道具，如西部片中的牛仔帽、科幻片中的宇宙飞船、砍杀电影中的刀和面具。
- Sub-genre: A more specific category within a broader genre, such as 'zombie horror' within horror, or 'buddy cop action' within action films. | 子类型：在更广泛的类型内部更具体的分类，如恐怖片中的“僵尸恐怖”，或动作片中的“搭档警察动作片”。
- Generic Expectations: What the audience assumes will happen based on the genre. A romantic comedy is expected to have humour and a happy ending; breaking these expectations can surprise or disappoint viewers. | 类型预期：观众根据类型假设会发生什么。浪漫喜剧预期会有幽默和幸福结局；打破这些预期可能让观众惊喜或失望。
10. Audience and Representation | 受众与再现
All media texts are created with an audience in mind, and they represent people, places, and ideas in particular ways. Media producers target specific groups and encode messages that audiences decode according to their own experiences.
所有媒体文本在创作时都考虑到了受众，并以特定的方式再现人物、地点和观念。媒体制作者瞄准特定群体，并编码信息，受众则根据自身经验进行解码。
- Target Audience: The specific group a media product is aimed at, defined by age, gender, interests, or lifestyle. Teen dramas target adolescents. | 目标受众：媒体产品所针对的特定人群，由年龄、性别、兴趣或生活方式界定。青春剧以青少年为目标。
- Demographic: A statistical category of audience based on factors like age, income, education, and location. Marketers use demographics to sell products and content. | 人口统计群体：基于年龄、收入、教育程度和地理位置等因素划分的受众统计类别。营销人员利用人口统计来销售产品和内容。
- Representation: How media portrays groups, events, and issues. These portrayals can shape public perception, reinforce stereotypes, or challenge them. | 再现：媒体如何描绘群体、事件和议题。这些描绘可以塑造公众认知，强化刻板印象，或者挑战它们。
- Stereotype: An oversimplified, generalised image of a group, often negative. For example, portraying all teenagers as rebellious or all scientists as socially awkward. | 刻板印象：对一个群体过度简化、概括化的形象，通常是消极的。例如，将所有青少年描绘成叛逆的，或将所有科学家描绘成不善社交的。
- Encoding / Decoding: Producers encode intended meanings into a text; audiences decode and interpret the text based on their background. Different audiences may read the same text differently. | 编码 / 解码：制作者将预期含义编码进文本；受众根据自己的背景解码和解读文本。不同的受众可能对同一文本有不同的解读。
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